冬春季暖棚舍饲对母羊体重损失及产羔性能的影响
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摘要
研究冬春季暖棚舍饲对母羊体重损失及产羔性能的影响。试验分别于2011、2012和2013年冬春季在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟太仆寺旗进行,在当地选用2户临近牧户,每户挑选120只母羊,随机分为2组,分别为传统棚+放牧组(TS,对照)、改造暖棚+舍饲组(WS)。参试母羊夏秋季白天自由放牧,晚上归牧后圈在传统棚内;到冬春季TS组饲养方式不变,WS组舍饲在简易改造暖棚。整个试验期间,2组母羊及其羔羊的补饲饲料组成及饲喂量相同。试验结果表明,WS组母羊体重较TS组高1.6kg(P=0.004),体重损失较之少22g/d(P=0.005);母羊体重损失在12-1月份最严重,但经第一年(2011)饲养损失程度显著缓解(P<0.001),体重损失随棚圈积温升高而减少。TS组的年均产羔数、羔羊体重及其日增重均显著低于WS组(P=0.020;P=0.0005;P=0.0001),初生重及日增重随着饲养年份的延后而增加(P<0.001);产羔率、羔羊存活率和双羔率随棚圈积温的升高而增大。以上结果表明,冬春季暖棚舍饲可显著减少母羊越冬体重损失,并提高产羔力,进而提高家庭牧场收入,保护退化草场。更重要的是,冷季舍饲有助于改变牧民的传统养殖观念,从"生存观"转向"生产观"。建议,西北牧区冷季绵羊圈舍适宜积温应高于-40℃·d或基本温度高于2℃。
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of warm shed housing on liveweight loss of ewes and on their lambing performance in winter-spring period.One hundred and twenty ewes,from two adjacent local farmers in Taipusi Banner of Xilinguole,Inner Mongolia,were used in winter-spring of 2011,2012 and 2013.The animals were randomly assigned to two treatment groups:housing in a traditional shed+grazing(TS,control),and housing in a modified warm shed+no-grazing(WS).In summer all animals grazed pasture during the day and were housed in a traditional unheated shed overnight.During winter and spring the ewes in the TS treatment were again grazed on pasture each day and housed in the traditional shed each night,while the ewes in the WS treatment were not sent out to graze during the day.The ewes and their lambs in each treatment were fed the same amounts of supplements of hay and concentrate per day throughout the experiment period.The liveweight loss of ewes in the WS treatment was 22g/day lower(P=0.005),and their liveweight 1.6kg higher(P=0.004)at the end of the period,than for sheep in the TS treatment.In all three years the weight loss was greater in December and January than in February and March,and was significantly less(P<0.001)in 2012 and 2013than in the first year of the experiment(2011).More lambs were born in the warm shed than in the traditional unheated shed(P=0.020),and lambs born in the warm shed also had a higher liveweight(P=0.0005)and daily weight gain(P=0.0001).The lamb weight gain and birth weight were also significantly higher in the later years of the experiment(P<0.001).As the shed temperature increased lambing,survival and twinning rates continuously increased.These results demonstrate that sheep housing in a warm shed during winter and spring will improve animal performance and household incomes and reduce grazing pressure on already degraded grasslands.Importantly,keeping animals in a warm shed in the cold season will assist herders to change from a traditional‘animal survival'mind set to a production oriented attitude.Thereby,we recommend sheep sheds should have a thermal time(degree-days)>-40 ℃·d or have an air temperature>2℃ during the cold season in pastoral regions of Northwest China.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of warm shed housing on liveweight loss of ewes and on their lambing performance in winter-spring period.One hundred and twenty ewes,from two adjacent local farmers in Taipusi Banner of Xilinguole,Inner Mongolia,were used in winter-spring of 2011,2012 and 2013.The animals were randomly assigned to two treatment groups:housing in a traditional shed+grazing(TS,control),and housing in a modified warm shed+no-grazing(WS).In summer all animals grazed pasture during the day and were housed in a traditional unheated shed overnight.During winter and spring the ewes in the TS treatment were again grazed on pasture each day and housed in the traditional shed each night,while the ewes in the WS treatment were not sent out to graze during the day.The ewes and their lambs in each treatment were fed the same amounts of supplements of hay and concentrate per day throughout the experiment period.The liveweight loss of ewes in the WS treatment was 22g/day lower(P=0.005),and their liveweight 1.6kg higher(P=0.004)at the end of the period,than for sheep in the TS treatment.In all three years the weight loss was greater in December and January than in February and March,and was significantly less(P<0.001)in 2012 and 2013than in the first year of the experiment(2011).More lambs were born in the warm shed than in the traditional unheated shed(P=0.020),and lambs born in the warm shed also had a higher liveweight(P=0.0005)and daily weight gain(P=0.0001).The lamb weight gain and birth weight were also significantly higher in the later years of the experiment(P<0.001).As the shed temperature increased lambing,survival and twinning rates continuously increased.These results demonstrate that sheep housing in a warm shed during winter and spring will improve animal performance and household incomes and reduce grazing pressure on already degraded grasslands.Importantly,keeping animals in a warm shed in the cold season will assist herders to change from a traditional‘animal survival'mind set to a production oriented attitude.Thereby,we recommend sheep sheds should have a thermal time(degree-days)>-40 ℃·d or have an air temperature>2℃ during the cold season in pastoral regions of Northwest China.
引文
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[3]Zhang H B,Li B M,Zhao J,et al.Effect of dzo kept in warm shed no grazing in Gannan farming-pastoral region.Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2016,35(1):87-89.张海滨,李保明,赵君,等.甘南半农半牧区犏牛冷季暖棚全舍饲育肥试验初报.畜牧兽医杂志,2016,35(1):87-89.
[4]Gao Y H,Guo J J,Li H S,et al.Seasonal variation of ambient temperature,relative humidity,dust and airborne bacteria in dairy cow shed and their correlation in chill region.Acta Veterinuria et Zootechnice Sinica,2016,47(3):620-629.高玉红,郭建军,李宏双,等.寒区奶牛舍环境温湿度、粉尘和气载细菌的季节性变化及其相关性研究.畜牧兽医学报,2016,47(3):620-629.
[5]Yang K,Zhang Q,Li G Y,et al.Effects of mild cold shock followed by warming up at 37℃on the ovarian granulosa cellular stress response of the Yak.Acta Veterinuria et Zootechnice Sinica,2015,46(5):738-745.杨馄,张倩,李谷月,等.温和冷应激及复温对牦牛卵巢颗粒细胞的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2015,46(5):738-745.
[6]Zhang Y,Aorigele,Wang C J,et al.Effects of cold stress on maintenance behavior and antioxidative function in Holstein cows and Sanhe cattle.Progress in Veterinary Medicine,2016,37(3):73-77.张燕,敖日格乐,王纯洁,等.冷应激对荷斯坦奶牛与三河牛的维持行为和抗氧化性能的影响.动物医学进展,2016,37(3):73-77.
[7]Shan G L,Xu Z,Ning F,et al.Influence of exclosure year on community structure and species diversity on a typical steppe.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008,17(6):1-8.单贵莲,徐柱,宁发,等.围封年限对典型草原群落结构及物种多样性的影响.草业学报,2008,17(6):1-8.
[8]Zhang S Y,Han G D,Zhao M L,et al.Effect of greenhouse feeding on weight gain of Ujumuqin sheep based on the typical model in Inner Mongolia in winter.Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2010,31(2):45-47.张双阳,韩国栋,赵萌莉,等.冬季温室舍饲对内蒙古典型家庭牧场乌珠穆沁羊日增重的影响.畜牧与饲料科学,2010,31(2):45-47.
[9]Young B A.Ruminant cold stress:effect on production.Journal of Animal Science,1983,57(6):1601-1607.
[10]Freer M,Dove H,Nolan J V.Nutrient Requirements of Domesticated Ruminants[M].Melbourne:CSIRO Publishing,2007.
[11]Zheng Y,Xu Z,Hao F,et al.Benefit analysis on greenhouse sheep breeding of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia.Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology,2010,31(2):64-69.郑阳,徐柱,郝峰,等.内蒙古典型草原家庭牧场暖棚舍饲养羊效益分析.家畜生态学报,2010,31(2):64-69.
[12]Wang X J,Bai Z Q,Yang L,et al.Effects of pen-fed on farmers’income and sheep production in cold season in semi agricultural and semi pastoral area in Wushaoling.Pratacultural Science,2012,29(3):478-481.汪小娟,白仲乾,杨联,等.乌鞘岭半农半牧区冷季暖棚全舍饲对绵羊生产效益的影响.草业科学,2012,29(3):478-481.
[13]Gu Y,Sedandamba,Yao J Y,et al.Influence of warm shed feeding manner on weight and wool production of Ordos fine wool sheep in cold season.Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2015,36(3):25-27.谷英,斯登丹巴,姚江勇,等.冷季暖棚对鄂尔多斯细毛羊体重及产毛性能影响的研究.畜牧与饲料科学,2015,36(3):25-27.
[14]Animut G,Goetsch A L,Aiken G E,et al.Grazing behavior and energy expenditure by sheep and goats co-grazing grass/forb pastures at three stocking rates.Small Ruminant Research,2005,59(2/3):191-201.
[15]Zhang X Q,Luo H L,Hou X Y,et al.Effect of restricted access to pasture and indoor supplementation on ingestive behaviour,dry matter intake and weight gain of growing lambs.Livestock Science,2014,167(1):137-143.
[16]Tuo S Z,Bao S K,Hua Z.Study on the key efficient strategy for raising yak.Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2016(2):204-208.妥生智,保善科,华着.牦牛高效养殖关键技术研究.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2016,(2):204-208.
[17]Chen Q W.Effect of feed supplement on grazing yaks housed in warm-shelter.Chinese Qinghai Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2012,42(4):22-23.陈清文.放牧牦牛暖棚补饲效果观察.青海畜牧兽医杂志,2012,42(4):22-23.
[18]Zheng Y,Xu Z,Kemp D,et al.Public Grazing Systems on Typical Steppe Grasslands in Taipusi Banner,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region[M]//D R Kemp and D L Michalk.Development of Sustainable Livestock Systems on Grasslands in North-western China.Canberra:Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research,2011:58-68.
[19]Gong X Y,Wu J P,Zhang L P,et al.Influence of feeding patterns on production efficiency of sheep in the cold season.Pratacultural Science,2011,28(1):141-145.宫旭胤,吴建平,张利平,等.饲养模式对绵羊冷季生产效益的影响.草业科学,2011,28(1):141-145.
[20]Zhang H B,Wen Z P,Zhao G P,et al.Effect of yak warm shed feeding in farming-pastoral region.Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2016,35(2):106-107.张海滨,文志平,赵光平,等.甘南牦牛半农半牧区暖棚保膘育肥试验效果分析.畜牧兽医杂志,2016,35(2):106-107.
[21]Deng Y Y,Yu X F,Yu M S,et al.Study on the relationship between temperature-humidity and the reproductive performance of ewes.China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2010,37(12):249-252.邓玉英,于行峰,于明生,等.温湿度与母羊繁殖力的关系研究.中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(12):249-252.
[2]Yang Y,Lou Y H,Yang Z J,et al.Effect of low temperature on phytohormones and carbohydrates metabolism in Bermuda grass.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(2):205-215.杨勇,娄燕宏,杨知建,等.低温胁迫对狗牙根激素和碳水化合物代谢的影响.草业学报,2016,25(2):205-215.
[3]Zhang H B,Li B M,Zhao J,et al.Effect of dzo kept in warm shed no grazing in Gannan farming-pastoral region.Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2016,35(1):87-89.张海滨,李保明,赵君,等.甘南半农半牧区犏牛冷季暖棚全舍饲育肥试验初报.畜牧兽医杂志,2016,35(1):87-89.
[4]Gao Y H,Guo J J,Li H S,et al.Seasonal variation of ambient temperature,relative humidity,dust and airborne bacteria in dairy cow shed and their correlation in chill region.Acta Veterinuria et Zootechnice Sinica,2016,47(3):620-629.高玉红,郭建军,李宏双,等.寒区奶牛舍环境温湿度、粉尘和气载细菌的季节性变化及其相关性研究.畜牧兽医学报,2016,47(3):620-629.
[5]Yang K,Zhang Q,Li G Y,et al.Effects of mild cold shock followed by warming up at 37℃on the ovarian granulosa cellular stress response of the Yak.Acta Veterinuria et Zootechnice Sinica,2015,46(5):738-745.杨馄,张倩,李谷月,等.温和冷应激及复温对牦牛卵巢颗粒细胞的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2015,46(5):738-745.
[6]Zhang Y,Aorigele,Wang C J,et al.Effects of cold stress on maintenance behavior and antioxidative function in Holstein cows and Sanhe cattle.Progress in Veterinary Medicine,2016,37(3):73-77.张燕,敖日格乐,王纯洁,等.冷应激对荷斯坦奶牛与三河牛的维持行为和抗氧化性能的影响.动物医学进展,2016,37(3):73-77.
[7]Shan G L,Xu Z,Ning F,et al.Influence of exclosure year on community structure and species diversity on a typical steppe.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008,17(6):1-8.单贵莲,徐柱,宁发,等.围封年限对典型草原群落结构及物种多样性的影响.草业学报,2008,17(6):1-8.
[8]Zhang S Y,Han G D,Zhao M L,et al.Effect of greenhouse feeding on weight gain of Ujumuqin sheep based on the typical model in Inner Mongolia in winter.Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2010,31(2):45-47.张双阳,韩国栋,赵萌莉,等.冬季温室舍饲对内蒙古典型家庭牧场乌珠穆沁羊日增重的影响.畜牧与饲料科学,2010,31(2):45-47.
[9]Young B A.Ruminant cold stress:effect on production.Journal of Animal Science,1983,57(6):1601-1607.
[10]Freer M,Dove H,Nolan J V.Nutrient Requirements of Domesticated Ruminants[M].Melbourne:CSIRO Publishing,2007.
[11]Zheng Y,Xu Z,Hao F,et al.Benefit analysis on greenhouse sheep breeding of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia.Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology,2010,31(2):64-69.郑阳,徐柱,郝峰,等.内蒙古典型草原家庭牧场暖棚舍饲养羊效益分析.家畜生态学报,2010,31(2):64-69.
[12]Wang X J,Bai Z Q,Yang L,et al.Effects of pen-fed on farmers’income and sheep production in cold season in semi agricultural and semi pastoral area in Wushaoling.Pratacultural Science,2012,29(3):478-481.汪小娟,白仲乾,杨联,等.乌鞘岭半农半牧区冷季暖棚全舍饲对绵羊生产效益的影响.草业科学,2012,29(3):478-481.
[13]Gu Y,Sedandamba,Yao J Y,et al.Influence of warm shed feeding manner on weight and wool production of Ordos fine wool sheep in cold season.Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2015,36(3):25-27.谷英,斯登丹巴,姚江勇,等.冷季暖棚对鄂尔多斯细毛羊体重及产毛性能影响的研究.畜牧与饲料科学,2015,36(3):25-27.
[14]Animut G,Goetsch A L,Aiken G E,et al.Grazing behavior and energy expenditure by sheep and goats co-grazing grass/forb pastures at three stocking rates.Small Ruminant Research,2005,59(2/3):191-201.
[15]Zhang X Q,Luo H L,Hou X Y,et al.Effect of restricted access to pasture and indoor supplementation on ingestive behaviour,dry matter intake and weight gain of growing lambs.Livestock Science,2014,167(1):137-143.
[16]Tuo S Z,Bao S K,Hua Z.Study on the key efficient strategy for raising yak.Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2016(2):204-208.妥生智,保善科,华着.牦牛高效养殖关键技术研究.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2016,(2):204-208.
[17]Chen Q W.Effect of feed supplement on grazing yaks housed in warm-shelter.Chinese Qinghai Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2012,42(4):22-23.陈清文.放牧牦牛暖棚补饲效果观察.青海畜牧兽医杂志,2012,42(4):22-23.
[18]Zheng Y,Xu Z,Kemp D,et al.Public Grazing Systems on Typical Steppe Grasslands in Taipusi Banner,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region[M]//D R Kemp and D L Michalk.Development of Sustainable Livestock Systems on Grasslands in North-western China.Canberra:Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research,2011:58-68.
[19]Gong X Y,Wu J P,Zhang L P,et al.Influence of feeding patterns on production efficiency of sheep in the cold season.Pratacultural Science,2011,28(1):141-145.宫旭胤,吴建平,张利平,等.饲养模式对绵羊冷季生产效益的影响.草业科学,2011,28(1):141-145.
[20]Zhang H B,Wen Z P,Zhao G P,et al.Effect of yak warm shed feeding in farming-pastoral region.Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2016,35(2):106-107.张海滨,文志平,赵光平,等.甘南牦牛半农半牧区暖棚保膘育肥试验效果分析.畜牧兽医杂志,2016,35(2):106-107.
[21]Deng Y Y,Yu X F,Yu M S,et al.Study on the relationship between temperature-humidity and the reproductive performance of ewes.China Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2010,37(12):249-252.邓玉英,于行峰,于明生,等.温湿度与母羊繁殖力的关系研究.中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(12):249-252.