多层土壤剖面复合传感器设计与性能分析
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摘要
针对土壤剖面温度与水分检测存在传感器安装困难、对本地土壤扰动比较大等问题,设计了一种基于驻波比土壤水分测量原理与基于铂电阻测温原理的多层土壤剖面复合传感器。借助矢量网络分析仪与HFSS电磁场仿真软件对传感器电极的阻抗特性与电场分布状况进行了分析,确定了铜质检测探头结构为:直径5 cm、宽度2.5 cm、厚度0.09 cm,测试电路激励频率为100 MHz。以3种不同质地土壤作为测试样本,对土壤水分与温度检测单元的输出与对应的测量值分别进行了多项式拟合与线性拟合,相关性均达到0.99以上,系统稳态及动态性能均满足土壤剖面温度与水分的检测要求。通过试验分析了土壤温度与体积含水率对传感器输出的影响,利用统计回归方法建立了传感器在不同温度时的修正模型。在北京市小汤山野外环境下,将传感器工作于埋入土壤的PVC管体中,同时获取3层土壤温度与水分剖面信息,数据可靠,性能稳定,为实时获取多层土壤墒情及土壤温度提供了一种高效方法。
Considering the many difficulties of installing the sensor for the soil temperature and moisture measurement,such as miserable installation of the sensor and relatively large disturbance to the local soil,this paper designed a composite sensor for multilayer soil profile in accordance with the principles of soil moisture measurement and temperature measurement based on SWR and platinum resistance. A vector network analyzer and HFSS electromagnetic simulation software were used to analyze impedance characteristic and electric field distribution of the sensor electrode. According to the analysis result,the structure of copper detection probe was designed. The diameter of the probe is 5 cm,the width is2. 5 cm,the thickness is 0. 09 cm and the excitation frequency of test circuit is 100 MHz. Three types of soil were choosen as experimental samples. The polynomial fitting and linear fitting were conducted on the output values of sensor detection unit. The results correlation reached more than 0. 99. The static and dynamic performance of the system met the detection requirements of temperature and moisture of soil profile. Experiments was carried out in Xiaotangshan District, Beijing City, and then effect of temperature and volumetric moisture content of soil on sensor outputs were analyzed and correction models were established by using the statistical regression method at different temperatures. The sensor working in the PVC pipe buried in the soil could obtain the information of temperature and moisture of the threelayers,and its performance was stable and the data was reliable. This study provides a highly efficient method for obtaining the real-time information of multilayer soil moisture and temperature.
Considering the many difficulties of installing the sensor for the soil temperature and moisture measurement,such as miserable installation of the sensor and relatively large disturbance to the local soil,this paper designed a composite sensor for multilayer soil profile in accordance with the principles of soil moisture measurement and temperature measurement based on SWR and platinum resistance. A vector network analyzer and HFSS electromagnetic simulation software were used to analyze impedance characteristic and electric field distribution of the sensor electrode. According to the analysis result,the structure of copper detection probe was designed. The diameter of the probe is 5 cm,the width is2. 5 cm,the thickness is 0. 09 cm and the excitation frequency of test circuit is 100 MHz. Three types of soil were choosen as experimental samples. The polynomial fitting and linear fitting were conducted on the output values of sensor detection unit. The results correlation reached more than 0. 99. The static and dynamic performance of the system met the detection requirements of temperature and moisture of soil profile. Experiments was carried out in Xiaotangshan District, Beijing City, and then effect of temperature and volumetric moisture content of soil on sensor outputs were analyzed and correction models were established by using the statistical regression method at different temperatures. The sensor working in the PVC pipe buried in the soil could obtain the information of temperature and moisture of the threelayers,and its performance was stable and the data was reliable. This study provides a highly efficient method for obtaining the real-time information of multilayer soil moisture and temperature.
引文
1李连骏,孙宇瑞,林剑辉.一种太阳能供电的土壤水分无线传感器[J].江苏大学学报:自然科学版,2009,30(6):541-544.Li Lianjun,Sun Yurui,Lin Jianhui.A wireless-sensor for soil water content powered by solar energy[J].Journal of Jiangsu University:Natural Science Edition,2009,30(6):541-544.(in Chinese)
2 Kang S,Zhang J.Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation:its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2004,407(55):2437-2446.
3 Hutton R J,Loveys B R.A partial root zone drying irrigation strategy for citrus-effects on water use efficiency and fruit characteristics[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98(10):1485-1496.
4 Hedley C B,Yule I J.A method for spatial prediction of daily soil water status for precise irrigation scheduling[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(12):1737-1745.
5 Thompson R B,Gallardo M,Valdez L C,et al.Using plant water status to define threshold values for irrigation management of vegetable crops using soil moisture sensors[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,88(1-3):147-158.
6 Gao Xiaodong,Wu Pute,Zhao Xining,et al.Estimating the spatial means and variability of root-zone soil moisture in gullies using measurements from nearby uplands[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,476(1):28-41.
7 Sheng W,Sun Y,Lammers P S,et al.Observing soil water dynamics under two field conditions by a novel sensor system[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,409(1-2):555-560.
8 李晓东,吴永烽,李光林,等.基于太阳能的无线土壤水分传感器的研制[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(11):13-18.Li Xiaodong,Wu Yongfeng,Li Guanglin,et al.Development of wireless soil moisture sensor based on solar energy[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(11):13-18.(in Chinese)
9 赵燕东,马扬飞,王勇志.绿地精准灌溉控制系统设计与最优灌溉量分析[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(3):46-50.Zhao Yandong,Ma Yangfei,Wang Yongzhi.Green land precision irrigation control system and analysis of optimal irrigation amount[J].Translations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(3):46-50.(in Chinese)
10 Steven R,Robert C,Joaquin J,et al.Soil water sensing for water balance,ET and WUE[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104(2):1-9.
11 赵燕东,王一鸣.智能化土壤水分分布速测系统[J].农业机械学报,2005,36(2):76-78.Zhao Yandong,Wang Yiming.Intelligent system of measuring the spatial distributions of Soil moisture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2005,36(2):76-78.(in Chinese)
12 彭曾愉,赵燕东.基于μC/OS-Ⅱ操作系统的土壤水分实时监测系统[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(6):114-119.Peng Zengyu,Zhao Yandong.A monitoring system of real-time soil water content based onμC/OS-Ⅱoperating system[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2010,32(6):114-119.(in Chinese)
13 Dean T J,Bell J P,Baty A J B.Soil moisture measurement byan improved capacitance technique:partⅠ.sensor design andperformance[J].Journal of Hydrology,1987,93(1):67-78.
14 Paltineanu I C,Starr J L.Real-time soil water dynamics using multi sensor capacitance probes:laboratory calibration[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61(6):1576-1585.
15 张学礼,胡振琪,初士立.土壤含水量测定方法研究进展[J].土壤通报,2005,36(1):118-121.Zhang Xueli,Hu Zhenqi,Chu Shili.Methods for measuring soil water content:a review[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2005,36(1):118-121.(in Chinese)
16 蔡坤,岳学军,洪添胜,等.基于RC网络相频特性的土壤含水率传感器设计[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(7):36-43.Cai Kun,Yue Xuejun,Hong Tiansheng,et al.Design of soil water content sensor based on phase-frequency characteristics of RC networks[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(7):36-43.(in Chinese)
17 Ortuani B,Benedetto A,Giudici M,et al,A Non-invasive approach to monitor variability of soil water content with electromagnetic methods[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2013(19):446-455.
18 Cardenas-Lailhacar B,Dukes M D.Precision of soil moisture sensor irrigation controllers under field conditions[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(5):666-672.
19 赵燕东,王一鸣.基于驻波率原理的土壤含水率测量方法[J].农业机械学报,2002,33(4):109-111,121.Zhao Yandong,Wang Yiming.Study on the measurement of soil water content based on the principle of standing-wave ratio[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2002,33(4):109-111,121.(in Chinese)
20 范寿康,卢春兰,李平辉.微波技术与微波电路[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
21 Hilhorst M A.Dielectric characterization of soil[D].Wageningen:Wageningen Agricltural University,1998.
22 Topp G C,Davis J L,Annan A P.Electromagnetic determination of soil water content:measurements in coaxial transmission lines[J].Water Recourse Research,1980,16(3):574-582.
23 何书森,黄木梨.微机在田间水层深度测试中的应用[J].农业机械学报,1998,29(1):130-135.He Shusen,Huang Muli.The application of micro-computer in the testing of field water depth[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1998,29(1):130-135.(in Chinese)
24 张道辉,赵红军,周广芳,等.农产品贮藏设施温控仪表温度漂移控制方法[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(6):108-112.Zhang Daohui,Zhao Hongjun,Zhou Guangfang,et al.Drift of the temperature-controlled instrument for the farm products storage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(6):108-112.(in Chinese)
25 赵燕东,聂铭君.双针结构土壤水分传感器探针最优长度分析与试验[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(11):39-43.Zhao Yandong,Nie Mingjun.Optimal analysis for determining the dual-pin length of soil moisture probe[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(11):39-43.(in Chinese)
26 Ma Daokun,Sun Yurui,Wang Maohua,et al.Three-dimensional numerical modeling of a four-pin probe for soil water content[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2006,44(2):183-189.
27 赵燕东.土壤水分快速测量方法及其应用技术研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2002.Zhao Yandong.Study on fast-measurement of soil water content and application technology[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2002.(in Chinese)
28 孙宇瑞,汪懋华,赵燕东.一种基于驻波比原理测量土壤介电常数的方法[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(2):43-47.Sun Yurui,Wang Maohua,Zhao Yandong.A kind of determinations of soil dielectric constant using the principle of standing-wave ratio[J].Transactions of the CSAE,1999,15(2):43-47.(in Chinese)
29 郭文川,张鹏,宋克鑫,等.塿土介电特性与水分检测频率及温度影响[J].排灌机械学报,2013,31(8):713-718.Guo Wenchuan,Zhang Peng,Song Kexin,et al.Dielectric properties of Lou soil and moisture content detection affected by frequency and temperature[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2013,31(8):713-718.(in Chinese)
2 Kang S,Zhang J.Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation:its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2004,407(55):2437-2446.
3 Hutton R J,Loveys B R.A partial root zone drying irrigation strategy for citrus-effects on water use efficiency and fruit characteristics[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98(10):1485-1496.
4 Hedley C B,Yule I J.A method for spatial prediction of daily soil water status for precise irrigation scheduling[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(12):1737-1745.
5 Thompson R B,Gallardo M,Valdez L C,et al.Using plant water status to define threshold values for irrigation management of vegetable crops using soil moisture sensors[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,88(1-3):147-158.
6 Gao Xiaodong,Wu Pute,Zhao Xining,et al.Estimating the spatial means and variability of root-zone soil moisture in gullies using measurements from nearby uplands[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,476(1):28-41.
7 Sheng W,Sun Y,Lammers P S,et al.Observing soil water dynamics under two field conditions by a novel sensor system[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,409(1-2):555-560.
8 李晓东,吴永烽,李光林,等.基于太阳能的无线土壤水分传感器的研制[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(11):13-18.Li Xiaodong,Wu Yongfeng,Li Guanglin,et al.Development of wireless soil moisture sensor based on solar energy[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(11):13-18.(in Chinese)
9 赵燕东,马扬飞,王勇志.绿地精准灌溉控制系统设计与最优灌溉量分析[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(3):46-50.Zhao Yandong,Ma Yangfei,Wang Yongzhi.Green land precision irrigation control system and analysis of optimal irrigation amount[J].Translations of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(3):46-50.(in Chinese)
10 Steven R,Robert C,Joaquin J,et al.Soil water sensing for water balance,ET and WUE[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104(2):1-9.
11 赵燕东,王一鸣.智能化土壤水分分布速测系统[J].农业机械学报,2005,36(2):76-78.Zhao Yandong,Wang Yiming.Intelligent system of measuring the spatial distributions of Soil moisture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2005,36(2):76-78.(in Chinese)
12 彭曾愉,赵燕东.基于μC/OS-Ⅱ操作系统的土壤水分实时监测系统[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(6):114-119.Peng Zengyu,Zhao Yandong.A monitoring system of real-time soil water content based onμC/OS-Ⅱoperating system[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2010,32(6):114-119.(in Chinese)
13 Dean T J,Bell J P,Baty A J B.Soil moisture measurement byan improved capacitance technique:partⅠ.sensor design andperformance[J].Journal of Hydrology,1987,93(1):67-78.
14 Paltineanu I C,Starr J L.Real-time soil water dynamics using multi sensor capacitance probes:laboratory calibration[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61(6):1576-1585.
15 张学礼,胡振琪,初士立.土壤含水量测定方法研究进展[J].土壤通报,2005,36(1):118-121.Zhang Xueli,Hu Zhenqi,Chu Shili.Methods for measuring soil water content:a review[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2005,36(1):118-121.(in Chinese)
16 蔡坤,岳学军,洪添胜,等.基于RC网络相频特性的土壤含水率传感器设计[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(7):36-43.Cai Kun,Yue Xuejun,Hong Tiansheng,et al.Design of soil water content sensor based on phase-frequency characteristics of RC networks[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(7):36-43.(in Chinese)
17 Ortuani B,Benedetto A,Giudici M,et al,A Non-invasive approach to monitor variability of soil water content with electromagnetic methods[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2013(19):446-455.
18 Cardenas-Lailhacar B,Dukes M D.Precision of soil moisture sensor irrigation controllers under field conditions[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(5):666-672.
19 赵燕东,王一鸣.基于驻波率原理的土壤含水率测量方法[J].农业机械学报,2002,33(4):109-111,121.Zhao Yandong,Wang Yiming.Study on the measurement of soil water content based on the principle of standing-wave ratio[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2002,33(4):109-111,121.(in Chinese)
20 范寿康,卢春兰,李平辉.微波技术与微波电路[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
21 Hilhorst M A.Dielectric characterization of soil[D].Wageningen:Wageningen Agricltural University,1998.
22 Topp G C,Davis J L,Annan A P.Electromagnetic determination of soil water content:measurements in coaxial transmission lines[J].Water Recourse Research,1980,16(3):574-582.
23 何书森,黄木梨.微机在田间水层深度测试中的应用[J].农业机械学报,1998,29(1):130-135.He Shusen,Huang Muli.The application of micro-computer in the testing of field water depth[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1998,29(1):130-135.(in Chinese)
24 张道辉,赵红军,周广芳,等.农产品贮藏设施温控仪表温度漂移控制方法[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(6):108-112.Zhang Daohui,Zhao Hongjun,Zhou Guangfang,et al.Drift of the temperature-controlled instrument for the farm products storage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(6):108-112.(in Chinese)
25 赵燕东,聂铭君.双针结构土壤水分传感器探针最优长度分析与试验[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(11):39-43.Zhao Yandong,Nie Mingjun.Optimal analysis for determining the dual-pin length of soil moisture probe[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(11):39-43.(in Chinese)
26 Ma Daokun,Sun Yurui,Wang Maohua,et al.Three-dimensional numerical modeling of a four-pin probe for soil water content[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2006,44(2):183-189.
27 赵燕东.土壤水分快速测量方法及其应用技术研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2002.Zhao Yandong.Study on fast-measurement of soil water content and application technology[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2002.(in Chinese)
28 孙宇瑞,汪懋华,赵燕东.一种基于驻波比原理测量土壤介电常数的方法[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(2):43-47.Sun Yurui,Wang Maohua,Zhao Yandong.A kind of determinations of soil dielectric constant using the principle of standing-wave ratio[J].Transactions of the CSAE,1999,15(2):43-47.(in Chinese)
29 郭文川,张鹏,宋克鑫,等.塿土介电特性与水分检测频率及温度影响[J].排灌机械学报,2013,31(8):713-718.Guo Wenchuan,Zhang Peng,Song Kexin,et al.Dielectric properties of Lou soil and moisture content detection affected by frequency and temperature[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2013,31(8):713-718.(in Chinese)