四川马尔康圈养林麝的刻板行为
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摘要
在圈养环境下,迁地保育野生动物易发育刻板行为,刻板行为的发育可直接影响圈养野生动物的繁殖和存活,从而影响迁地保育。2016年5月1日至7月31日间,采用焦点取样及所有事件记录法对四川马尔康林麝繁育场的75头圈养林麝(Moschus berezovskii)进行了刻板行为取样,分析了性别、年龄、圈区环境、圈群结构等因素对其刻板行为的效应。结果表明,四川马尔康麝场的圈养林麝在单位取样时间(10 min)内展现的刻板行为持续时间占比为20.53%±2.43%(n=75);雌麝刻板行为持续时间占比(18.14%±3.26%,n=46)略低于雄麝(20.89%±3.98%,n=25);随圈养年限(本研究中的圈养林麝"年龄"即是"被圈养年数")增加,林麝展现刻板行为的持续时间显著增加(P<0.05);圈区环境设施对刻板行为存在显著效应(P<0.05),裸地基底圈舍中林麝的刻板行为持续时间占比最高(33.11%±6.16%,n=24);圈群结构对林麝刻板行为持续时间的影响不显著(P>0.05),混合圈群的刻板行为持续时间(19.31%±3.18%,n=53)最小;圈群密度对刻板行为持续时间的效应不显著(P>0.05)。增加圈养环境的植被覆盖,进行混合圈养,可有效降低圈养林麝的刻板行为强度,并可提升林麝迁地保育的有效性。
Captive animals are prone to stereotyped behaviors,which affect the reproduction,survival,and even ex situ conservation efficiency directly.This study was conducted from May to July in 2016,at Maerkang Musk Deer Farm(MMDF),Sichuan Province.The stereotyped behaviors and the occurrence of 75 Forest Musk Deer(Moschus berezovskii) were recorded by focal sampling method,and the effects of sexes,age,density and environment heterogeneity on stereotyped behaviors were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U Test and Kruskal-Wallis H Test.The results indicated that the duration of stereotyped behaviors of captive Forest Musk Deer was 20.53%±2.43%(n=75) in 10 minute sampling duration,and that in females(18.14%±3.26%,n=46) was lower than that in males(20.89%±3.98%,n=25).Age had significant effects on the duration of stereotyped behaviors(P<0.05),the duration of stereotyped behaviors in subadult(13.46%±3.17%,n=34) was the lowest.Environmental heterogeneity also had significant effects on the duration of stereotyped behaviors(P<0.05).Musk deer kept in bare land spent most time in the stereotyped behaviors(33.11%±6.16%,n=24).No any significant effects were found in social structure and density on duration of stereotyped behaviors although muskdeer in mixed group showed lowest duration in stereotyped behaviors(19.31%±3.18%,n=53).Increasing the captivity vegetation cover and raising them in mixed groups can effectively reduce the stereotyped behaviors of captive forest musk deer.
Captive animals are prone to stereotyped behaviors,which affect the reproduction,survival,and even ex situ conservation efficiency directly.This study was conducted from May to July in 2016,at Maerkang Musk Deer Farm(MMDF),Sichuan Province.The stereotyped behaviors and the occurrence of 75 Forest Musk Deer(Moschus berezovskii) were recorded by focal sampling method,and the effects of sexes,age,density and environment heterogeneity on stereotyped behaviors were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U Test and Kruskal-Wallis H Test.The results indicated that the duration of stereotyped behaviors of captive Forest Musk Deer was 20.53%±2.43%(n=75) in 10 minute sampling duration,and that in females(18.14%±3.26%,n=46) was lower than that in males(20.89%±3.98%,n=25).Age had significant effects on the duration of stereotyped behaviors(P<0.05),the duration of stereotyped behaviors in subadult(13.46%±3.17%,n=34) was the lowest.Environmental heterogeneity also had significant effects on the duration of stereotyped behaviors(P<0.05).Musk deer kept in bare land spent most time in the stereotyped behaviors(33.11%±6.16%,n=24).No any significant effects were found in social structure and density on duration of stereotyped behaviors although muskdeer in mixed group showed lowest duration in stereotyped behaviors(19.31%±3.18%,n=53).Increasing the captivity vegetation cover and raising them in mixed groups can effectively reduce the stereotyped behaviors of captive forest musk deer.
引文
Boivin X,Tournadre H,Le Neindre P.2000.Hand-feeding and gentling influence early-weaned lambs′attachment responses to their stockperson.Journal of Animal Science,78(4):879-884.
Carlstead K.1996.Effects of Captivity on the Behavior of Wild Mammals.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,303-313.
Meng X X,Zhou C Q,Hu J C,et al.2006.The musk deer farming in China.Animal Science,82(1):1-6.
M?ller S.1991.Weight gain and hair chewing in mink kits placed singly or in pairs from September.Scientifur,15:21-27.
Schoenecker B,Heller K E,Freimanis T.2000.Development of stereotypies and polydipsia in wild caught bank voles(Clethrionomys glareolus)and their laboratory-bred offspring:Is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus?Applied Animal Behaviour Science,68(4):349-357.
Stolba A,Baker N,Wood-Gush D G M.1983.The characterization of stereotyped behavior in stalled sows by informational redundancy.Behaviour,87(3):157-182.
Yang Q S,Meng X X,Xia L,et al.2003.Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer(Moschus spp.)in China.Biological Conservation,109(3):333-342.
高建峰,滕利,郭铭,等.2016.环境丰容对长期单笼圈养食蟹猴行为的影响.四川动物,35(2):243-248.
蒋志刚,马克平,韩兴国.1997.保护生物学.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,43-70.
李林海.2012.我国麝类动物养殖产业现状及对策研究.北京:北京林业大学博士学位论文.
李林海,黄祥云,刘刚,等.2012.我国麝养殖种群现状及其养殖业发展的分析.四川动物,31(3):492-496.
刘群秀,王爱善,夏菊兴,等.2014.应用气味丰容减少圈养华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)的刻板行为.野生动物学报,35(4):376-380.
马光.2011.圈养马麝刻板行为及与性激素水平关系的比较研究.北京:中央民族大学硕士学位论文.
孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.2007b.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义.四川动物,26(1):46-50.
孟秀祥,贡保草,薛达元,等.2011.圈养马麝刻板行为表达频次及影响因素.生态学报,31(22):6896-6901.
孟秀祥,Genevieve P,杨奇森,等.2008.圈养环境中不同来源成年雄性马麝的行为差异.生态学杂志,27(8):1317-1321.
孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.2007a.圈养马麝的刻板行为.东北林业大学学报,35(1):47-48.
彭丹妮,李一忱,陈红卫.2012.圈养亚洲象的刻板行为初探.四川动物,31(6):928-930.
戚文华,汪小方,杨承忠,等.2013.圈养林麝夏季昼夜活动节律及时间分配.四川动物,32(1):19-22.
盛和林,刘志霄.2007.中国麝科动物.上海:上海科学技术出版社,17-28.
王华,张新玉,鲍毅新,等.2015.混合圈养条件下马来穿山甲活动时间的分配与规律.生态学杂志,34(5):1407-1412.
吴民耀,王念,惠董娜,等.2011.林麝保护的现状及研究进展.重庆理工大学学报:自然科学版,25(1):34-39.
徐正强,徐宏发.2003.饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究.兽类学报,23(1):17-20.
杨春花,王小明.2006.大熊猫的刻板行为及其矫正对策--丰富圈养环境举措.四川动物,25(3):529-532.
杨奇森,冯祚建,王祖望.1999.3D-OCP--一种大中型野生动物家域研究模型.动物学报,45(2):148-154.
Carlstead K.1996.Effects of Captivity on the Behavior of Wild Mammals.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,303-313.
Meng X X,Zhou C Q,Hu J C,et al.2006.The musk deer farming in China.Animal Science,82(1):1-6.
M?ller S.1991.Weight gain and hair chewing in mink kits placed singly or in pairs from September.Scientifur,15:21-27.
Schoenecker B,Heller K E,Freimanis T.2000.Development of stereotypies and polydipsia in wild caught bank voles(Clethrionomys glareolus)and their laboratory-bred offspring:Is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus?Applied Animal Behaviour Science,68(4):349-357.
Stolba A,Baker N,Wood-Gush D G M.1983.The characterization of stereotyped behavior in stalled sows by informational redundancy.Behaviour,87(3):157-182.
Yang Q S,Meng X X,Xia L,et al.2003.Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer(Moschus spp.)in China.Biological Conservation,109(3):333-342.
高建峰,滕利,郭铭,等.2016.环境丰容对长期单笼圈养食蟹猴行为的影响.四川动物,35(2):243-248.
蒋志刚,马克平,韩兴国.1997.保护生物学.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,43-70.
李林海.2012.我国麝类动物养殖产业现状及对策研究.北京:北京林业大学博士学位论文.
李林海,黄祥云,刘刚,等.2012.我国麝养殖种群现状及其养殖业发展的分析.四川动物,31(3):492-496.
刘群秀,王爱善,夏菊兴,等.2014.应用气味丰容减少圈养华南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)的刻板行为.野生动物学报,35(4):376-380.
马光.2011.圈养马麝刻板行为及与性激素水平关系的比较研究.北京:中央民族大学硕士学位论文.
孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.2007b.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义.四川动物,26(1):46-50.
孟秀祥,贡保草,薛达元,等.2011.圈养马麝刻板行为表达频次及影响因素.生态学报,31(22):6896-6901.
孟秀祥,Genevieve P,杨奇森,等.2008.圈养环境中不同来源成年雄性马麝的行为差异.生态学杂志,27(8):1317-1321.
孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.2007a.圈养马麝的刻板行为.东北林业大学学报,35(1):47-48.
彭丹妮,李一忱,陈红卫.2012.圈养亚洲象的刻板行为初探.四川动物,31(6):928-930.
戚文华,汪小方,杨承忠,等.2013.圈养林麝夏季昼夜活动节律及时间分配.四川动物,32(1):19-22.
盛和林,刘志霄.2007.中国麝科动物.上海:上海科学技术出版社,17-28.
王华,张新玉,鲍毅新,等.2015.混合圈养条件下马来穿山甲活动时间的分配与规律.生态学杂志,34(5):1407-1412.
吴民耀,王念,惠董娜,等.2011.林麝保护的现状及研究进展.重庆理工大学学报:自然科学版,25(1):34-39.
徐正强,徐宏发.2003.饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究.兽类学报,23(1):17-20.
杨春花,王小明.2006.大熊猫的刻板行为及其矫正对策--丰富圈养环境举措.四川动物,25(3):529-532.
杨奇森,冯祚建,王祖望.1999.3D-OCP--一种大中型野生动物家域研究模型.动物学报,45(2):148-154.