基于土壤扰动与牵引阻力的深松铲结构参数优化
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摘要
针对目前深松铲作业阻力大的问题,以3种深松铲(凿形、箭形、翼形)为研究对象,以深松铲的铲形、入土角α和张角β为试验因素,在辽宁省春玉米垄作区,进行了田间正交试验。检测了深松沟土壤扰动等指标和深松阻力F,计算了深松沟形面积与牵引阻力比值即沟形面积比阻。结果表明,α、β对耕后土壤特性、深松沟形面积和沟形面积比阻没有显著影响。α对阻力F有显著影响,F随α先减小,再增大,当α为21°时阻力最小。铲形对耕后土壤特性、深松沟形面积、阻力F和沟形面积比阻有显著影响,凿形铲、箭形铲和翼形铲作业对土壤扰动面积依次增大,翼形铲的扰动面积分别比凿形铲和箭形铲大49.8%、30.0%,箭形铲扰动面积比凿形铲大15.3%(P<0.05);但翼形铲所受阻力分别比箭形铲和凿形铲大123.6%和36.6%,箭形铲比凿形铲所受阻力大63.7%(P<0.05)。从凿形铲到翼形铲,沟形面积比阻依次增大,凿形铲的沟形面积比阻分别较箭形铲和翼形铲小42.4%和50.2%(P<0.05),箭形铲的沟形面积比阻较翼形铲小5.4%(P<0.05)。综合深松铲对土壤扰动疏松效果、牵引阻力及沟形面积比阻分析,入土角α为21°的凿形铲是相对最优的铲形。
As one of the key technologies of conservation tillage,subsoiling has been widely promoted in northern China,while the large traction resistance and high energy consumption of subsoiling is the main problem of subsoiling. The structural parameters of subsoiler,which included spade shape,penetrating angle and wingspan angle,had significant effects on the soil property of subsoiling trench and the traction resistance of subsoiler. In order to investigate the effect on the soil physical properties( bulk density,soil porosity and cone index) of subsoiling trench in 0 ~ 40 cm depth,calculate the subsoiling trench crosssectional area( TCA) and the traction resistance of subsoilers,and make optimization for the key structural parameters of subsoiler,the chisel-shape subsoiler( CS),arrowhead-shape subsoiler( AS) and wing-shape subsoiler( WS) were designed and tested under no-tillage conditions. Orthogonal experiment was conducted in spring maize ridge-tillage area which was located in Zhangwu county,Liaoning province in Northeast China. The trench specific resistance( TSR) of the above three subsoilers had also been calculated. The results indicated that penetrating angle α and wingspan angle β had no significant effect on the change of soil physical properties,TCA and TSR,while the change of α had a significant influence on the traction resistance,and it would be the minimum subsioler when α was 21°. The spade shape of subsoilers affected soil physical properties,TCA,traction resistance and TSR significantly. The soil disturbance extent of subsoiling and TCA were increased in accordance with the order of CS,AS and WS. TCA for WS was greater than those for CS and AS by 49. 8% and 30. 0%,respectively,and TCA for AS was greater than that for CS by 15. 3%( P < 0. 05). However,the traction resistance for WS was greater than those for CS and AS by 123. 6% and 36. 6%,respectively,and the traction resistance forAS was greater than that for CS by 63. 7%( P < 0. 05). TSR was significantly affected by the spade shape,and it was increased with the order of CS,AS and WS. TSR for CS was less than those for AS and WS by 42. 4% and 50. 2%,respectively,and TSR for AS was less than that for WS by 5. 4%. The analysis result showed that if it was just to get relatively more soil disturbance,WS would be the best choice when its penetrating angle α was 21°. While taking subsoiling trench's soil properties,TCA and traction resistance,especially TSR into consideration,the relatively best subsoiler was chisel-shape subsoiler( CS) when its penetrating angle α was 21°.
As one of the key technologies of conservation tillage,subsoiling has been widely promoted in northern China,while the large traction resistance and high energy consumption of subsoiling is the main problem of subsoiling. The structural parameters of subsoiler,which included spade shape,penetrating angle and wingspan angle,had significant effects on the soil property of subsoiling trench and the traction resistance of subsoiler. In order to investigate the effect on the soil physical properties( bulk density,soil porosity and cone index) of subsoiling trench in 0 ~ 40 cm depth,calculate the subsoiling trench crosssectional area( TCA) and the traction resistance of subsoilers,and make optimization for the key structural parameters of subsoiler,the chisel-shape subsoiler( CS),arrowhead-shape subsoiler( AS) and wing-shape subsoiler( WS) were designed and tested under no-tillage conditions. Orthogonal experiment was conducted in spring maize ridge-tillage area which was located in Zhangwu county,Liaoning province in Northeast China. The trench specific resistance( TSR) of the above three subsoilers had also been calculated. The results indicated that penetrating angle α and wingspan angle β had no significant effect on the change of soil physical properties,TCA and TSR,while the change of α had a significant influence on the traction resistance,and it would be the minimum subsioler when α was 21°. The spade shape of subsoilers affected soil physical properties,TCA,traction resistance and TSR significantly. The soil disturbance extent of subsoiling and TCA were increased in accordance with the order of CS,AS and WS. TCA for WS was greater than those for CS and AS by 49. 8% and 30. 0%,respectively,and TCA for AS was greater than that for CS by 15. 3%( P < 0. 05). However,the traction resistance for WS was greater than those for CS and AS by 123. 6% and 36. 6%,respectively,and the traction resistance forAS was greater than that for CS by 63. 7%( P < 0. 05). TSR was significantly affected by the spade shape,and it was increased with the order of CS,AS and WS. TSR for CS was less than those for AS and WS by 42. 4% and 50. 2%,respectively,and TSR for AS was less than that for WS by 5. 4%. The analysis result showed that if it was just to get relatively more soil disturbance,WS would be the best choice when its penetrating angle α was 21°. While taking subsoiling trench's soil properties,TCA and traction resistance,especially TSR into consideration,the relatively best subsoiler was chisel-shape subsoiler( CS) when its penetrating angle α was 21°.
引文
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3 TAO Z,SUI P,CHEN Y,et al.Subsoiling and ridge tillage alleviate the high temperature stress in spring maize in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12(12):2179-2188.
4邹洪涛,张玉龙,黄毅,等.辽西北半干旱区土壤深松对玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2009,40(4):475-477.ZOU Hongtao,ZHANG Yulong,HUANG Yi,et al.Effect of deep tillage on maize growth in the semi-arid region of liaoning northwest area[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2009,40(4):475-477.(in Chinese)
5张祥彩,李洪文,何进,等.耕作方式对华北一年两熟区土壤及作物特性的影响[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(增刊1):77-82,71.ZHANG Xiangcai,LI Hongwen,HE Jin,et al.Effects of different tillage managements on characteristics of soil and crop in annual double cropping areas in northern China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(Supp.1):77-82,71.(in Chinese)
6李洪文,陈君达,李问盈.保护性耕作条件下深松技术研究[J].农业机械学报,2000,31(6):42-45.LI Hongwen,CHEN Junda,LI Wenying.Study on subsoiling technique for conservation tillage field[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2000,31(6):42-45.(in Chinese)
7王微,邱立春.深松部件对深松作业质量影响的试验分析[J].农机化研究,2011,33(1):179-182.WANG Wei,QIU Lichun.Effect analysis of three kind of subsoiler carry on the deep tillage[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,33(1):179-182.(in Chinese)
8张绍军.3种深松铲对深松作业效果影响研究[J].农业科技与装备,2012(6):23-25.ZHANG Shaojun.Experimental analysis on the subsoiling effect of three subsoilers[J].Agricultural Science&Technology and Equipment,2012(6):23-25.(in Chinese)
9余永昌,刘文艺,赵迎芳,等.立柱式深松铲受力数学模型及试验分析[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(6):109-113.YU Yongchang,LIU Wenyi,ZHAO Yingfang,et al.Force mathematical model and examination analysis of the column subsoiler[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(6):109-113.(in Chinese)
10周桂霞,汪春,张伟,等.基于二次正交旋转回归试验的深松铲关键参数建模[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(10):86-89.ZHOU Guixia,WANG Chun,ZHANG Wei,et al.Mathematic model of deep-shovel with critical structure parameter based on two times orthogonal rotational regressive tests[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2006,37(10):86-89.(in Chinese)
11张金波,佟金,马云海.仿生减阻深松铲设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(4):141-145.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20140422&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2014.04.022.ZHANG Jinbo,TONG Jin,MA Yunhai.Design and experiment of bionic anti-drag subsoiler[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(4):141-145.(in Chinese)
12张强,张璐,于海业,等.复合形态深松铲耕作阻力有限元分析与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2012,43(8):61-65.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20120812&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2012.08.012.ZHANG Qiang,ZHANG Lu,YU Haiye,et al.Finite element analysis and experiment of soil resistance of multiplex-modality subsoiler[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(8):61-65.(in Chinese)
13黄玉祥,杭程光,苑梦婵,等.深松土壤扰动行为的离散元仿真与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):80-88.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20160712&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.07.012.HUANG Yuxiang,HANG Chengguang,YUAN Mengchan,et al.Discrete element simulation and experiment on disturbance behavior of subsoiling[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):80-88.(in Chinese)
14郑侃,何进,李洪文,等.基于离散元深松土壤模型的折线破土刃深松铲研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(9):1-13.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20160910&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.09.010.ZHENG Kan,HE Jin,LI Hongwen,et al.Research on polyline soil breaking blade subsoiler based on subsoiling soil model using discrete element method[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(9):1-13.(in Chinese)
15 RAPER R L.Subsoiler shapes for site-specific tillage[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2005,21(1):25-30.
16 RAPER R L.Force requirements and soil disruption of straight and bent leg subsoilers for conservation tillage systems[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2005,21(5):787-794.
17 RAPER R L.In-row subsoilers that reduce soil compaction and residue disturbance[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2007,23(3):253-258.
18乔晓东,王晓燕,颜华,等.后悬挂农具田间试验平台[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(8):63-68.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20130811&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.08.011.QIAO Xiaodong,WANG Xiaoyan,YAN Hua,et al.Field experiment platform for rear suspension[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(8):63-68.(in Chinese)
19中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出社,2007.
20陈欢欢,李星,丁文秀.Surfer 8.0等值线绘制中的十二种插值方法[J].工程地球物理学报,2007,4(1):52-57.CHEN Huanhuan,LI Xing,DING Wenxiu.Twelve kinds of gridding methods of Surfer 8.0 in isoline drawing[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2007,4(1):52-57.(in Chinese)
21 HASIMU A,CHEN Y.Soil disturbance and draft force of selected seed openers[J/OL].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,140(1):48-54.http:∥dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.02.011.
22 CHEN Y,MUNKHOLM L J,NYORD T.A discrete element model for soil-sweep interaction in three different soils[J/OL].Soil and Tillage Research,2013,126(1):34-41.http:∥dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.08.008.
23 ABO-ELNOR M,HAMILTON R,BOYLE J T.Simulation of soil-blade interaction for sandy soil using advanced 3D finite element analysis[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,75(1):61-73.
24钱定华,张际先.土壤对金属材料粘附和摩擦研究状况概述[J].农业机械学报,1984,15(1):69-78.QIAN Dinghua,ZHANG Jixian.A summary of study of adhesion and friction between soil and metals[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1984,15(1):69-78.(in Chinese)
25丛茜,任露泉,陈秉聪.土壤粘附规律的化学吸附分析[J].农业工程学报,1996,12(3):20-24.CONG Qian,REN Luquan,CHEN Bingcong.Study on soil adhesion phenomena by chemical adsorption[J].Transactions of the CSAE,1996,12(3):20-24.(in Chinese)
2张瑞富,杨恒山,高聚林,等.深松对春玉米根系形态特征和生理特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(5):78-84.ZHANG Ruifu,YANG Hengshan,GAO Julin,et al.Effect of subsoiling on root morphological and physiological characteristics of spring maize[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(5):78-84.(in Chinese)
3 TAO Z,SUI P,CHEN Y,et al.Subsoiling and ridge tillage alleviate the high temperature stress in spring maize in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12(12):2179-2188.
4邹洪涛,张玉龙,黄毅,等.辽西北半干旱区土壤深松对玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2009,40(4):475-477.ZOU Hongtao,ZHANG Yulong,HUANG Yi,et al.Effect of deep tillage on maize growth in the semi-arid region of liaoning northwest area[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2009,40(4):475-477.(in Chinese)
5张祥彩,李洪文,何进,等.耕作方式对华北一年两熟区土壤及作物特性的影响[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(增刊1):77-82,71.ZHANG Xiangcai,LI Hongwen,HE Jin,et al.Effects of different tillage managements on characteristics of soil and crop in annual double cropping areas in northern China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(Supp.1):77-82,71.(in Chinese)
6李洪文,陈君达,李问盈.保护性耕作条件下深松技术研究[J].农业机械学报,2000,31(6):42-45.LI Hongwen,CHEN Junda,LI Wenying.Study on subsoiling technique for conservation tillage field[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2000,31(6):42-45.(in Chinese)
7王微,邱立春.深松部件对深松作业质量影响的试验分析[J].农机化研究,2011,33(1):179-182.WANG Wei,QIU Lichun.Effect analysis of three kind of subsoiler carry on the deep tillage[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,33(1):179-182.(in Chinese)
8张绍军.3种深松铲对深松作业效果影响研究[J].农业科技与装备,2012(6):23-25.ZHANG Shaojun.Experimental analysis on the subsoiling effect of three subsoilers[J].Agricultural Science&Technology and Equipment,2012(6):23-25.(in Chinese)
9余永昌,刘文艺,赵迎芳,等.立柱式深松铲受力数学模型及试验分析[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(6):109-113.YU Yongchang,LIU Wenyi,ZHAO Yingfang,et al.Force mathematical model and examination analysis of the column subsoiler[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(6):109-113.(in Chinese)
10周桂霞,汪春,张伟,等.基于二次正交旋转回归试验的深松铲关键参数建模[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(10):86-89.ZHOU Guixia,WANG Chun,ZHANG Wei,et al.Mathematic model of deep-shovel with critical structure parameter based on two times orthogonal rotational regressive tests[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2006,37(10):86-89.(in Chinese)
11张金波,佟金,马云海.仿生减阻深松铲设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(4):141-145.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20140422&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2014.04.022.ZHANG Jinbo,TONG Jin,MA Yunhai.Design and experiment of bionic anti-drag subsoiler[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(4):141-145.(in Chinese)
12张强,张璐,于海业,等.复合形态深松铲耕作阻力有限元分析与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2012,43(8):61-65.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20120812&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2012.08.012.ZHANG Qiang,ZHANG Lu,YU Haiye,et al.Finite element analysis and experiment of soil resistance of multiplex-modality subsoiler[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(8):61-65.(in Chinese)
13黄玉祥,杭程光,苑梦婵,等.深松土壤扰动行为的离散元仿真与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):80-88.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20160712&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.07.012.HUANG Yuxiang,HANG Chengguang,YUAN Mengchan,et al.Discrete element simulation and experiment on disturbance behavior of subsoiling[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):80-88.(in Chinese)
14郑侃,何进,李洪文,等.基于离散元深松土壤模型的折线破土刃深松铲研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(9):1-13.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20160910&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.09.010.ZHENG Kan,HE Jin,LI Hongwen,et al.Research on polyline soil breaking blade subsoiler based on subsoiling soil model using discrete element method[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(9):1-13.(in Chinese)
15 RAPER R L.Subsoiler shapes for site-specific tillage[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2005,21(1):25-30.
16 RAPER R L.Force requirements and soil disruption of straight and bent leg subsoilers for conservation tillage systems[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2005,21(5):787-794.
17 RAPER R L.In-row subsoilers that reduce soil compaction and residue disturbance[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2007,23(3):253-258.
18乔晓东,王晓燕,颜华,等.后悬挂农具田间试验平台[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(8):63-68.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20130811&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.08.011.QIAO Xiaodong,WANG Xiaoyan,YAN Hua,et al.Field experiment platform for rear suspension[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(8):63-68.(in Chinese)
19中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出社,2007.
20陈欢欢,李星,丁文秀.Surfer 8.0等值线绘制中的十二种插值方法[J].工程地球物理学报,2007,4(1):52-57.CHEN Huanhuan,LI Xing,DING Wenxiu.Twelve kinds of gridding methods of Surfer 8.0 in isoline drawing[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2007,4(1):52-57.(in Chinese)
21 HASIMU A,CHEN Y.Soil disturbance and draft force of selected seed openers[J/OL].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,140(1):48-54.http:∥dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.02.011.
22 CHEN Y,MUNKHOLM L J,NYORD T.A discrete element model for soil-sweep interaction in three different soils[J/OL].Soil and Tillage Research,2013,126(1):34-41.http:∥dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.08.008.
23 ABO-ELNOR M,HAMILTON R,BOYLE J T.Simulation of soil-blade interaction for sandy soil using advanced 3D finite element analysis[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,75(1):61-73.
24钱定华,张际先.土壤对金属材料粘附和摩擦研究状况概述[J].农业机械学报,1984,15(1):69-78.QIAN Dinghua,ZHANG Jixian.A summary of study of adhesion and friction between soil and metals[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1984,15(1):69-78.(in Chinese)
25丛茜,任露泉,陈秉聪.土壤粘附规律的化学吸附分析[J].农业工程学报,1996,12(3):20-24.CONG Qian,REN Luquan,CHEN Bingcong.Study on soil adhesion phenomena by chemical adsorption[J].Transactions of the CSAE,1996,12(3):20-24.(in Chinese)