膜下滴灌玉米番茄间作农田土壤水分分布特征模拟
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摘要
间作种植和覆膜滴灌是实现高产和节水的重要技术,已被广泛应用,而掌握覆膜滴灌条件下间作种植农田土壤水分分布特征对于提高水分利用效率以及增产增收都具有重要意义。该文通过2a田间试验设置高(T1)、中(T2)、低(T3)3个灌水定额处理,并通过HYDRUS2D模型模拟了间作滴灌农田不同位置土壤水分的差异性、水平水量交换以及土壤水分二维分布特征。结果表明:基于HYDRUS2D构建的间作种植滴灌农田土壤水分模型精度较高,平均相对误差为5.72%～8.14%,决定系数在0.85～0.90,均方根误差在0.017～0.023 cm~3/cm~3。对于3个灌水处理皆表现为0～40 cm土层含水率出现差异,且在0～20 cm土层含水率差异显著,2014年番茄侧和玉米侧土壤含水率在3个灌水处理下的平均土壤含水率分别较裸地高20.17%和17.83%,2015年为16.02%和12.99%。间作滴灌农田土壤水平水量交换强烈,生育期水流主要由作物侧流入裸地侧,其中对于3个灌水处理在番茄侧0～40 cm土层净流入裸地的平均水量是玉米侧的1.3倍,约为60mm/a,并且0～40cm土层由作物侧流入裸地的水量是>40～100cm土层的2.5倍。二维土壤水分分布显示,滴灌湿润体与作物根系分布匹配性较好,灌水后1d湿润饱和区主要集中在0～30cm土层,其中T1、T2、T3处理的饱和区面积分别为559.14,288.61和109.78 cm~2。灌水2 d后,低灌水处理(T3)存在较明显的水分亏缺,缺水区面积是充分灌溉(T1)的30倍。研究结果可为间作滴灌农田制定灌溉制度提供参考。
Intercropping and drip irrigation with plastic film is widely applied in North China and appears to be an important technique for gaining high crop yield. Further understanding the soil water distribution is important to increase the water use efficiency(WUE) and crop yield under drip-irrigated intercropping field. A 2-year experiment(2014 and 2015) was conducted including high(T1), middle(T2) and low(T3) irrigation quota, and the soil water difference for different locations, horizontal soil water exchange and 2-D soil water distribution were simulated by HYDRUS2D model in an drip-irrigated intercropping field. The results showed that hydraulic model for drip-irrigated intercropping field base on HYDRUS2D software had good accuracy, and the mean relative error(MRE) and root mean error(RMSE) and high value of determination coefficient(R~2) were in range of 5.72%-8.14%, 0.017-0.023 cm~3/cm~3, and 0.85-0.90, respectively. There was significant difference among different locations under drip-irrigated intercropping field in 0-40 cm soil layer, especially for 0-20 cm. The average soil water content(SWC) in tomato and corn sides being about 20.17% and 17.83% higher than at the between 2 crops respectively in 2014, and being about 16.02% and 12.99% in 2015. The soil water flux moved horizontally from crop sides to between 2 crops during crop growth period. The soil water amount form tomato side to bare area was 1.3 times of that of corn side, was about 60 mm/a, and the soil water exchange in 0-40 cm layer was 2.5 times of that in 40-100 cm layer. Compared with the treatment of low irrigation quota, high irrigation quota and middle irrigation quota increased by 2 times and 1.5 times respectively, while the amount of water flowing into bare area in 0-40 cm layer increased by 1.75 times and 1.3 times respectively, based on the direct proportion relationship. The 2-D soil water distributions for different irrigation treatments showed drip soil wetting pattern was well agreement with crop root distribution. The saturated zone mainly concentered in 0-30 cm layer in irrigation after 1 day, and the areas for high, middle and low irrigation quota treatments were 559.14, 288.61 and 109.78 cm~2, respectively. The water stress zone was found in 30-40 cm soil layer in irrigation after 2 days. When the amount of irrigation water was reduced in treatments middle and low irrigation quota treatments, the water stress zone increased in size. The size of the water stress zone was about 129.86 cm~2 for treatment of high irrigation quota that resulted in negligible stress on root water uptake. The water stress zone was about 1 663.29 cm~2 for treatment of middle irrigation quota that caused a slight restriction of the crop growth. On the other hand, the water stress zone was about 3 883.94 cm~2 for treatment of low irrigation quota, which created a significant influence to crop growth. There was obvious water stress for low irrigation quota treatment after 2 days, and the area for soil water deficit in treatment of low irrigation quota was 30 times than high irrigation quota. The researches provide the information for making irrigation scheduling under drip-irrigated intercropping field.
Intercropping and drip irrigation with plastic film is widely applied in North China and appears to be an important technique for gaining high crop yield. Further understanding the soil water distribution is important to increase the water use efficiency(WUE) and crop yield under drip-irrigated intercropping field. A 2-year experiment(2014 and 2015) was conducted including high(T1), middle(T2) and low(T3) irrigation quota, and the soil water difference for different locations, horizontal soil water exchange and 2-D soil water distribution were simulated by HYDRUS2D model in an drip-irrigated intercropping field. The results showed that hydraulic model for drip-irrigated intercropping field base on HYDRUS2D software had good accuracy, and the mean relative error(MRE) and root mean error(RMSE) and high value of determination coefficient(R~2) were in range of 5.72%-8.14%, 0.017-0.023 cm~3/cm~3, and 0.85-0.90, respectively. There was significant difference among different locations under drip-irrigated intercropping field in 0-40 cm soil layer, especially for 0-20 cm. The average soil water content(SWC) in tomato and corn sides being about 20.17% and 17.83% higher than at the between 2 crops respectively in 2014, and being about 16.02% and 12.99% in 2015. The soil water flux moved horizontally from crop sides to between 2 crops during crop growth period. The soil water amount form tomato side to bare area was 1.3 times of that of corn side, was about 60 mm/a, and the soil water exchange in 0-40 cm layer was 2.5 times of that in 40-100 cm layer. Compared with the treatment of low irrigation quota, high irrigation quota and middle irrigation quota increased by 2 times and 1.5 times respectively, while the amount of water flowing into bare area in 0-40 cm layer increased by 1.75 times and 1.3 times respectively, based on the direct proportion relationship. The 2-D soil water distributions for different irrigation treatments showed drip soil wetting pattern was well agreement with crop root distribution. The saturated zone mainly concentered in 0-30 cm layer in irrigation after 1 day, and the areas for high, middle and low irrigation quota treatments were 559.14, 288.61 and 109.78 cm~2, respectively. The water stress zone was found in 30-40 cm soil layer in irrigation after 2 days. When the amount of irrigation water was reduced in treatments middle and low irrigation quota treatments, the water stress zone increased in size. The size of the water stress zone was about 129.86 cm~2 for treatment of high irrigation quota that resulted in negligible stress on root water uptake. The water stress zone was about 1 663.29 cm~2 for treatment of middle irrigation quota that caused a slight restriction of the crop growth. On the other hand, the water stress zone was about 3 883.94 cm~2 for treatment of low irrigation quota, which created a significant influence to crop growth. There was obvious water stress for low irrigation quota treatment after 2 days, and the area for soil water deficit in treatment of low irrigation quota was 30 times than high irrigation quota. The researches provide the information for making irrigation scheduling under drip-irrigated intercropping field.
引文
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[2]李发永,王龙,王兴鹏,等.适宜滴灌定额提高枣棉间作中棉花产量和土地生产效率[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(14):105-114.Li Fayong,Wang Long,Wang Xingpeng,et al.Optimal drip-irrigation amount improving cotton yield and land-use efficiency in jujube-cotton intercropping system of southern Xinjiang[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(14):105-114.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]强小嫚,孙景生,刘浩,等.滴灌定额对西瓜/棉花间作产量及水分生产效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(19):113-119.Qiang Xiaoman,Sun Jingsheng,Liu Hao,et al.Effects of drip irrigation quota on yield and water productivity in watermelon-cotton intercropping system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(19):113-119.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]李发永,劳东青,孙三民,等.滴灌对间作枣棉光合特性与水分利用的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(12):119-129.Li Fayong,Lao Dongqing,Sun Sanmin,et al.Effects of drip irrigation on photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of jujube-cotton intercropping system[J].Transactions of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(12):119-129.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]李隆,李晓林,张福锁.小麦大豆间作条件下作物养分吸收利用对间作优势的贡献[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(2):140-146.Li Long,Li Xiaolin,Zhang Fusuo.The contribution of crop nutrient uptake and utilization to intercropping advantage of wheat and soybean[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2000,6(2):140-146.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]李仙岳,史海滨,龚雪文,等.立体种植农田不同生育期及土壤水分的根系分布特征[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(3):140-147.Li Xianyue,Shi Haibin,Gong Xuewen,et al.Root distribution characteristics of soil moisture during different growth periods and soil water distribution in cultivated land[J].Transactions of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(3):140-147.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Gao Yang,Duan Aiwang,Qiu Xinqiang,et al.Distribution of roots and root length density in a maize/soybean strip intercropping system[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,98(1):199-212.
[8]张作为,史海滨,李仙岳,等.河套灌区间作系统根系土壤水盐运移机理及间作优势研究[J].水利学报,2017,48(4):408-416.Zhang Zuowei,Shi Haibin,Li Xianyue,et al.Research on the mechanism of water and salt transport in root soil and the advantage of intercropping system in Hetao irrigation district[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2017,48(4):408-416.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]杨彩红,柴强.交替灌溉对小麦/蚕豆间作系统作物生理生态特性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(7):883-892.Yang Caihong,Chai Qiang.Effects of alternate irrigation on the physiological and ecological characteristics of crops in wheat/broad bean intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Ecological Agriculture,2016,24(7):883-892.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Sun Tao,Li Zizhong,Wu Qi,et al.Effects of alfalfa intercropping on crop yield,water use efficiency,and overall economic benefit in the corn belt of northeast China[J].Field Crops Research,2018,216:109-119.
[11]Ding Lin,Jin Yanzhao,Li Yuanhong,et al.Spatial pattern and water-saving mechanism of wheat and maize under the condition of strip-ridge intercropping[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2014,23(6):56-63.
[12]张林,吴普特,范兴科.多点源滴灌条件下土壤水分运动的数值模拟[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(9):40-45.Zhang Lin,Wu Pute,Fan Xingke.Numerical simulation of soil water movement with drip irrigation of multiple point source[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(9):40-45.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]王建东,龚时宏,许迪.地表滴灌条件下水热耦合迁移数值模拟与验证[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(12):66-71.Wang Jiandong,Gong Shihong,Xu Di,et al.Verification and numerical for water flow and heat transport under drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(12):66-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]栗现文,靳孟贵,袁晶晶,等.微咸水膜下滴灌棉田漫灌洗盐评价[J].水利学报,2014,45(9):1091-1098,1105.Li Xianwen,Jin Menggui,Yuan Jinjin,et al.Assessment of drip irrigation of cotton field under film utilizes flooding brackish water for leaching salt[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.2014,45(9):1091-1098,1105.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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