圈养马麝(Moschus sifanicus)个性特征及与麝香分泌的关系
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摘要
采用焦点取样和扫描取样方法,对甘肃兴隆山麝场圈养马麝(Moschus sifanicus)交配季节及非交配季节进行行为取样。通过行为样本,对个体个性特征(活跃性、领域性、刻板性、探索性、行为冗余性)进行标准化处理,分析了年龄及性别对个性特征的效应,以及交配季节与非交配季节之间个性特征的差异,同时分析了马麝个性特征与泌香量的相互关系。结果表明:年龄增加对活跃性具有降低的效应(P<0.05),并对非交配季节领域性具有降低效应(P<0.05);非交配季节里雌性活跃性高于雄性(P<0.05);不同季节间个性特征存在差异,交配季节活跃性与领域性均有高于非交配季节的趋势,并且活跃性与领域性在两季节间呈正相关关系(P<0.05);雄麝泌香量与活跃性存在正相关关系(交配季节:r=0.518,P<0.05;非交配季节:r=0.397,P>0.05),与交配季节领域性同样具有正相关关系(r=0.406,P<0.05)。本研究通过行为取样方法首次对马麝个性特征进行定量分析,探讨了将个性特征,特别是活跃性和领域性,作为泌香量预测指标的方法,对圈养动物个性研究的理论创新具有指导作用,同时对麝香及麝类资源的发展具有实践意义。
The alpine musk deer( Moschus sifanicus) is an endangered ungulate for which captive breeding is being promoted as the best way to conserve the species. Studies of animal personality could be an important path to facilitate captive breeding practices,yet only a few studies have been carried out in this field for musk deer. Focal sampling and scan sampling were used to quantify personality traits( measured by activity, territoriality, stereotypy, exploration, and behavioral redundancy) of alpine musk deer at the Breeding Center for Alpine Musk Deer,Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province,and to investigate the effects of the captive musk deer's personality traits on musk secretion. We also assessed the relationships between personality traits and both gender and age during both mating and non-mating seasons. We found that older individuals were less active during both mating and non-mating seasons,and were lessterritorial during non-mating season( all P < 0.05). Females were more active than males( P < 0.05). Alpine musk deer were more active and territorial during mating season than during non-mating season,and activity and territoriality were positively correlated in both seasons( P < 0.05). Males with higher activity and territoriality had more musk secretion( P <0.05). Our results showed that personality traits of musk deer varied between age and gender,but there was consistency across mating and non-mating seasons. Personality traits,especially activity and territoriality,can predict the musk secretion by males. Quantitative analysis of musk deer personality is an appropriate approach for the development of musk resources.
The alpine musk deer( Moschus sifanicus) is an endangered ungulate for which captive breeding is being promoted as the best way to conserve the species. Studies of animal personality could be an important path to facilitate captive breeding practices,yet only a few studies have been carried out in this field for musk deer. Focal sampling and scan sampling were used to quantify personality traits( measured by activity, territoriality, stereotypy, exploration, and behavioral redundancy) of alpine musk deer at the Breeding Center for Alpine Musk Deer,Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province,and to investigate the effects of the captive musk deer's personality traits on musk secretion. We also assessed the relationships between personality traits and both gender and age during both mating and non-mating seasons. We found that older individuals were less active during both mating and non-mating seasons,and were lessterritorial during non-mating season( all P < 0.05). Females were more active than males( P < 0.05). Alpine musk deer were more active and territorial during mating season than during non-mating season,and activity and territoriality were positively correlated in both seasons( P < 0.05). Males with higher activity and territoriality had more musk secretion( P <0.05). Our results showed that personality traits of musk deer varied between age and gender,but there was consistency across mating and non-mating seasons. Personality traits,especially activity and territoriality,can predict the musk secretion by males. Quantitative analysis of musk deer personality is an appropriate approach for the development of musk resources.
引文
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[13]Cote J,Fogarty S,Tymen B,Sih A,Brodin T.Personality-dependent dispersal cancelled under predation risk.Proceedings of the Royal Society B,2013,280(1773):20132349.
[14]程琪,曲家鹏,张贺,张堰铭.高原鼠兔个性特征的地理变异及其对环境的适应.兽类学报,2017,37(2):115-123.
[15]Jennings D J,Hayden T J,Gammell M P.Personality and predictability in fallow deer fighting behaviour:the relationship with mating success.Animal Behaviour,2013,86(5):1041-1047.
[16]Strong J S,Weladji R B,Holand,Red K H,Nieminen M.Personality and fitness consequences of flight initiation distance and mating behavior in subdominant male reindeer(Rangifer tarandus).Ethology,2017,123(6/7):484-492.
[17]Liu Z X,Sheng H L.Effect of habitat fragmentation and isolation on the population of alpine musk deer.Russian Journal of Ecology,2002,33(2):121-124.
[18]Yang Q S,Meng X X,Xia L,Feng Z J.Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer(Moschus spp.)in China.Biological Conservation,2003,109(3):333-342.
[19]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,夏霖,冯金朝,周宜君,徐宏发.兴隆山圈养马麝的行为多样性.动物学报,2006,52(6):1026-1033.
[20]徐正强,徐宏发.圈养雌麝社会行为及其对后代的影响.兽类学报,2002,22(2):155-158,86-86.
[21]丁晓麟,张汇东,马大君,温海,缪勤.犬标准化行为测验量表的研究进展.江西农业学报,2009,21(11):109-113.
[22]孟秀祥,张东晶,王功,祁军,杨奇森,冯祚建.甘肃兴隆山圈养雌性马麝(Moschus sifanicus)发情次数、间情期及影响因素.中国农业科学,2009,42(5):1783-1788.
[23]Meng X X,Perkins G C,Yang Q S,Feng Z J,Meng Z B,Xu H F.Relationship between estrus cycles and behavioral durations of captive female alpine musk deer.Integrative Zoology,2008,3(2):143-148.
[24]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,杨奇森,冯祚建,薛程,徐宏发.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义.四川动物,2007,26(1):46-50.
[25]张东晶,孟秀祥,惠岑怿,冯金朝,周宜君.圈养马麝的行为观察.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2007(9):91-93.
[26]蒋应文.驯养马麝的繁殖与行为观察.动物学杂志,1998,33(4):39-41.
[27]Meng X X,Yang Q S,Feng Z J,Xu H F,Perkins G C,Feng J C,Zhang D J.Seasonal behavioral patterns of captive alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus):Rut and pre-rut comparisons.Biologia,2008,63(4):594-598.
[28]Altmann J.Observational study of behavior:sampling methods.Behaviour,1974,49(3/4):227-267.
[29]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,夏霖,冯金朝,周宜君,徐宏发.甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养马麝行为模式的性间差异.西南大学学报:自然科学版,2007,29(4):101-105.
[30]Stolba A,Baker N,Wood-Gush D G M.The Characterisation of Stereotyped Behaviour in Stalled Sows by Informational Redundancy.Behaviour,1983,87(3):157-182.
[31]孟秀祥,贡保草,薛达元,冯金朝,杨奇森,冯祚建.圈养马麝刻板行为表达频次及影响因素.生态学报,2011,31(22):6896-6901.
[32]孟秀祥,Perkins G,杨奇森,冯祚建,徐宏发.圈养环境中不同来源成年雄性马麝的行为差异.生态学杂志,2008,27(8):1317-1321.
[33]孔令雪,张虹,任娟,钟雪,孙玉波,宋鹏飞,郭聪.繁殖期不同时段赤腹松鼠巢域的变化.兽类学报,2011,31(3):251-256.
[34]赵青山.灰头鸫的动物个性及其巢址选择.北京:中国科学院大学,2016.
[35]Johnson J C,Sih A.Fear,food,sex and parental care:a syndrome of boldness in the fishing spider,Dolomedes triton.Animal Behaviour,2007,74(5):1131-1138.
[36]李红亮,黎勇,周密,张红勇,施哲梅,孟秀祥.驯养马麝麝香产量及其影响因素.中国农业科学,2012,45(3):522-528.
[2]张嫱,付世建,夏继刚.鱼类“个性”行为及其研究进展.生态学杂志,2017,36(12):3623-3628.
[3]Slater J,Depue R A.The contribution of environmental events and social support to serious suicide attempts in primary depressive disorder.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,1981,90(4):275-285.
[4]Conrad J L,Weinersmith K L,Brodin T,Saltz J B,Sih A.Behavioural syndromes in fishes:a review with implications for ecology and fisheries management.Journal of Fish Biology,2011,78(2):395-435.
[5]Bell A M,Stamps J A.Development of behavioural differences between individuals and populations of sticklebacks,Gasterosteus aculeatus.Animal Behaviour,2004,68(6):1339-1348.
[6]Groothuis T G G,Müller W,Von Engelhardt N,Carere C,Eising C.Maternal hormones as a tool to adjust offspring phenotype in avian species.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,2005,29(2):329-352.
[7]Kavelaars A,Heijnen C J,Tennekes R,Bruggink J E,Koolhaas J M.Individual behavioral characteristics of wild-type rats predict susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Brain,Behavior,and Immunity,1999,13(4):279-286.
[8]陈卓月,赵大鹏,李保国.浅谈动物个性生物学研究.生物学通报,2014,49(2):4-6.
[9]Gosling S D,John O P.Personality Dimensions in Nonhuman Animals:A Cross-Species Review.Current Directions in Psychological Science,1999,8(3):69-75.
[10]Réale D,Dingemanse N J,Kazem A J N,Wright J.Evolutionary and ecological approaches to the study of personality.Philosophical Transactions:Biological Sciences,2010,365(1560):3937-3946.
[11]Sih A,Bell A M,Johnson J C,Ziemba R E.Behavioral syndromes:an integrative overview.Quarterly Review of Biology,2004,79(3):241-277.
[12]Wright C M,Hyland T D,Izzo A S,Mcdermott D R,Tibbetts E A,Pruitt J N.Polistes metricus queens exhibit personality variation and behavioral syndromes.Current Zoology,2018,64(1):45-52.
[13]Cote J,Fogarty S,Tymen B,Sih A,Brodin T.Personality-dependent dispersal cancelled under predation risk.Proceedings of the Royal Society B,2013,280(1773):20132349.
[14]程琪,曲家鹏,张贺,张堰铭.高原鼠兔个性特征的地理变异及其对环境的适应.兽类学报,2017,37(2):115-123.
[15]Jennings D J,Hayden T J,Gammell M P.Personality and predictability in fallow deer fighting behaviour:the relationship with mating success.Animal Behaviour,2013,86(5):1041-1047.
[16]Strong J S,Weladji R B,Holand,Red K H,Nieminen M.Personality and fitness consequences of flight initiation distance and mating behavior in subdominant male reindeer(Rangifer tarandus).Ethology,2017,123(6/7):484-492.
[17]Liu Z X,Sheng H L.Effect of habitat fragmentation and isolation on the population of alpine musk deer.Russian Journal of Ecology,2002,33(2):121-124.
[18]Yang Q S,Meng X X,Xia L,Feng Z J.Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer(Moschus spp.)in China.Biological Conservation,2003,109(3):333-342.
[19]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,夏霖,冯金朝,周宜君,徐宏发.兴隆山圈养马麝的行为多样性.动物学报,2006,52(6):1026-1033.
[20]徐正强,徐宏发.圈养雌麝社会行为及其对后代的影响.兽类学报,2002,22(2):155-158,86-86.
[21]丁晓麟,张汇东,马大君,温海,缪勤.犬标准化行为测验量表的研究进展.江西农业学报,2009,21(11):109-113.
[22]孟秀祥,张东晶,王功,祁军,杨奇森,冯祚建.甘肃兴隆山圈养雌性马麝(Moschus sifanicus)发情次数、间情期及影响因素.中国农业科学,2009,42(5):1783-1788.
[23]Meng X X,Perkins G C,Yang Q S,Feng Z J,Meng Z B,Xu H F.Relationship between estrus cycles and behavioral durations of captive female alpine musk deer.Integrative Zoology,2008,3(2):143-148.
[24]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,杨奇森,冯祚建,薛程,徐宏发.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义.四川动物,2007,26(1):46-50.
[25]张东晶,孟秀祥,惠岑怿,冯金朝,周宜君.圈养马麝的行为观察.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2007(9):91-93.
[26]蒋应文.驯养马麝的繁殖与行为观察.动物学杂志,1998,33(4):39-41.
[27]Meng X X,Yang Q S,Feng Z J,Xu H F,Perkins G C,Feng J C,Zhang D J.Seasonal behavioral patterns of captive alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus):Rut and pre-rut comparisons.Biologia,2008,63(4):594-598.
[28]Altmann J.Observational study of behavior:sampling methods.Behaviour,1974,49(3/4):227-267.
[29]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,夏霖,冯金朝,周宜君,徐宏发.甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养马麝行为模式的性间差异.西南大学学报:自然科学版,2007,29(4):101-105.
[30]Stolba A,Baker N,Wood-Gush D G M.The Characterisation of Stereotyped Behaviour in Stalled Sows by Informational Redundancy.Behaviour,1983,87(3):157-182.
[31]孟秀祥,贡保草,薛达元,冯金朝,杨奇森,冯祚建.圈养马麝刻板行为表达频次及影响因素.生态学报,2011,31(22):6896-6901.
[32]孟秀祥,Perkins G,杨奇森,冯祚建,徐宏发.圈养环境中不同来源成年雄性马麝的行为差异.生态学杂志,2008,27(8):1317-1321.
[33]孔令雪,张虹,任娟,钟雪,孙玉波,宋鹏飞,郭聪.繁殖期不同时段赤腹松鼠巢域的变化.兽类学报,2011,31(3):251-256.
[34]赵青山.灰头鸫的动物个性及其巢址选择.北京:中国科学院大学,2016.
[35]Johnson J C,Sih A.Fear,food,sex and parental care:a syndrome of boldness in the fishing spider,Dolomedes triton.Animal Behaviour,2007,74(5):1131-1138.
[36]李红亮,黎勇,周密,张红勇,施哲梅,孟秀祥.驯养马麝麝香产量及其影响因素.中国农业科学,2012,45(3):522-528.