不同轮作模式对花生病虫害及产量的影响
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摘要
为探明水旱轮作模式对花生土传病虫害及其产量的影响,设水旱轮作不施药、水旱轮作减施药、旱旱轮作常规施药和旱旱轮作不施药(CK)4种处理,于2014—2016年对花生果腐病、白绢病和蛴螬虫害的发生情况进行调查,并对花生产量及其构成因素进行考种分析。结果表明,水旱轮作不施药处理的花生果腐病病情指数和发病率分别较CK显著降低90.40%和96.55%,防控效果达96.34%;水旱轮作减施药处理对花生果腐病的防控效果为81.49%;旱旱轮作常规施药处理对花生果腐病无防控效果。水旱轮作和旱旱轮作常规施药处理对白绢病均无防控效果。水旱轮作不施药、水旱轮作减施药和旱旱轮作常规施药处理对蛴螬的防控效果分别为63.80%、65.50%和66.20%。水旱轮作不施药与旱旱轮作常规施药处理相比,株结果数、株果重和产量分别显著降低15.03%、12.14%和6.33%,株饱果数和出仁率分别显著提高13.88%和3.01%,株根瘤个数显著提高166.22%;水旱轮作减施药与旱旱轮作常规施药处理相比,株结果数、株果重、产量、百仁重和出仁率均无显著差异,株饱果数显著提高14.33%,株根瘤个数显著提高122.97%。表明水旱轮作模式对花生果腐病和蛴螬有较理想的防控效果,且使花生产量结构明显优化,根瘤菌数量显著提高。
To clarify the influence of paddy-upland rotation on soil-transmitted pests, diseases and peanuts yield, four types of treatments, including paddy-upland rotation without pesticides, paddy-upland rotation reduction pesticides, dry rotation with pesticides and dry rotation without pesticides(CK), were adopted. The occurrence of peanut pod rot, Sclerotium blight and grubs were investigated from 2014 to 2016, and peanut yield and its components were analyzed. The results showed that the disease index and morbidity of peanut pod rot from paddy-upland rotation without pesticides were 90.40% and 96.55% significantly lower than that of CK, the control efficacy achieved 96.34%, the control efficacy from paddy-upland rotation reduction pesticide was 81.49%, and the treatment of dry rotation with pesticides had no effect on control of peanut pod rot. There was no prevention and control effect on peanut Sclerotium blight in paddy-upland crop rotation and dry crop rotation with pesticides. The control efficacy of the non-pesticide application in paddy-upland rotation and pesticide-reducing in paddy-upland rotations treatments to peanut grubs were 63.80% and 65.50%, respectively, and the treatment of dry rotation with pesticides also had a good control efficacy of 66.20%. Compared with the conventional treatment of dry rotation with pesticide, the number of peanut pod per plant, pod weight per plant and yield from the treatment of paddy-upland rotation without pesticides significantly decreased by 15.03%,12.14% and 6.33%, respectively; and the number of full pod per plant and kernel rate significantly increased by 13.88% and 3.01%, while the number of rhizobia increased by 166.22%. No significant differences were found in the number of peanut pod per plant, pod weight per plant, yield, kernel weight and kernel rate between the treatments of paddy-upland rotation reducing pesticides and conventional dry rotation with pesticide application; the number of full pod per plant significantly increased by 14.33% while the number of rhizobia significantly increased by 122.97%. The result indicated the paddy-upland rotation could control efficiently peanut pod rot and grubs, improve the peanut yield structure, while significantly increased the number of rhizobia.
To clarify the influence of paddy-upland rotation on soil-transmitted pests, diseases and peanuts yield, four types of treatments, including paddy-upland rotation without pesticides, paddy-upland rotation reduction pesticides, dry rotation with pesticides and dry rotation without pesticides(CK), were adopted. The occurrence of peanut pod rot, Sclerotium blight and grubs were investigated from 2014 to 2016, and peanut yield and its components were analyzed. The results showed that the disease index and morbidity of peanut pod rot from paddy-upland rotation without pesticides were 90.40% and 96.55% significantly lower than that of CK, the control efficacy achieved 96.34%, the control efficacy from paddy-upland rotation reduction pesticide was 81.49%, and the treatment of dry rotation with pesticides had no effect on control of peanut pod rot. There was no prevention and control effect on peanut Sclerotium blight in paddy-upland crop rotation and dry crop rotation with pesticides. The control efficacy of the non-pesticide application in paddy-upland rotation and pesticide-reducing in paddy-upland rotations treatments to peanut grubs were 63.80% and 65.50%, respectively, and the treatment of dry rotation with pesticides also had a good control efficacy of 66.20%. Compared with the conventional treatment of dry rotation with pesticide, the number of peanut pod per plant, pod weight per plant and yield from the treatment of paddy-upland rotation without pesticides significantly decreased by 15.03%,12.14% and 6.33%, respectively; and the number of full pod per plant and kernel rate significantly increased by 13.88% and 3.01%, while the number of rhizobia increased by 166.22%. No significant differences were found in the number of peanut pod per plant, pod weight per plant, yield, kernel weight and kernel rate between the treatments of paddy-upland rotation reducing pesticides and conventional dry rotation with pesticide application; the number of full pod per plant significantly increased by 14.33% while the number of rhizobia significantly increased by 122.97%. The result indicated the paddy-upland rotation could control efficiently peanut pod rot and grubs, improve the peanut yield structure, while significantly increased the number of rhizobia.
引文
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Guan L,Guo BB,Wang XK,Li BX,Zhang DX,Liu F.2016.Seedcoating treatment of four fungicides against peanut crown rot and root rot diseases.Journal of Plant Protection,43(5):842-849(in Chinese)[管磊,郭贝贝,王晓坤,李北兴,张大侠,刘峰.2016.苯醚甲环唑等杀菌剂包衣种子防治花生冠腐病和根腐病.植物保护学报,43(5):842-849]
Guo J,Luo H,Zhang JE,Luo MZ,Zhao BL.2016.Effects of paddyupland rotation on control of Pomacea canaliculata and rice yield.Journal of South China Agricultural University,36(1):48-53(in Chinese)[郭靖,罗颢,章家恩,罗明珠,赵本良.2016.水旱轮作防控福寿螺的效果及对水稻产量的影响.华南农业大学学报,36(1):48-53]
Hong WY,Wu YJ,Wang AJ,Zhu XY.2016.Decomposition effect and comprehensive benefit evaluation of vegetables-water caltrop rotation for continuous cropping obstacle.Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,57(10):1715-1717(in Chinese)[洪文英,吴燕君,汪爱娟,朱徐燕.2016.菜-菱水旱轮作对连作障碍的消解效应及综合效益评价.浙江农业科学,57(10):1715-1717]
Hou W,Cheng HG,Jing WM,Xin X,Shi WZ.2015.Effect of paddyupland rotation on relieving continuous cropping obstacle in greenhouse vegetable cultivation.Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences,61(1):72-74(in Chinese)[侯伟,程海刚,景炜明,辛鑫,史卫中.2015.水旱轮作栽培对缓解设施蔬菜连作障碍的影响.陕西农业科学,61(1):72-74]
Jiang YP,Ju Q,Jiang XJ,Zhao ZQ,Li X,LüJJ,Jiang YS,Ni WL,Chen ZD,Wang GT.2013.Survey of peanut yield loss caused by white grub and its effect factors analysis.Journal of Peanut Science,42(4):42-46(in Chinese)[江玉萍,鞠倩,姜晓静,赵志强,李晓,吕敬军,姜言生,倪皖莉,陈志德,王国桐.2013.蛴螬危害花生产量损失调查及发生因子分析.花生学报,42(4):42-46]
Li LJ.2015.Causes of peanut continuous cropping obstacle and prevention and control technology in Xingcheng City.Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,(9):49-50(in Chinese)[李立杰.2015.兴城市花生连作障碍发生原因及防控技术.现代农业科技,(9):49-50]
Li SC,Jia HM,Zhao JY,Chen D.2011.Pathogens identification and pathogenicity of peanut pod rot in Hebei Province.Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,15(5):37-39(in Chinese)[李术臣,贾海民,赵聚莹,陈丹.2011.河北省花生果腐病病原鉴定及致病性研究.河北农业科学,15(5):37-39]
Li X,Gong QX,Ju Q,Jiang XJ,Zhao ZQ,Chen QS,Qu MJ.2011.Preliminary study on control effect of new low-toxic pesticides against peanut underground pests.Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,23(5):94-96(in Chinese)[李晓,宫清轩,鞠倩,姜晓静,赵志强,陈全森,曲明静.2011.新型低毒杀虫剂防治花生地下害虫初步研究.江西农业学报,23(5):94-96]
Li X,Shi CR,Ju Q,Jiang XJ,Qu MJ,Su WH,Chen HL,Zuo LH.2016.Study on peanut yield loss caused by grubs and its economic threshold李晓2016.Journal of Peanut Science,45(2):54-57(in Chinese)[李晓,石程仁,鞠倩,姜晓静,曲明静,苏卫华,陈浩梁,左羚华.2016.蛴螬为害花生的产量损失及经济阈值研究.花生学报,45(2):54-57]
Liu Z.2014.Growth and development and yield of different peanut cultivars grown in paddy-upland crops rotation soil and upland red earth soil.Master Thesis.Changsha:Agricultural University of Hunan(in Chinese)[刘桢.2014.不同花生品种在水旱轮作地和红壤旱地的生长发育和产量差异.硕士学位论文.长沙:湖南农业大学]
Qian CC,Huang GQ,Zhao QG.2017.Application advance of rotation fallow system in China.Journal of Agriculture,7(3):37-41(in Chinese)[钱晨晨,黄国勤,赵其国.2017.中国轮作休耕制度的应用进展.农学学报,7(3):37-41]
Shokes FM,Weber Z,Gorbet DW,Pudelko HA,Taczanowski M.1998.Evaluation of peanut genotypes for resistance to southern stem rot using an agar disk technique.Peanut Science,25:12-17
Sun TF,Liu MF,Guan GK,Wu GT.1993.Effect of peanut-rice rotation on soil improvement.Soils,(4):219-221(in Chinese)[孙天福,刘明富,官国科,吴根堂.1993.花生-水稻轮作的改土效应.土壤,(4):219-221]
Sun YC,Chen JT,Guo LP,Zhu BC.2012.Control of medicinal plant soil-borne diseases by crop rotation:a review.Modern Chinese Medicine,14(10):37-41(in Chinese)[孙跃春,陈景堂,郭兰萍,朱宝成.2012.轮作用于药用植物土传病害防治的研究进展.中国现代中药,14(10):37-41]
Wang CB,Zheng YP,Liang XY,Wang JG,Zheng YM,Sun XW,Feng H,Wu ZF,Sun KX.2013.Effects of fertilization on soil fertility indices and yield of dry-land peanut.Acta Ecologica Sinica,33(4):1300-1307(in Chinese)[王才斌,郑亚萍,梁晓艳,王建国,郑永美,孙学武,冯昊,吴正峰,孙奎香.2013.施肥对旱地花生主要土壤肥力指标及产量的影响.生态学报,33(4):1300-1307]
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