页岩油注气提高采收率现状及可行性分析
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摘要
页岩油在世界范围内资源丰厚,具有广阔的开采前景。然而水平井以及大量水力压裂措施使得成本大大提高。大量的实验和数值模拟结果表明,通过注气能极大提高页岩油采收率,目前还没有将这一技术商业应用的成功案例,因此页岩油注气提高采收率是否可行还存在争论。通过对比页岩岩心气驱实验、页岩油注气数值模拟及矿场试验三个方面的研究,发现实验条件及数值模拟模型与实际页岩储层存在较大差异。结合李传亮提出的页岩储层微型岩性圈闭构造理论,得出只有在压裂改造,或建立正交水平井井网缩短井距的条件下进一步注气,才能达到提高页岩油采收率的目的。这对于我国乃至世界页岩油采收率的提高具有重要指导意义。
Shale oil resources are rich around the world and have extraordinary exploitation prospects. However, drilling horizontalwells and huge amounts of hydraulic fracturing measures had sharply increased the cost. A large number of experiments and numer-ical simulations showed that the gas injection could significantly improve the shale oil recovery. Nevertheless, this technique hadnot been implemented to the practical exploitation of shale oil. Consequently, it was still controversial whether shale oil recoverycould be optimized through gas injection or not. By the comparison of the gas displacement experiments of the shale cores, the nu-merical simulation of shale oil recovery by gas injection and the gas injection pilots in practical fields, it was found that the resultsfrom experimental conditions and numerical simulation models were different from those in field pilots. Li Chuanliang insisted thatthe shale reservoir was consisted of myriad micro-lithologic traps. It was concluded that only if the gas was injected after fracturing,or establishing an orthogonal horizontal well pattern to dense the well spacing, would the shale oil recovery be improved. It has es-sential guidance for the improvement of shale oil recovery in China or even in the world.
Shale oil resources are rich around the world and have extraordinary exploitation prospects. However, drilling horizontalwells and huge amounts of hydraulic fracturing measures had sharply increased the cost. A large number of experiments and numer-ical simulations showed that the gas injection could significantly improve the shale oil recovery. Nevertheless, this technique hadnot been implemented to the practical exploitation of shale oil. Consequently, it was still controversial whether shale oil recoverycould be optimized through gas injection or not. By the comparison of the gas displacement experiments of the shale cores, the nu-merical simulation of shale oil recovery by gas injection and the gas injection pilots in practical fields, it was found that the resultsfrom experimental conditions and numerical simulation models were different from those in field pilots. Li Chuanliang insisted thatthe shale reservoir was consisted of myriad micro-lithologic traps. It was concluded that only if the gas was injected after fracturing,or establishing an orthogonal horizontal well pattern to dense the well spacing, would the shale oil recovery be improved. It has es-sential guidance for the improvement of shale oil recovery in China or even in the world.
引文
[1]张廷山,彭志,杨巍,等.美国页岩油研究对我国的启示[J].岩性油气藏,2015,27(3):1-10.
[2]贾承造.论非常规油气对经典石油天然气地质学理论的突破及意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(1):1-11.
[3]雏才能,陶士振,白斌,等.论非常规油气与常规油气的区别和联系[J].中国石油勘探,2015,20(1):1-16.
[4] Schmidt M, Sekar B K. Innovative unconventional EOR-A light EOR and unconventional tertiary recovery approach to an unconventional Bakken reservoir in Southeast Saskatchewan[C]//paper WPC-21-1921 presented at the 21st World Petroleum Congress, 15-19 June 2014, Moscow, Russia.
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[6] Wan T, Sheng J J, Soliman M Y. Evaluate EOR potential in fractured shale oil reservoirs by cyclic gas injection[C]//paper URTEC-1611383-MS presented at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 12-24 August 2013, Denver,Colorado, USA.
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[8] Wan T, Meng X, Sheng J J, et al. Compositional modeling of EOR process in stimulated shale oil reservoirs by cyclic gas injection[C]//paper SPE-169069-MS presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, 12-16 April 2014, Tulsa,Oklahoma, USA.
[9] Tao Wan, James Sheng, Marshall Watson. Compositional modeling of the diffusion effect on EOR Process in fractured shale oil reservoirs by gas flooding[C]//paper URTEC-1891403-MS presented at the SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 25-27 Augst 2014, Denver, Colorado, USA.
[10] A R Kovscek, G Q Tang, B Vega. Experimental investigation of oil recovery from siliceous shale by CO2injection[C]//paper SPE-115679-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 21-24 September 2008, Denver, Colorado, USA.
[11] Hoffman B T. Comparison of various gases for enhanced recovery from shale oil reservoirs[C]//paper SPE-154329-MS presented at the 18th SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, 14-18 April 2012, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
[12] Wei Y, Al-Shalabi E W, Sepehrnoori K. A sensitivity study of potential CO2injection for enhanced gas recovery in Barnett shale reservoirs[C]//paper SPE-169012-MS presented at the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference, 1-3 April 2014,the Woodlands, Texas, USA.
[13] Vega B, O'Brien W J, Kovscek A R. Experimental investigation of oil recovery from siliceous shale by miscible CO2injection[C]//paper SPE-135627-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 19-22 September 2010,Florence, Italy.
[14] Alharthy N, Teklu T, Kazemi H, et al. Enhanced oil recovery in liquid-rich shale reservoirs:Laboratory to field[C]//paper SPE-175034-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 28-30 September 2015, Houston, USA.
[15] Gamadi T D. Experimental and numerical study of the EOR potential in shale oil reservoirs by cyclic gas injection[D]. Texas,USA:Texas Tech University, 2014.
[16] Gamadi T D, Sheng J J, Soliman M Y. An Experimental Study of Cyclic Gas Injection to Improve Shale Oil Recovery[C] paper169142-MS presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, 12-16 April 2014, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
[17] Tovar F. Experimental investigation of enhanced recovery in unconventional liquid reservoirs using CO2:A look ahead to the future of unconventional EOR[C]//paper SPE-169022-MS presented at the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference, 1-3April 2014, the Woollands, Texas, USA.
[18] Hawthorne S B, Gorecki C D, Sorensen J A, et al. Hydrocarbon mobilization mechanisms from upper middle and lower Bakken reservoir rocks exposed to CO2[C]//paper SPE-167200-MS presented at the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference Canada, 5-7 November 2013, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
[19] Gamadi T D, Elldakli F, Sheng J J. Compositional simulation evaluation of EOR potential in shale oil reservoirs by cyclic natural gas injection[C]//paper URTEC-1922690-MS presented at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 25-27 August 2014, Denver, Colorado, USA.
[20] Dong C, Hoffman B T. Modeling gas injection into shale oil reservoirs in the Sanish field, North Dakota[C]//paper URTEC-168827-MS presented at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 12-14 August 2013, Denver, Colorado,USA.
[21] Tao Xu, Todd Hoffman. Hydraulic fracture orientation for miscible gas injection EOR in unconventional oil reservoirs[C]//paper URTEC-168774-MS presented at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 12-14 Augst 2013, Denver,Coorado, USA.
[22] Chen C, Balhoff M, Mohanty K K. Effect of reservoir heterogeneity on primary recovery and CO2huff'n'puff recovery in shaleoil reservoirs[J]. SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering,2015, 17(3):404-413.
[23] Hoffman B. Todd, Evans J G. Improved oil recovery ior pilot projects in the Bakken formation[C]//paper SPE-180270-MS presented at the SPE Low Perm Symposium, 5-6 May 2016,Denver, Colorado, USA.
[24] Lawal H, Jackson G, Abolo N, et al. A novel approach to modeling and forecasting frac hits in shale gas wells[C]//paper SPE-164898-MS presented at the EAGE Annual Conference&Exhibition Incorporating SPE Europec, 10-13 June 2013, London, United Kingdom.
[25] King G E. 60 years of multi-fractured vertical, deviated and horizontal wells:What have we learned?[C]//paper SPE-170952-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 27-29 October 2014, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
[26] Kurtoglu B, Salman A. How to utilize hydraulic fracture interference to improve unconventional development[C]//paper SPE-177953-MS presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 9-12 November 2015, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
[27] Baker R, Dieva R, Jobling R, et al. The myths of waterfloods,EOR floods and how to optimize real injection schemes[C]//paper SPE-179536-MS presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, 11-13 April 2016, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
[28]李传亮,朱苏阳.页岩气其实是自由气[J].岩性油气藏,2013,25(1):1-3.
[2]贾承造.论非常规油气对经典石油天然气地质学理论的突破及意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(1):1-11.
[3]雏才能,陶士振,白斌,等.论非常规油气与常规油气的区别和联系[J].中国石油勘探,2015,20(1):1-16.
[4] Schmidt M, Sekar B K. Innovative unconventional EOR-A light EOR and unconventional tertiary recovery approach to an unconventional Bakken reservoir in Southeast Saskatchewan[C]//paper WPC-21-1921 presented at the 21st World Petroleum Congress, 15-19 June 2014, Moscow, Russia.
[5] Zhu P, Balhoff M T, Mohanty K K. Simulation of fracture-tofracture gas injection in an oil-rich shale[C]//paper SPE-175131-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 28-30 September 2015, Houston, Texas, USA.
[6] Wan T, Sheng J J, Soliman M Y. Evaluate EOR potential in fractured shale oil reservoirs by cyclic gas injection[C]//paper URTEC-1611383-MS presented at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 12-24 August 2013, Denver,Colorado, USA.
[7] Wan T. Evaluation of the EOR potential in shale oil reservoirs by cyclic gas injection[C]//paper SPWLA-d-12-00119 presented at the SPWLA 54th Annual Logging Symposium, 22-26 June2013, New Orleans Louisiana, USA.
[8] Wan T, Meng X, Sheng J J, et al. Compositional modeling of EOR process in stimulated shale oil reservoirs by cyclic gas injection[C]//paper SPE-169069-MS presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, 12-16 April 2014, Tulsa,Oklahoma, USA.
[9] Tao Wan, James Sheng, Marshall Watson. Compositional modeling of the diffusion effect on EOR Process in fractured shale oil reservoirs by gas flooding[C]//paper URTEC-1891403-MS presented at the SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 25-27 Augst 2014, Denver, Colorado, USA.
[10] A R Kovscek, G Q Tang, B Vega. Experimental investigation of oil recovery from siliceous shale by CO2injection[C]//paper SPE-115679-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 21-24 September 2008, Denver, Colorado, USA.
[11] Hoffman B T. Comparison of various gases for enhanced recovery from shale oil reservoirs[C]//paper SPE-154329-MS presented at the 18th SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, 14-18 April 2012, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
[12] Wei Y, Al-Shalabi E W, Sepehrnoori K. A sensitivity study of potential CO2injection for enhanced gas recovery in Barnett shale reservoirs[C]//paper SPE-169012-MS presented at the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference, 1-3 April 2014,the Woodlands, Texas, USA.
[13] Vega B, O'Brien W J, Kovscek A R. Experimental investigation of oil recovery from siliceous shale by miscible CO2injection[C]//paper SPE-135627-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 19-22 September 2010,Florence, Italy.
[14] Alharthy N, Teklu T, Kazemi H, et al. Enhanced oil recovery in liquid-rich shale reservoirs:Laboratory to field[C]//paper SPE-175034-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 28-30 September 2015, Houston, USA.
[15] Gamadi T D. Experimental and numerical study of the EOR potential in shale oil reservoirs by cyclic gas injection[D]. Texas,USA:Texas Tech University, 2014.
[16] Gamadi T D, Sheng J J, Soliman M Y. An Experimental Study of Cyclic Gas Injection to Improve Shale Oil Recovery[C] paper169142-MS presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, 12-16 April 2014, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
[17] Tovar F. Experimental investigation of enhanced recovery in unconventional liquid reservoirs using CO2:A look ahead to the future of unconventional EOR[C]//paper SPE-169022-MS presented at the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference, 1-3April 2014, the Woollands, Texas, USA.
[18] Hawthorne S B, Gorecki C D, Sorensen J A, et al. Hydrocarbon mobilization mechanisms from upper middle and lower Bakken reservoir rocks exposed to CO2[C]//paper SPE-167200-MS presented at the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference Canada, 5-7 November 2013, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
[19] Gamadi T D, Elldakli F, Sheng J J. Compositional simulation evaluation of EOR potential in shale oil reservoirs by cyclic natural gas injection[C]//paper URTEC-1922690-MS presented at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 25-27 August 2014, Denver, Colorado, USA.
[20] Dong C, Hoffman B T. Modeling gas injection into shale oil reservoirs in the Sanish field, North Dakota[C]//paper URTEC-168827-MS presented at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 12-14 August 2013, Denver, Colorado,USA.
[21] Tao Xu, Todd Hoffman. Hydraulic fracture orientation for miscible gas injection EOR in unconventional oil reservoirs[C]//paper URTEC-168774-MS presented at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 12-14 Augst 2013, Denver,Coorado, USA.
[22] Chen C, Balhoff M, Mohanty K K. Effect of reservoir heterogeneity on primary recovery and CO2huff'n'puff recovery in shaleoil reservoirs[J]. SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering,2015, 17(3):404-413.
[23] Hoffman B. Todd, Evans J G. Improved oil recovery ior pilot projects in the Bakken formation[C]//paper SPE-180270-MS presented at the SPE Low Perm Symposium, 5-6 May 2016,Denver, Colorado, USA.
[24] Lawal H, Jackson G, Abolo N, et al. A novel approach to modeling and forecasting frac hits in shale gas wells[C]//paper SPE-164898-MS presented at the EAGE Annual Conference&Exhibition Incorporating SPE Europec, 10-13 June 2013, London, United Kingdom.
[25] King G E. 60 years of multi-fractured vertical, deviated and horizontal wells:What have we learned?[C]//paper SPE-170952-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 27-29 October 2014, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
[26] Kurtoglu B, Salman A. How to utilize hydraulic fracture interference to improve unconventional development[C]//paper SPE-177953-MS presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 9-12 November 2015, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
[27] Baker R, Dieva R, Jobling R, et al. The myths of waterfloods,EOR floods and how to optimize real injection schemes[C]//paper SPE-179536-MS presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, 11-13 April 2016, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
[28]李传亮,朱苏阳.页岩气其实是自由气[J].岩性油气藏,2013,25(1):1-3.