施肥深度对不同水分条件下冬小麦根系特征及提水作用的影响
|
摘要
【目的】研究施肥深度对不同水分条件下2个不同品种冬小麦根系提水作用的影响,为制定旱地作物水分管理策略提供科学依据。【方法】以抗旱型长武134(CW134,R)和水分敏感型西农979(XN979,S)冬小麦为试验材料,采用自行设计的上下分层隔离式土培箱装置(分为上室(0～20cm)和下室(20～60cm)),设2个水分处理,分别为上层中度水分胁迫(M,上室土壤水分含量为田间持水量的55%～60%,下室为70%～75%)和上层重度水分胁迫(D,上室为田间持水量的35%～40%,下室为70%～75%);对CW134设不施肥(N)、上层施肥(U)、下层施肥(L)3个施肥处理,对XN979仅设上层施肥(U)1个施肥处理,通过时域反射计(TDR)对不同处理的土壤含水量进行控制和观测。研究不同水分条件下,施肥深度对不同品种冬小麦根系提水作用、土壤体积含水量、耗水量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率的影响。【结果】品种和施肥深度显著影响不同水分条件下冬小麦根系长度(RL)、根系表面积(RSA)和根系体积(RV)(P<0.05)。M和D条件下,上层施肥处理冬小麦CW134的RL、RSA和RV分别较XN979显著增加。2个冬小麦整个生育期提水量变化均呈单峰状,除不施肥处理根系提水量在灌浆期达到最大外,其余施肥处理提水量均在扬花期达到最大。M条件下上层处理冬小麦CW134的土壤体积含水量在23:00左右开始上升,至第2天凌晨01:00-05:00均保持高水平,随后又开始迅速下降;而XN979土壤体积含水量只在01:00-03:00出现峰值,随后也迅速下降。D条件下上层施肥处理CW134和XN979土壤体积含水量变化与M条件下类似,只是CW134的土壤体积含水量在03:00-05:00出现峰值。冬小麦全生育期根系提水总量及作物水分利用效率受作物品种、水分处理和施肥深度共同影响,表现出一定的显著性差异。与M相比,D条件下CW134和XN979的全生育期提水总量均降低,但相同水肥条件下CW134生育期根系提水总量、水分利用效率高于XN979。【结论】在旱作农业中可利用抗旱型冬小麦品种较发达的根系和较高的生育期提水作用来充分发掘深层土壤水分;施肥深度也可以调节作物根系分布特征及提水作用,能进一步促进作物对有限水分的高效利用。
【Objective】This study investigated the effect of fertilization depths on root morphological characteristics and hydraulic lift of two wheat varieties under different water treatments to provide basis for design water management strategies for dryland crops.【Method】Three fertilization depths of upper layer(U),lower layer(L)and no fertilizer(N)were set with two crop varieties of Changwu 134(CW134)and Xinong 979(XN979).Root systems were grown in two soil compartments including a drier upper layer and a wetter lower layer,and moderate water stress(M)and severe water stress(D)were set in the upper layer.The soil volumetric water content was measured in the upper soil layer by a time domain reflectometer(TDR).【Result】Varieties and fertilization depths had significant effects on root length(RL),root surface area(RSA)and root volume(RV)under different water conditions(P<0.05).Under M and D treatments,CW134 had significantly higher RL,RSA and RL than XN979.The soil volumetric water content was maximal during the blooming stage under U and L treatments,but it peaked during the grain-filling stage under N treatment.Under M treatment,for CW134,water content in the upper layer increased from23:00,reached and kept the peak from 01:00 to 05:00 the next day,and declined rapidly.For XN979,it peaked only from 01:00 to 03:00 the next day before decrease.Under D treatment,water content in the upper layer had the same trend for CW134 and XN979,except it peaked only from 03:00 to 05:00 the next day for CW134.The total amount of hydraulic lift and water use efficiency varied significantly for different varieties,water potential gradients and fertilization depths.The hydraulically lift of CW134 and XN979 under D treatment was lower than under M treatment.But under U treatment,CW134 had higher total amount of hydraulic lift and water use efficiency than XN979 under M and D treatments.【Conclusion】Drought-resistant varieties with more developed roots and higher hydraulic lift are better for fully excavating deep soil moisture in rained agriculture.The regulation of fertilization depth would further improve water use efficiency.
【Objective】This study investigated the effect of fertilization depths on root morphological characteristics and hydraulic lift of two wheat varieties under different water treatments to provide basis for design water management strategies for dryland crops.【Method】Three fertilization depths of upper layer(U),lower layer(L)and no fertilizer(N)were set with two crop varieties of Changwu 134(CW134)and Xinong 979(XN979).Root systems were grown in two soil compartments including a drier upper layer and a wetter lower layer,and moderate water stress(M)and severe water stress(D)were set in the upper layer.The soil volumetric water content was measured in the upper soil layer by a time domain reflectometer(TDR).【Result】Varieties and fertilization depths had significant effects on root length(RL),root surface area(RSA)and root volume(RV)under different water conditions(P<0.05).Under M and D treatments,CW134 had significantly higher RL,RSA and RL than XN979.The soil volumetric water content was maximal during the blooming stage under U and L treatments,but it peaked during the grain-filling stage under N treatment.Under M treatment,for CW134,water content in the upper layer increased from23:00,reached and kept the peak from 01:00 to 05:00 the next day,and declined rapidly.For XN979,it peaked only from 01:00 to 03:00 the next day before decrease.Under D treatment,water content in the upper layer had the same trend for CW134 and XN979,except it peaked only from 03:00 to 05:00 the next day for CW134.The total amount of hydraulic lift and water use efficiency varied significantly for different varieties,water potential gradients and fertilization depths.The hydraulically lift of CW134 and XN979 under D treatment was lower than under M treatment.But under U treatment,CW134 had higher total amount of hydraulic lift and water use efficiency than XN979 under M and D treatments.【Conclusion】Drought-resistant varieties with more developed roots and higher hydraulic lift are better for fully excavating deep soil moisture in rained agriculture.The regulation of fertilization depth would further improve water use efficiency.
引文
[1]Maurel C,Simonneau T,Sutka M.The significance of roots as hydraulic rheostats[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2010,61(12):3191-3198.
[2]Burress S S O,Adams M A,Tumer N C,et al.The redistribution of soil water by tree root systems[J].Oecologia,1998,115(3):306-311.
[3]刘美珍,孙建新,蒋高明,等.植物土壤系统中水分再分配作用研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(5),1550-1557.Liu M Z,Sun J X,Jiang G M,et al.Hydraulic redistribution in plant-soil systems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(5),1550-1557.
[4]Richards J H,Caldwell M M.Hydraulic lift:substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentata roots[J].Oecologia,1987,73(4):486-489.
[5]Nadezhdina N,Ceuleman R.Stem-mediated hydraulic redistribution in large roots on opposing sides of a Douglas-fir tree following localized irrigation[J].New Phytologist,2009,184(4):932-943.
[6]Prieto I,Maartínez-Tillería K,Martínez-Manchego L,et al.Hydraulic lift through transpiration suppression in shrubs from two arid ecosystems:patterns and control mechanisms[J].Oecologia,2010,163(4):855-865.
[7]鱼腾飞.黑河下游荒漠河岸植物根系水力再分配及其生态水文效应[D].兰州:兰州大学,2013.Yu T F.Hydraulic redistribution of roots and it’s ecohydrologic effects for desert riparian plants on the lower Heihe River[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2013.
[8]Wan C G,Xu W W,Sosebeel R E,et al.Hydraulic lift in drought-tolerant and susceptible maize hybrids[J].Plant and Soil,2000,219(1/2):117-126.
[9]Sun S J,Meng P,Zhang J S,et al.Hydraulic lift by Juglans regia relates to nutrient status in the intercropped shallow-root crop plant[J].Plant and Soil,2014,374(1/2):629-641.
[10]Meunier F,Rothfuss Y,Bariac T,et al.Measuring and modeling hydraulic lift of Lolium multiflorum using stable water isotopes[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2017,17(1):1-15.
[11]Hirota I,Sakuratani T,Sato T,et al.A split-root apparatus for examining the effects of hydraulic lift by trees on the water status of neighboring crops[J].Agroforestry Systems,2004,60(2):181-187.
[12]Hultine K R,Cable W L,Burgess S S O,et al.Hydraulic redistribution by deep roots of Chihuahuan Desert phreatophyte[J].Tree Physiology,2003,23(5):353-360.
[13]Brooks J R,Meinzer F C,Coulombe R,et al.Hydraulic redistribution of soil water during summer drought in two contrasting Pacific Northwest coniferous forests[J].Tree Physiology,2002,22(15/16):1107-1117.
[14]Durand J L,Bariac T,Ghesquière M,et al.Ranking of the depth of water extraction by individual grass plants,using natural 18 O isotope abundance[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2007,60(1):137-144.
[15]Doussan C,Pierret A,Garrigues E,et al.Water uptake by plant roots:Ⅱ.Modelling of water transfer in the soil root-system with explicit account of flow within the root system-comparison with experiments[J].Plant and Soil,2006,283(1/2):99-117.
[16]Moroke T S,Schwartz R C,Brown K M,et al.Soil water depletion and root distribution of three dryland crops[J].Soil Science Society of American Journal,2005,69(1):197-205.
[17]Wang X,Tang C,Guppy C N,et al.The role of hydraulic lift and subsoil P placement in P uptake of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)[J].Plant and Soil,2009,325(1/2):263-275.
[18]Shen Y F,Zhang Y,Li S Q.Nutrient effects on diurnal variation and magnitude of hydraulic lift in winter wheat[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98(10):1589-1594.
[19]Corak S J,Blevins D G,Pallardy S G.Water transfer in an alfalfa/maize associations[J].Plant Physical,1987,84:582-586.
[20]Jackson R B,Sperry J S,Dawson T E.Root water uptake and transport:using physiological processes in global predictions[J].Trends in Plant Science,2000,5(11):482-488.
[21]Campbell C A,De Jong R.Root-to-straw ratios--influence of moisture and rate of N fertilizer[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2001,81(1):39-43.
[22]程乙,王洪章,刘鹏,等.品种和氮素供应对玉米根系特征及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(12):2259-2269.Cheng Y,Wang H Z,Liu P,et al.Effect of different maize varieties and nitrogen supply on root characteristics and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(12):2259-2269.
[23]康利允,沈玉芳,岳善超,等.不同水分条件下分层施磷对冬小麦根系分布及产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(15):140-147.Kang L Y,Shen Y F,Yue S C,et al.Effect of phosphorus application in different soil depths on root distribution and grain yield of winter wheat under different water conditions[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(15):140-147.
[24]Asseng S,Ritchie J T,Smucker A J M,et al.Root growth and water uptake during water deficit and recovering in wheat[J].Plant and Soil,1998,201(2):265-273.
[25]Singh D K,Sale P W G,Routley R R.Increasing phosphorus supply in subsurface soil in northern Australia:rationale for deep placement and the effects with various crops[J].Plant and Soil,2005,269(1/2):35-44.
[2]Burress S S O,Adams M A,Tumer N C,et al.The redistribution of soil water by tree root systems[J].Oecologia,1998,115(3):306-311.
[3]刘美珍,孙建新,蒋高明,等.植物土壤系统中水分再分配作用研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(5),1550-1557.Liu M Z,Sun J X,Jiang G M,et al.Hydraulic redistribution in plant-soil systems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(5),1550-1557.
[4]Richards J H,Caldwell M M.Hydraulic lift:substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentata roots[J].Oecologia,1987,73(4):486-489.
[5]Nadezhdina N,Ceuleman R.Stem-mediated hydraulic redistribution in large roots on opposing sides of a Douglas-fir tree following localized irrigation[J].New Phytologist,2009,184(4):932-943.
[6]Prieto I,Maartínez-Tillería K,Martínez-Manchego L,et al.Hydraulic lift through transpiration suppression in shrubs from two arid ecosystems:patterns and control mechanisms[J].Oecologia,2010,163(4):855-865.
[7]鱼腾飞.黑河下游荒漠河岸植物根系水力再分配及其生态水文效应[D].兰州:兰州大学,2013.Yu T F.Hydraulic redistribution of roots and it’s ecohydrologic effects for desert riparian plants on the lower Heihe River[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2013.
[8]Wan C G,Xu W W,Sosebeel R E,et al.Hydraulic lift in drought-tolerant and susceptible maize hybrids[J].Plant and Soil,2000,219(1/2):117-126.
[9]Sun S J,Meng P,Zhang J S,et al.Hydraulic lift by Juglans regia relates to nutrient status in the intercropped shallow-root crop plant[J].Plant and Soil,2014,374(1/2):629-641.
[10]Meunier F,Rothfuss Y,Bariac T,et al.Measuring and modeling hydraulic lift of Lolium multiflorum using stable water isotopes[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2017,17(1):1-15.
[11]Hirota I,Sakuratani T,Sato T,et al.A split-root apparatus for examining the effects of hydraulic lift by trees on the water status of neighboring crops[J].Agroforestry Systems,2004,60(2):181-187.
[12]Hultine K R,Cable W L,Burgess S S O,et al.Hydraulic redistribution by deep roots of Chihuahuan Desert phreatophyte[J].Tree Physiology,2003,23(5):353-360.
[13]Brooks J R,Meinzer F C,Coulombe R,et al.Hydraulic redistribution of soil water during summer drought in two contrasting Pacific Northwest coniferous forests[J].Tree Physiology,2002,22(15/16):1107-1117.
[14]Durand J L,Bariac T,Ghesquière M,et al.Ranking of the depth of water extraction by individual grass plants,using natural 18 O isotope abundance[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2007,60(1):137-144.
[15]Doussan C,Pierret A,Garrigues E,et al.Water uptake by plant roots:Ⅱ.Modelling of water transfer in the soil root-system with explicit account of flow within the root system-comparison with experiments[J].Plant and Soil,2006,283(1/2):99-117.
[16]Moroke T S,Schwartz R C,Brown K M,et al.Soil water depletion and root distribution of three dryland crops[J].Soil Science Society of American Journal,2005,69(1):197-205.
[17]Wang X,Tang C,Guppy C N,et al.The role of hydraulic lift and subsoil P placement in P uptake of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)[J].Plant and Soil,2009,325(1/2):263-275.
[18]Shen Y F,Zhang Y,Li S Q.Nutrient effects on diurnal variation and magnitude of hydraulic lift in winter wheat[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98(10):1589-1594.
[19]Corak S J,Blevins D G,Pallardy S G.Water transfer in an alfalfa/maize associations[J].Plant Physical,1987,84:582-586.
[20]Jackson R B,Sperry J S,Dawson T E.Root water uptake and transport:using physiological processes in global predictions[J].Trends in Plant Science,2000,5(11):482-488.
[21]Campbell C A,De Jong R.Root-to-straw ratios--influence of moisture and rate of N fertilizer[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2001,81(1):39-43.
[22]程乙,王洪章,刘鹏,等.品种和氮素供应对玉米根系特征及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(12):2259-2269.Cheng Y,Wang H Z,Liu P,et al.Effect of different maize varieties and nitrogen supply on root characteristics and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(12):2259-2269.
[23]康利允,沈玉芳,岳善超,等.不同水分条件下分层施磷对冬小麦根系分布及产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(15):140-147.Kang L Y,Shen Y F,Yue S C,et al.Effect of phosphorus application in different soil depths on root distribution and grain yield of winter wheat under different water conditions[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(15):140-147.
[24]Asseng S,Ritchie J T,Smucker A J M,et al.Root growth and water uptake during water deficit and recovering in wheat[J].Plant and Soil,1998,201(2):265-273.
[25]Singh D K,Sale P W G,Routley R R.Increasing phosphorus supply in subsurface soil in northern Australia:rationale for deep placement and the effects with various crops[J].Plant and Soil,2005,269(1/2):35-44.