圈养马麝的领域性与麝香分泌和繁殖成效的关系
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摘要
采用扫描行为取样对甘肃兴隆山圈养马麝(Moschus sifanicus)领域性进行行为学研究,以马麝在圈内特殊位点的占据比例衡量领域性强度。分析了兴隆山圈养马麝圈舍密度、性别、年龄对领域性的效应,并比较了交配季节与非交配季节间的领域性;结合马麝泌香与产仔情况,分析了圈舍密度、性别、年龄及领域性对麝香分泌、繁殖成效的效应。结果表明:年龄(交配季节P=0.167;非交配季节P=0.403)和性别(交配季节P=0.607;非交配季节P=0.680)对领域性无明显影响;在交配季节,圈舍密度对领域性无明显影响(β=-0.050,P=0.285),但在非交配季节,圈舍密度与领域性之间呈显著负相关(β=-0.1490,P=0.014),圈舍密度越大,领域性越弱;交配季节与非交配季节之间领域性呈正相关,但不显著(P=0.534),交配季节领域性指数(0.430±0.028,n=52)高于非交配季节(0.350±0.039,n=52),接近显著(P=0.064);领域性对雄麝泌香量无显著影响(交配季节P=0.629;非交配季节P=0.441),但交配季节领域性与雌麝产仔量呈显著正相关(β=0.594,P=0.049),非交配季节领域性与雌麝产仔量呈负相关,但差异不显著(β=-0.476,P=0.102)。圈养马麝领域性受圈舍密度因素的影响,在交配季节和非交配季节间存在一致性,且交配季节领域性更强的雌麝产仔趋于更多。
We conducted scanning sampling in the Breeding Center for Alpine Musk Deer,Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province of western China to test the relationship of territoriality with the captive density,gender,and age during both mating and non-mating seasons,and studied the effect of captive musk deer's territoriality with respect to musk secretion and reproductive effort. The age had no significant effect on territoriality( mating season P = 0.167; nonmating season P = 0.403),and gender had no significant effect on territoriality( mating season P = 0.607; non-mating season P = 0.680). Captive density had no significant effect on territoriality in the mating season( β =-0.050,P = 0.285),but in the non-mating season captive density had significant negative effect on territoriality( β =-0.149,P = 0.014),greater captive density was associated with weaker territoriality. The territoriality in the mating season( 0.430±0.028,n = 52)was higher than that in the non-mating season( 0.350±0.039,n = 52)( P = 0.064). Territoriality had no positive influence on male's musk secretion( mating season P = 0. 629; non-mating season P = 0. 441). However,territoriality during the mating season had a positive effect on the female's reproductive success( β = 0.594,P = 0.049),but territoriality during the non-mating season had no significant effect on the female's reproductive success( β =-0.476,P = 0.102). Therefore,the captive alpine musk deer territoriality is influenced by captive density,and there is a consistency in territoriality in mating and non-mating seasons,females with stronger territoriality during mating season produce larger litters.
We conducted scanning sampling in the Breeding Center for Alpine Musk Deer,Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province of western China to test the relationship of territoriality with the captive density,gender,and age during both mating and non-mating seasons,and studied the effect of captive musk deer's territoriality with respect to musk secretion and reproductive effort. The age had no significant effect on territoriality( mating season P = 0.167; nonmating season P = 0.403),and gender had no significant effect on territoriality( mating season P = 0.607; non-mating season P = 0.680). Captive density had no significant effect on territoriality in the mating season( β =-0.050,P = 0.285),but in the non-mating season captive density had significant negative effect on territoriality( β =-0.149,P = 0.014),greater captive density was associated with weaker territoriality. The territoriality in the mating season( 0.430±0.028,n = 52)was higher than that in the non-mating season( 0.350±0.039,n = 52)( P = 0.064). Territoriality had no positive influence on male's musk secretion( mating season P = 0. 629; non-mating season P = 0. 441). However,territoriality during the mating season had a positive effect on the female's reproductive success( β = 0.594,P = 0.049),but territoriality during the non-mating season had no significant effect on the female's reproductive success( β =-0.476,P = 0.102). Therefore,the captive alpine musk deer territoriality is influenced by captive density,and there is a consistency in territoriality in mating and non-mating seasons,females with stronger territoriality during mating season produce larger litters.
引文
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[4]张嫱,付世建,夏继刚.鱼类“个性”行为及其研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(12):3623-3628.
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[8] TREINYS R,BERGMANIS U,VLI. Strong territoriality and weak density-dependent reproduction in lesser spotted eagles Clanga pomarina[J]. Ibis,2017,159(2):343-351.
[9] GIUGGIOLI L,POTTS J R,HARRIS S. Animal interactions and the emergence of territoriality[J]. PLoS Comput Biol,2011,7(3):e1002008.
[10] LIU Z,SHENG H. Effect of habitat fragmentation and isolation on the population of alpine musk deer[J]. Russian Journal of Ecology,2002,33(2):121-124.
[11] YANG Q,MENG X,XIA L,et al. Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer(Moschus spp.)in China[J]. Biological Conservation,2003,109(3):333-342.
[12]徐正强,徐宏发.圈养雌麝社会行为及其对后代的影响[J].兽类学报,2002,22(2):155-158,86.
[13]盛和林,刘志霄.中国麝科动物[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2007.
[14]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义[J].四川动物,2007,26(1):46-50.
[15]杨奇森,冯祚建,王祖望,等.西藏东南部地区马麝家域的研究[J].兽类学报,1998,18(2):87-94.
[16] SIH A,ZIEMBA R E. Behavioral syndromes:an integrative overview[J]. Quarterly Review of Biology,2015,79:241-277.
[17]孟秀祥,张东晶,王功,等.甘肃兴隆山圈养雌性马麝(Moschus sifanicus)发情次数、间情期及影响因素[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(5):1783-1788.
[18]蒋应文.驯养马麝的繁殖与行为观察[J].动物学杂志,1998,33(4):40-42.
[19] MENG X,PERKINS G C,YANG Q,et al. Relationship between estrus cycles and behavioral durations of captive female alpine musk deer[J]. Integr Zool,2008,3(2):143-148.
[20] ALTMANN J. Observational study of behavior:sampling methods[J]. Behaviour,1974,49(3):227-267.
[21] SIH A. Effects of early stress on behavioral syndromes:an integrated adaptive perspective[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2011,35(7):1452-1465.
[22]孟秀祥,张东晶,潘世秀,等.雌性圈养马麝行为的初步研究[J].浙江林学院学报,2007,24(1):72-76.
[23]周杨,孙太福,黎勇,等.圈养马麝(Moschus sifanicus)个性特征及与麝香分泌的关系[J].兽类学报,2018,38(3):183-191.
[24] ZHANG B. Musk-deer:their capture,domestication and care according to Chinese experience and methods[J]. Unasylva,1983,35:16-18.
[25]孟秀祥,PERKINS G,杨奇森,等.圈养环境中不同来源成年雄性马麝的行为差异[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(8):1317-1321.
[26] WADE G. Sex homones,regulatory behaviors and body weight[J]. Advances in the Study of Behavior,1976,6:201-279.
[27] MICHELANGELI M,CHAPPLE D G,WONG B B M. Are behavioural syndromes sex specific? Personality in a widespread lizard species[J]. Behav Ecol Sociobiol,2016,70(11):1911-1919.
[28] MENG X X,ZHANG D J,CONG Y F,et al. Preliminary studies on behavioral differences between female and male captive alpine musk deer during non-mating season[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University,2009,35(2):127-134.
[29]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养雄性马麝繁殖性能的行为判别[J].动物学研究,2007,28(2):149-154.
[30]孔令雪,张虹,任娟,等.繁殖期不同时段赤腹松鼠巢域的变化[J].兽类学报,2011,31(3):251-256.
[31]戴卫国,尹淑媛.雄麝年龄与其泌香量的关系[J].动物学杂志,1991,26(6):45-48.
[32]程建国,罗燕,乔美萍,等.影响林麝泌香量的因素[J].特产研究,2002,24(3):15-18.
[33] CARLSTEAD K,BROWN J L. Relationships between patterns of fecal corticoid excretion and behavior,reproduction,and environmental factors in captive black(Diceros bicornis)and white(Ceratotherium simum)rhinoceros[J]. Zoo Biology,2005,24(3):215-232.
[2] GOSLING S D,JOHN O P. Personality dimensions in nonhuman animals[J]. Current Directions in Psychological Science,1999,8:69-75.
[3] PENKE L,DENISSEN J J A,MILLER G F. The evolutionary genetics of personality[J]. European Journal of Personality,2007,21(5):549-587.
[4]张嫱,付世建,夏继刚.鱼类“个性”行为及其研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(12):3623-3628.
[5] OZOGA J J,VERME L J,BIENZ C S. Parturition behavior and territoriality in white-tailed deer:impact on neonatal mortality[J].The Journal of Wildlife Management,1982,46(1):1-11.
[6] TOWNSEND J M,RIMMER C C,MCFARLAND K P. Winter territoriality and spatial behavior of Bicknell’s thrush(Catharus bicknelli)at two ecologically distinct sites in the dominican republic[J]. The Auk,2010,127(3):514-522.
[7] BISCHOF R,GREGERSEN E R,BRSETH H,et al. Noninvasive genetic sampling reveals intrasex territoriality in wolverines[J]. Ecol Evol,2016,6(5):1527-1536.
[8] TREINYS R,BERGMANIS U,VLI. Strong territoriality and weak density-dependent reproduction in lesser spotted eagles Clanga pomarina[J]. Ibis,2017,159(2):343-351.
[9] GIUGGIOLI L,POTTS J R,HARRIS S. Animal interactions and the emergence of territoriality[J]. PLoS Comput Biol,2011,7(3):e1002008.
[10] LIU Z,SHENG H. Effect of habitat fragmentation and isolation on the population of alpine musk deer[J]. Russian Journal of Ecology,2002,33(2):121-124.
[11] YANG Q,MENG X,XIA L,et al. Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer(Moschus spp.)in China[J]. Biological Conservation,2003,109(3):333-342.
[12]徐正强,徐宏发.圈养雌麝社会行为及其对后代的影响[J].兽类学报,2002,22(2):155-158,86.
[13]盛和林,刘志霄.中国麝科动物[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2007.
[14]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义[J].四川动物,2007,26(1):46-50.
[15]杨奇森,冯祚建,王祖望,等.西藏东南部地区马麝家域的研究[J].兽类学报,1998,18(2):87-94.
[16] SIH A,ZIEMBA R E. Behavioral syndromes:an integrative overview[J]. Quarterly Review of Biology,2015,79:241-277.
[17]孟秀祥,张东晶,王功,等.甘肃兴隆山圈养雌性马麝(Moschus sifanicus)发情次数、间情期及影响因素[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(5):1783-1788.
[18]蒋应文.驯养马麝的繁殖与行为观察[J].动物学杂志,1998,33(4):40-42.
[19] MENG X,PERKINS G C,YANG Q,et al. Relationship between estrus cycles and behavioral durations of captive female alpine musk deer[J]. Integr Zool,2008,3(2):143-148.
[20] ALTMANN J. Observational study of behavior:sampling methods[J]. Behaviour,1974,49(3):227-267.
[21] SIH A. Effects of early stress on behavioral syndromes:an integrated adaptive perspective[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2011,35(7):1452-1465.
[22]孟秀祥,张东晶,潘世秀,等.雌性圈养马麝行为的初步研究[J].浙江林学院学报,2007,24(1):72-76.
[23]周杨,孙太福,黎勇,等.圈养马麝(Moschus sifanicus)个性特征及与麝香分泌的关系[J].兽类学报,2018,38(3):183-191.
[24] ZHANG B. Musk-deer:their capture,domestication and care according to Chinese experience and methods[J]. Unasylva,1983,35:16-18.
[25]孟秀祥,PERKINS G,杨奇森,等.圈养环境中不同来源成年雄性马麝的行为差异[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(8):1317-1321.
[26] WADE G. Sex homones,regulatory behaviors and body weight[J]. Advances in the Study of Behavior,1976,6:201-279.
[27] MICHELANGELI M,CHAPPLE D G,WONG B B M. Are behavioural syndromes sex specific? Personality in a widespread lizard species[J]. Behav Ecol Sociobiol,2016,70(11):1911-1919.
[28] MENG X X,ZHANG D J,CONG Y F,et al. Preliminary studies on behavioral differences between female and male captive alpine musk deer during non-mating season[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University,2009,35(2):127-134.
[29]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养雄性马麝繁殖性能的行为判别[J].动物学研究,2007,28(2):149-154.
[30]孔令雪,张虹,任娟,等.繁殖期不同时段赤腹松鼠巢域的变化[J].兽类学报,2011,31(3):251-256.
[31]戴卫国,尹淑媛.雄麝年龄与其泌香量的关系[J].动物学杂志,1991,26(6):45-48.
[32]程建国,罗燕,乔美萍,等.影响林麝泌香量的因素[J].特产研究,2002,24(3):15-18.
[33] CARLSTEAD K,BROWN J L. Relationships between patterns of fecal corticoid excretion and behavior,reproduction,and environmental factors in captive black(Diceros bicornis)and white(Ceratotherium simum)rhinoceros[J]. Zoo Biology,2005,24(3):215-232.