土地细碎化、耕地地力对粮食生产效率的影响——基于江汉平原354个水稻种植户的研究
|
摘要
土地细碎化和耕地地力是影响农业生产及其效率的两个重要因素。本文以江汉平原354个水稻种植户为研究对象,利用效率损失随机前沿生产函数构造了4个不同的模型,探讨了土地细碎化、耕地地力不同组合对粮食生产及其效率的影响。研究发现:土地细碎化对粮食生产存在负面影响,对技术非效率存在正向影响,土地细碎化程度高和农业劳动力投入降低,使资产配置不合理,粮食生产受到严重影响。耕地地力对粮食生产效率具有显著的正向影响,有助于提高粮食生产效率,过剩的农资投入,未对粮食生产产生正向影响且不利于耕地可持续发展。因此政府应鼓励小规模农户释放土地,提高大规模农户经营管理能力,确保生产条件;鼓励和推广新型栽培技术,引导农户合理投入农资,提高生产效率;增强高质量农田和农业基础设施建设,保障生产环境。
Land fragmentation and land quality are important factors that influence the efficiency of agricultural production. Based on a survey of 354 rice farmers from the Jianghan Plain we used the stochastic frontier production function with efficiency loss to explore the effects of different combinations of land fragmentation and land quality on grain production technical efficiency in different models. We found that land fragmentation has a negative impact on grain production but positive impact on technical efficiency. Land fragmentation intensifies agriculture production labor,which also holds back the development of capital intensive agriculture. In other words,a high degree of land fragmentation and reducing agricultural labor input makes asset allocation unreasonable,and affects production efficiency severely. Land quality has a significant positive influence on food production and efficiency,the higher the level of land quality the better grain production and production efficiency. Excessive chemical substance input of farmers may harm land quality in the future,but makes no difference to production. Few farmers have this kind of cognitive or even regulate planting behavior. We conclude that to ensure grain security and improve farmer income the government should guide land circulation as the base of modern capital intensive agriculture;improve mechanical and technical service levels to create production conditions;encourage and promote new and sustainable planting pattern to reduce agricultural material waste;and strengthen agricultural infrastructure construction to improve the planting environment.
Land fragmentation and land quality are important factors that influence the efficiency of agricultural production. Based on a survey of 354 rice farmers from the Jianghan Plain we used the stochastic frontier production function with efficiency loss to explore the effects of different combinations of land fragmentation and land quality on grain production technical efficiency in different models. We found that land fragmentation has a negative impact on grain production but positive impact on technical efficiency. Land fragmentation intensifies agriculture production labor,which also holds back the development of capital intensive agriculture. In other words,a high degree of land fragmentation and reducing agricultural labor input makes asset allocation unreasonable,and affects production efficiency severely. Land quality has a significant positive influence on food production and efficiency,the higher the level of land quality the better grain production and production efficiency. Excessive chemical substance input of farmers may harm land quality in the future,but makes no difference to production. Few farmers have this kind of cognitive or even regulate planting behavior. We conclude that to ensure grain security and improve farmer income the government should guide land circulation as the base of modern capital intensive agriculture;improve mechanical and technical service levels to create production conditions;encourage and promote new and sustainable planting pattern to reduce agricultural material waste;and strengthen agricultural infrastructure construction to improve the planting environment.
引文
[1]Mc Pherson M F.Land Fragmentation:A Selected Literature Review[R].Development Discussion Paper.No.141,1982.
[2]Schultz T W.The Economic Organization of Agriculture[M].New York:Mc Graw Hill,1953.
[3]Tan S,Heerink N,Kuyvenhoven A,et al.Impact of land fragmentation on rice producers’technical efficiency in SouthEast China[J].Njas Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,2010,57(2):117-123.
[4]陈培勇,陈风波.土地细碎化的起因及其影响的研究综述[J].中国土地科学,2011,(9):90-96.[Chen P Y,Chen F B.Review of land cause and effect[J].China Land Sciences,2011,(9):90-96.]
[5]Manjunatha A V,Anik A R,Speelman S,et al.Impact of land fragmentation,farm size,land ownership and crop diversity on profit and efficiency of irrigated farms in India[J].Land Use Policy,2013,31:397-405.
[6]Hung P V,Macaulay T G,Marsh S P,et al.The economics of land fragmentation in the north of Vietnam[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,2007,51(2):195-211.
[7]Tan S,Heerink N,Kruseman G,et al.Do fragmented landholdings have higher production costs?Evidence from rice farmers in Northeastern Jiangxi province,P.R.China[J].China Economic Review,2008,19(3):347-358.
[8]Latruffe L,Piet L.Does land fragmentation affect farm performance?a case study from Brittany,France[J].Agricultural Systems,2014,129(7):68-80.
[9]谭淑豪,Nico Heerink,曲福田.土地细碎化对中国东南部水稻小农户技术效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(12):2467-2473.[Tan S H,Heerink N,Qu F T.The impact of land fragment on small rice farmers’technical efficiency in southeast China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2006,39(12):2467-2473.]
[10]黄贤金,尼克·哈瑞柯,鲁尔特·卢本,等.中国农村土地市场运行机理分析[J].江海学刊,2001,(2):9-15.[Huang X J,Harick N,Lubumbashi L,et al.Mechanism analysis of China's rural land market[J].Jianghai Academic Journal(Bimonthly),2001,(2):9-15.]
[11]Fleisher B M,Liu Y.Economies of scale,plot size,human capital,and productivity in Chinese agriculture[J].Quarterly Review of Economics&Finance,1992,32(3):112-123.
[12]Nguyen T,Cheng E,Findlay C.Land fragmentation and farm productivity in China in the 1990s[J].China Economic Review,1996,7(2):169-180.
[13]Wan G H,Cheng E J.Effects of land fragmentation and returns to scale in the Chinese farming sector[J].Applied Economics,2001,33(2):183-194.
[14]Sikor T,Müller D,Stahl J.Land fragmentation and cropland abandonment in Albania:implications for the roles of state and community in post-socialist land consolidation[J].World Development,2009,37(8):1411-1423.
[15]许庆,尹荣梁,章辉.规模经济、规模报酬与农业适度规模经营-基于我国粮食生产的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011,(3):59-71.[Xu Q,Yin R L,Zhang H.Economies of scale,returns to scale and agriculture moderate scale management-based on the research of China's grain production[J].Economic Research Journal,2011,(3):59-71.]
[16]Coelli T J.A Guide to Frontier Version 4.1:a Computer Program for Stochastic Frontier Production and Cost Function Estimation[R].CEPA Working Paper 96/07,1996.
[17]Battese G E,Coelli T J.A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data[J].Empirical Economics,1995,20(2):325-332.
[18]Kumbhakar S C.A generalized production frontier approach for estimating determinants of inefficiency in U.S.dairy farms[J].Journal of Business&Economic Statistics,1991,9(3):279-286.
[19]Huang C J,Liu J T.Estimation of a non-neutral stochastic frontier production function[J].Journal of Productivity Analysis,1994,5(2):171-180.
[20]Rahman S,Rahman M.Impact of land fragmentation and resource ownership on productivity and efficiency:the case of rice producers in Bangladesh[J].Land Use Policy,2008,26(1):95-103.
[21]国家发展和改革委员会价格司.全国农产品成本收益资料汇编[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.[The price division of the national development and reform commission.National agricultural products cost-benefit compilation[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.]
[22]Niroula G,Thapa G.Impacts and causes of land fragmentation,and lessons learned from land consolidation in South Asia[J].Land Use Policy,2005,22(4):358-372.
[23]Wu Z,Liu M,Davis J.Land consolidation and productivity in Chinese household crop production[J].China Economic Review,2005,16(1):28-49.
[24]张海鑫,杨钢桥.耕地细碎化及其对粮食生产技术效率的影响-基于超越对数随机前沿生产函数与农户微观数据[J].资源科学,2012,34(5):903-910.[Zhang H Y,Yang G Q.Cultivated land fragment and its impact on grain production technical efficiency-based on trans-log stochastic frontier production function and farmers micro data[J].Resources Science,2012,34(5):903-910.]
[25]陈风波,陈培勇.中国南方部分地区水稻直播采用现状及经济效益评价-来自农户的调查分析[J].中国稻米,2011,17(4):1-5.[Chen F B,Chen P Y.Current status and economic benefit evaluation of direct seeding rice in some areas of South Chinainvestigation and analysis of farmers[J].China Rice,2011,17(4):1-5.]
[26]刘颖.新时期我国粮食储备政策与调控体系研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2016.[Liu Y.Research on the policy and regulatory system of China's grain reserve in the new period[M].Beijing:People's Publishing House,2016.]
[27]王嫚嫚,刘颖,陈实.规模报酬、产出利润与生产成本视角下的农业适度规模经营——基于江汉平原354个水稻种植户的研究[J].农业技术经济,2017,(04):83-94.[Wang M M,Liu Y,Chen S.Agriculture scale operation in the perspective of returns to scale,output profit and the production cost——a study based on 354 rice farmers in jianghan plain[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2017,(04):83-94.]
1)地板效应又称低限效应,是指任务过于困难,各不同水平的自变量均获得无差别的很差结果。此处是指农业生产过程中各种农业生产要素价格上涨,出现农业生产成本上升这个不适于农业发展的现象。
[2]Schultz T W.The Economic Organization of Agriculture[M].New York:Mc Graw Hill,1953.
[3]Tan S,Heerink N,Kuyvenhoven A,et al.Impact of land fragmentation on rice producers’technical efficiency in SouthEast China[J].Njas Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,2010,57(2):117-123.
[4]陈培勇,陈风波.土地细碎化的起因及其影响的研究综述[J].中国土地科学,2011,(9):90-96.[Chen P Y,Chen F B.Review of land cause and effect[J].China Land Sciences,2011,(9):90-96.]
[5]Manjunatha A V,Anik A R,Speelman S,et al.Impact of land fragmentation,farm size,land ownership and crop diversity on profit and efficiency of irrigated farms in India[J].Land Use Policy,2013,31:397-405.
[6]Hung P V,Macaulay T G,Marsh S P,et al.The economics of land fragmentation in the north of Vietnam[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,2007,51(2):195-211.
[7]Tan S,Heerink N,Kruseman G,et al.Do fragmented landholdings have higher production costs?Evidence from rice farmers in Northeastern Jiangxi province,P.R.China[J].China Economic Review,2008,19(3):347-358.
[8]Latruffe L,Piet L.Does land fragmentation affect farm performance?a case study from Brittany,France[J].Agricultural Systems,2014,129(7):68-80.
[9]谭淑豪,Nico Heerink,曲福田.土地细碎化对中国东南部水稻小农户技术效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(12):2467-2473.[Tan S H,Heerink N,Qu F T.The impact of land fragment on small rice farmers’technical efficiency in southeast China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2006,39(12):2467-2473.]
[10]黄贤金,尼克·哈瑞柯,鲁尔特·卢本,等.中国农村土地市场运行机理分析[J].江海学刊,2001,(2):9-15.[Huang X J,Harick N,Lubumbashi L,et al.Mechanism analysis of China's rural land market[J].Jianghai Academic Journal(Bimonthly),2001,(2):9-15.]
[11]Fleisher B M,Liu Y.Economies of scale,plot size,human capital,and productivity in Chinese agriculture[J].Quarterly Review of Economics&Finance,1992,32(3):112-123.
[12]Nguyen T,Cheng E,Findlay C.Land fragmentation and farm productivity in China in the 1990s[J].China Economic Review,1996,7(2):169-180.
[13]Wan G H,Cheng E J.Effects of land fragmentation and returns to scale in the Chinese farming sector[J].Applied Economics,2001,33(2):183-194.
[14]Sikor T,Müller D,Stahl J.Land fragmentation and cropland abandonment in Albania:implications for the roles of state and community in post-socialist land consolidation[J].World Development,2009,37(8):1411-1423.
[15]许庆,尹荣梁,章辉.规模经济、规模报酬与农业适度规模经营-基于我国粮食生产的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011,(3):59-71.[Xu Q,Yin R L,Zhang H.Economies of scale,returns to scale and agriculture moderate scale management-based on the research of China's grain production[J].Economic Research Journal,2011,(3):59-71.]
[16]Coelli T J.A Guide to Frontier Version 4.1:a Computer Program for Stochastic Frontier Production and Cost Function Estimation[R].CEPA Working Paper 96/07,1996.
[17]Battese G E,Coelli T J.A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data[J].Empirical Economics,1995,20(2):325-332.
[18]Kumbhakar S C.A generalized production frontier approach for estimating determinants of inefficiency in U.S.dairy farms[J].Journal of Business&Economic Statistics,1991,9(3):279-286.
[19]Huang C J,Liu J T.Estimation of a non-neutral stochastic frontier production function[J].Journal of Productivity Analysis,1994,5(2):171-180.
[20]Rahman S,Rahman M.Impact of land fragmentation and resource ownership on productivity and efficiency:the case of rice producers in Bangladesh[J].Land Use Policy,2008,26(1):95-103.
[21]国家发展和改革委员会价格司.全国农产品成本收益资料汇编[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.[The price division of the national development and reform commission.National agricultural products cost-benefit compilation[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.]
[22]Niroula G,Thapa G.Impacts and causes of land fragmentation,and lessons learned from land consolidation in South Asia[J].Land Use Policy,2005,22(4):358-372.
[23]Wu Z,Liu M,Davis J.Land consolidation and productivity in Chinese household crop production[J].China Economic Review,2005,16(1):28-49.
[24]张海鑫,杨钢桥.耕地细碎化及其对粮食生产技术效率的影响-基于超越对数随机前沿生产函数与农户微观数据[J].资源科学,2012,34(5):903-910.[Zhang H Y,Yang G Q.Cultivated land fragment and its impact on grain production technical efficiency-based on trans-log stochastic frontier production function and farmers micro data[J].Resources Science,2012,34(5):903-910.]
[25]陈风波,陈培勇.中国南方部分地区水稻直播采用现状及经济效益评价-来自农户的调查分析[J].中国稻米,2011,17(4):1-5.[Chen F B,Chen P Y.Current status and economic benefit evaluation of direct seeding rice in some areas of South Chinainvestigation and analysis of farmers[J].China Rice,2011,17(4):1-5.]
[26]刘颖.新时期我国粮食储备政策与调控体系研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2016.[Liu Y.Research on the policy and regulatory system of China's grain reserve in the new period[M].Beijing:People's Publishing House,2016.]
[27]王嫚嫚,刘颖,陈实.规模报酬、产出利润与生产成本视角下的农业适度规模经营——基于江汉平原354个水稻种植户的研究[J].农业技术经济,2017,(04):83-94.[Wang M M,Liu Y,Chen S.Agriculture scale operation in the perspective of returns to scale,output profit and the production cost——a study based on 354 rice farmers in jianghan plain[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2017,(04):83-94.]
1)地板效应又称低限效应,是指任务过于困难,各不同水平的自变量均获得无差别的很差结果。此处是指农业生产过程中各种农业生产要素价格上涨,出现农业生产成本上升这个不适于农业发展的现象。