湘南红壤丘陵区不同植被类型下土壤肥力特征
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摘要
以自然植被恢复长期定位试验为基础,通过分析自然恢复31a后形成的6个植被类型区(樟树、枫树、梓树、白檵木、唐竹、白茅草)、2个同期种植的人工植被区(湿地松、板栗)以及相邻裸地区0—100 cm土层pH值、有机质及主要养分含量的变化,明确了湘南红壤丘陵区不同植被类型对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:(1)白茅草和唐竹区的土壤pH值显著高于裸地区,但枫树和白檵木区的土壤酸化明显。(2)土壤有机质、活性有机质、全P、速效P等指标表现为乔木>草本>灌木,碱解N、全K、速效K表现为灌木>乔木>草本,全N表现为乔木>灌木>草本。(3)土壤综合肥力优劣为:枫树区>梓树区>白檵木区>樟树区>唐竹区>白茅草区>湿地松区>板栗区>裸地区,自然恢复植被比人工植被更有利于土壤肥力的提高。
In Southern China,the hilly red soil region accounts for 2. 0 × 106km2 and is an important production base for agriculture,forestry and animal husbandry. However,because of the increasing demand for firewood,timber and food in recent decades,many types of vegetation have been destroyed,which has resulted in local soil degradation and soil fertility decline,giving the region the title"red desert". This soil degradation significantly limits sustainable economic development in this region and so restoring vegetation and improving soil fertility are vital. Natural vegetation restoration,by preventing human disturbance,is an important method for improving fertility by redistributing nutrients in degraded red soil in subtropical hilly regions. However,improving soil fertility by natural vegetation restoration is a long-term process,and the effect of different plants in improving soil fertility is not well understood. In this study,the distribution regularities of nutrients in the soil profile under natural vegetation restoration compared with that in artificial vegetation plots and bare plots were investigated and the effect of natural vegetation restoration on improving soil fertility in subtropical hilly regions was assessed.A long-term natural vegetation restoration experiment( —2 hectares) was initiated in 1981 at the Red Soil Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Qiyang County,Hunan Province. The effect of natural vegetation on soil fertility was assessed based on six 31-year-old natural vegetation restoration zones,including three natural arbor plots( Cinnamomum camphora,Liquidambar formosana,and Catalpa ovate),two natural shrub plots( Loropetalum chinensis and Sinobambusa tootsik),and one natural herbage plot( Imperata cylindrica). Two artificial arbor plots( Pinus elliottii and Castanea mollissima) and one adjacent bare plot were also used. Soil samples were collected at 0—20,20—40,40—60,60—80,and 80—100 cm depths in April 2012. Soil organic matter( SOM),labile organic matter( LOM),total nitrogen( TN),hydrolysable nitrogen( HN),total phosphorus( TP),available phosphorus( AP),total potassium( TK),available potassium( AK) and pH were determined.The different vegetation types had significant effects on soil fertility:( 1) In Imperata cylindrica and Sinobambusa tootsik plots,the average pH values at different depths were 5. 13 and 4. 96,respectively,which was significantly higher than that in artificial vegetation and bare plots( average pH 4. 56—4. 62). Obvious acidification was found in Liquidambar formosana and Loropetalum chinensis plots( average pH 4. 22 and 4. 38,respectively) compared with that in the bare plot.( 2) For all plots,soil nutrient concentrations except TK and TP significantly decreased with soil depth. The highest SOM,LOM,TP,and AP were observed in arbor plots,followed by the herbage plot,and the lowest values were found in shrub plots. Compared with artificial arbor,natural arbor increased SOM by 31. 78% —113. 19%. HN,TK and AK decreased in the following order: shrub plots > arbor plots > herbage plot. For TN,the decreasing order was arbor plots > shrub plots >herbage plot.( 3) There was a significant positive correlation between SOM,LOM,TN and HN( P <0. 01).( 4) The integrated soil fertility decreased in the following order: Liquidambar formosana > Catalpa ovate > Loropetalum chinensis >Cinnamomum camphora,Sinobambusa tootsik > Imperata cylindrica > Pinus elliottii > Castanea mollissima > bare. In summary,the results illustrated that natural vegetation restoration is better for improving soil fertility than artificial vegetation.
In Southern China,the hilly red soil region accounts for 2. 0 × 106km2 and is an important production base for agriculture,forestry and animal husbandry. However,because of the increasing demand for firewood,timber and food in recent decades,many types of vegetation have been destroyed,which has resulted in local soil degradation and soil fertility decline,giving the region the title"red desert". This soil degradation significantly limits sustainable economic development in this region and so restoring vegetation and improving soil fertility are vital. Natural vegetation restoration,by preventing human disturbance,is an important method for improving fertility by redistributing nutrients in degraded red soil in subtropical hilly regions. However,improving soil fertility by natural vegetation restoration is a long-term process,and the effect of different plants in improving soil fertility is not well understood. In this study,the distribution regularities of nutrients in the soil profile under natural vegetation restoration compared with that in artificial vegetation plots and bare plots were investigated and the effect of natural vegetation restoration on improving soil fertility in subtropical hilly regions was assessed.A long-term natural vegetation restoration experiment( —2 hectares) was initiated in 1981 at the Red Soil Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Qiyang County,Hunan Province. The effect of natural vegetation on soil fertility was assessed based on six 31-year-old natural vegetation restoration zones,including three natural arbor plots( Cinnamomum camphora,Liquidambar formosana,and Catalpa ovate),two natural shrub plots( Loropetalum chinensis and Sinobambusa tootsik),and one natural herbage plot( Imperata cylindrica). Two artificial arbor plots( Pinus elliottii and Castanea mollissima) and one adjacent bare plot were also used. Soil samples were collected at 0—20,20—40,40—60,60—80,and 80—100 cm depths in April 2012. Soil organic matter( SOM),labile organic matter( LOM),total nitrogen( TN),hydrolysable nitrogen( HN),total phosphorus( TP),available phosphorus( AP),total potassium( TK),available potassium( AK) and pH were determined.The different vegetation types had significant effects on soil fertility:( 1) In Imperata cylindrica and Sinobambusa tootsik plots,the average pH values at different depths were 5. 13 and 4. 96,respectively,which was significantly higher than that in artificial vegetation and bare plots( average pH 4. 56—4. 62). Obvious acidification was found in Liquidambar formosana and Loropetalum chinensis plots( average pH 4. 22 and 4. 38,respectively) compared with that in the bare plot.( 2) For all plots,soil nutrient concentrations except TK and TP significantly decreased with soil depth. The highest SOM,LOM,TP,and AP were observed in arbor plots,followed by the herbage plot,and the lowest values were found in shrub plots. Compared with artificial arbor,natural arbor increased SOM by 31. 78% —113. 19%. HN,TK and AK decreased in the following order: shrub plots > arbor plots > herbage plot. For TN,the decreasing order was arbor plots > shrub plots >herbage plot.( 3) There was a significant positive correlation between SOM,LOM,TN and HN( P <0. 01).( 4) The integrated soil fertility decreased in the following order: Liquidambar formosana > Catalpa ovate > Loropetalum chinensis >Cinnamomum camphora,Sinobambusa tootsik > Imperata cylindrica > Pinus elliottii > Castanea mollissima > bare. In summary,the results illustrated that natural vegetation restoration is better for improving soil fertility than artificial vegetation.
引文
[1]Zhou X J,Xia W S.Granite geomorphic development of granite and expedited soil erosion in Hengshan mountain area.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(4):624-627.
[2]Yang Y S,Wang Z Q,Chen X,Zhang R L.Effects of different utilization model on soil and water conservation and ecology in red soil region of South China.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(5):84-87.
[3]Yang X B,Zhang T L,Wu Q S.The relationship between biodiversity and soil fertility characteristics on abandoned fields in the tropical region of Southern China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(2):190-196.
[4]Guo X M,Niu D K,Liu Y Q,Du T Z,Xiao S Z,Ye X H.The vegetation restoration and reconstruction of different types of degraded barren ecosystems in Jiangxi.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(6):878-884.
[5]Zheng H,Ouyang Z Y,Wang X K,Miao H,Zhao T Q,Peng T B.Effects of forest restoration types on soil quality in red soil eroded region,Southern China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(9):1995-2002.
[6]Wang X L,Hu F,Li H X,Liu M Q,Qin J T,Zhang B.Characteristics of biological property of erosive degraded red soil under nature restoration.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(4):1404-1411.
[7]Zhao P.Advances in plant ecophysiological studies on revegetation of degraded ecosystems.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(11):2031-2036.
[8]Bao S D.Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000.
[9]Blair G J,Lefroy R D B,Lisle L.Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation,and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1995,46(7):1459-1466.
[10]Pang X Y,Liu Q,Liu S Q,Wu Y,Lin B,He H,Zhang Z J.Changes of soil fertility quality properties under subalpine spruce plantation in Western Sichuan.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(2):261-267.
[11]Deng H,Zhang B,Wang H L,Yin R.The comparison of soil fertility among severely eroded red soils regenerated with different vegetation types.Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2007,9(3):79-85.
[12]Li Z A,Zou B,Cao Y S,Ren H,Liu J.Nutrient properties of soils in typical degraded hilly land in South China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(8):1648-1656.
[13]Jiang Y J,Zhang C,Yuan D X.Temporal-spatial variability of soil fertility and its affecting factors of variability in Karst region:a case study of Xiaojiang watershed,Yunnan Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(5):2288-2299.
[14]Wei Q,Ling L,Chai C S,Zhang G Z,Yan P B,Tao J X,Xue R.Soil physical and chemical properties in forest succession process in Xinglong Mountain of Gansu.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(15):4700-4713.
[15]Cheng R M,Xiao W F,Wang X R,Feng X H,Wang R L.Soil nutrient characteristics in different vegetation successional stages of Three Gorges reservoir area.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(9):1-6.
[16]Liu X Z,Zhou G Y,Zhang D Q,Liu S Z,Chu G W,Yan J H.N and P stoichiometry of plant and soil in lower subtropical forest successional series in southern China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,34(1):64-71.
[17]Geng Y Q,Yu X X,Yue Y J,Niu L L.Variation of forest soil nutrient content in mountainous areas,Beijing.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(5):169-175.
[18]Liu S Y,Liu Y X,Ye J S,Gong Y Z,Zeng S C.Soil organic carbon density of Eucalyptus plantations in Guangdong Province of China and related affecting factors.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(8):1981-1985.
[19]Tian D L,Fang X,Xiang W H.Carbon density of the Chinese fir plantation ecosystem at Huitong,Hu'nan Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(11):2382-2386.
[20]Yildiz O,Esen D,Karaoz O M,Sarginci M,Toprak B,Soysal Y.Effects of different site preparation methods on soil carbon and nutrient removal from Eastern beech regeneration sites in Turkey's Black Sea region.Applied Soil Ecology,2010,45(1):49-55.
[21]Morrison I K,Foster N W.Fifteen-year change in forest floor organic and element content and cycling at the Turkey Lakes Watershed.Ecosystems,2001,4(6):545-554.
[22]Chen H,Harmon M E,Griffiths R P.Decomposition and nitrogen release from decomposing woody roots in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest:a chronosequence approach.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2001,31(2):246-260.
[23]Tian D L,Xiang W H,Yan W D.Comparison of biomass dynamic and nutrient cycling between Pinus massomiana plantation and Pinus elliottii plantation.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(10):2207-2210.
[24]Tong F P,Xu Y P,Long Y Z,Yi J X,Song Q A,Yi A Q,Shi W F,Li G,Zou L W,Dong X H.Study on physical and chemic character of forestry soil polluted by heavy metals in antimony mine of Len-Shuijiang city.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(10):246-250.
[25]Chang C,Xie Z Q,Xiong G M,Zhao C M,Shen G Z,Lai L S,Xu X W.Characteristics of soil nutrients of different vegetation types in the Three Gorges reservoir area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(11):5978-5985.
[1]周学军,夏卫生.衡山土壤加速侵蚀与花岗岩地貌发育问题研究.土壤学报,2004,41(4):624-627.
[2]杨一松,王兆骞,陈欣,张如良.南方红壤坡地不同利用模式的水土保持及生态效益研究.水土保持学报,2004,18(5):84-87.
[3]杨小波,张桃林,吴庆书.海南琼北地区不同植被类型物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系.生态学报,2002,22(2):190-196.
[4]郭晓敏,牛德奎,刘苑秋,杜天真,肖舜祯,叶学华.江西省不同类型退化荒山生态系统植被恢复与重建措施.生态学报,2002,22(6):878-884.
[5]郑华,欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿,赵同谦,彭廷柏.不同森林恢复类型对南方红壤侵蚀区土壤质量的影响.生态学报,2004,24(9):1995-2002.
[6]王晓龙,胡锋,李辉信,刘满强,秦江涛,张斌.侵蚀退化红壤自然恢复下土壤生物学质量演变特征.生态学报,2007,27(4):1404-1411.
[7]赵平.退化生态系统植被恢复的生理生态学研究进展.应用生态学报,2003,14(11):2031-2036.
[8]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[10]庞学勇,刘庆,刘世全,吴彦,林波,何海,张宗锦.川西亚高山云杉人工林土壤质量性状演变.生态学报,2004,24(2):261-267.
[11]邓欢,张斌,王会利,尹睿.侵蚀红壤区不同人工植被恢复下的土壤肥力比较.中国农业科技导报,2007,9(3):79-85.
[12]李志安,邹碧,曹裕松,任海,刘俭.南方典型丘陵退化荒坡地土壤养分特征分析.生态学报,2003,23(8):1648-1656.
[13]蒋勇军,章程,袁道先.岩溶区土壤肥力的时空变异及影响因素——以云南小江流域为例.生态学报,2008,28(5):2288-2299.
[14]魏强,凌雷,柴春山,张广忠,闫沛斌,陶继新,薛睿.甘肃兴隆山森林演替过程中的土壤理化性质.生态学报,2012,32(15):4700-4713.
[15]程瑞梅,肖文发,王晓荣,封晓辉,王瑞丽.三峡库区植被不同演替阶段的土壤养分特征.林业科学,2010,46(9):1-6.
[16]刘兴诏,周国逸,张德强,刘世忠,褚国伟,闫俊华.南亚热带森林不同演替阶段植物与土壤中N、P的化学计量特征.植物生态学报,2010,34(1):64-71.
[17]耿玉清,余新晓,岳永杰,牛丽丽.北京山地森林的土壤养分状况.林业科学,2010,46(5):169-175.
[18]刘姝媛,刘月秀,叶金盛,宫彦章,曾曙才.广东省桉树人工林土壤有机碳密度及其影响因子.应用生态学报,2010,21(8):1981-1985.
[19]田大伦,方晰,项文化.湖南会同杉木人工林生态系统碳素密度.生态学报,2004,24(11):2382-2386.
[23]田大伦,项文化,闫文德.马尾松与湿地松人工林生物量动态及养分循环特征.生态学报,2004,24(10):2207-2210.
[24]童方平,徐艳平,方应忠,易建新,宋庆安,易霭琴,石文峰,李贵,邹丽伟,董晓辉.冷水江锑矿区重金属污染林地土壤理化特性研究.中国农学通报,2009,25(10):246-250.
[25]常超,谢宗强,熊高明,赵常明,申国珍,赖江山,徐新武.三峡库区不同植被类型土壤养分特征.生态学报,2009,29(11):5978-5985.
[2]Yang Y S,Wang Z Q,Chen X,Zhang R L.Effects of different utilization model on soil and water conservation and ecology in red soil region of South China.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(5):84-87.
[3]Yang X B,Zhang T L,Wu Q S.The relationship between biodiversity and soil fertility characteristics on abandoned fields in the tropical region of Southern China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(2):190-196.
[4]Guo X M,Niu D K,Liu Y Q,Du T Z,Xiao S Z,Ye X H.The vegetation restoration and reconstruction of different types of degraded barren ecosystems in Jiangxi.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(6):878-884.
[5]Zheng H,Ouyang Z Y,Wang X K,Miao H,Zhao T Q,Peng T B.Effects of forest restoration types on soil quality in red soil eroded region,Southern China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(9):1995-2002.
[6]Wang X L,Hu F,Li H X,Liu M Q,Qin J T,Zhang B.Characteristics of biological property of erosive degraded red soil under nature restoration.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(4):1404-1411.
[7]Zhao P.Advances in plant ecophysiological studies on revegetation of degraded ecosystems.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(11):2031-2036.
[8]Bao S D.Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000.
[9]Blair G J,Lefroy R D B,Lisle L.Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation,and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1995,46(7):1459-1466.
[10]Pang X Y,Liu Q,Liu S Q,Wu Y,Lin B,He H,Zhang Z J.Changes of soil fertility quality properties under subalpine spruce plantation in Western Sichuan.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(2):261-267.
[11]Deng H,Zhang B,Wang H L,Yin R.The comparison of soil fertility among severely eroded red soils regenerated with different vegetation types.Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2007,9(3):79-85.
[12]Li Z A,Zou B,Cao Y S,Ren H,Liu J.Nutrient properties of soils in typical degraded hilly land in South China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(8):1648-1656.
[13]Jiang Y J,Zhang C,Yuan D X.Temporal-spatial variability of soil fertility and its affecting factors of variability in Karst region:a case study of Xiaojiang watershed,Yunnan Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(5):2288-2299.
[14]Wei Q,Ling L,Chai C S,Zhang G Z,Yan P B,Tao J X,Xue R.Soil physical and chemical properties in forest succession process in Xinglong Mountain of Gansu.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(15):4700-4713.
[15]Cheng R M,Xiao W F,Wang X R,Feng X H,Wang R L.Soil nutrient characteristics in different vegetation successional stages of Three Gorges reservoir area.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(9):1-6.
[16]Liu X Z,Zhou G Y,Zhang D Q,Liu S Z,Chu G W,Yan J H.N and P stoichiometry of plant and soil in lower subtropical forest successional series in southern China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,34(1):64-71.
[17]Geng Y Q,Yu X X,Yue Y J,Niu L L.Variation of forest soil nutrient content in mountainous areas,Beijing.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(5):169-175.
[18]Liu S Y,Liu Y X,Ye J S,Gong Y Z,Zeng S C.Soil organic carbon density of Eucalyptus plantations in Guangdong Province of China and related affecting factors.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(8):1981-1985.
[19]Tian D L,Fang X,Xiang W H.Carbon density of the Chinese fir plantation ecosystem at Huitong,Hu'nan Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(11):2382-2386.
[20]Yildiz O,Esen D,Karaoz O M,Sarginci M,Toprak B,Soysal Y.Effects of different site preparation methods on soil carbon and nutrient removal from Eastern beech regeneration sites in Turkey's Black Sea region.Applied Soil Ecology,2010,45(1):49-55.
[21]Morrison I K,Foster N W.Fifteen-year change in forest floor organic and element content and cycling at the Turkey Lakes Watershed.Ecosystems,2001,4(6):545-554.
[22]Chen H,Harmon M E,Griffiths R P.Decomposition and nitrogen release from decomposing woody roots in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest:a chronosequence approach.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2001,31(2):246-260.
[23]Tian D L,Xiang W H,Yan W D.Comparison of biomass dynamic and nutrient cycling between Pinus massomiana plantation and Pinus elliottii plantation.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(10):2207-2210.
[24]Tong F P,Xu Y P,Long Y Z,Yi J X,Song Q A,Yi A Q,Shi W F,Li G,Zou L W,Dong X H.Study on physical and chemic character of forestry soil polluted by heavy metals in antimony mine of Len-Shuijiang city.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(10):246-250.
[25]Chang C,Xie Z Q,Xiong G M,Zhao C M,Shen G Z,Lai L S,Xu X W.Characteristics of soil nutrients of different vegetation types in the Three Gorges reservoir area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(11):5978-5985.
[1]周学军,夏卫生.衡山土壤加速侵蚀与花岗岩地貌发育问题研究.土壤学报,2004,41(4):624-627.
[2]杨一松,王兆骞,陈欣,张如良.南方红壤坡地不同利用模式的水土保持及生态效益研究.水土保持学报,2004,18(5):84-87.
[3]杨小波,张桃林,吴庆书.海南琼北地区不同植被类型物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系.生态学报,2002,22(2):190-196.
[4]郭晓敏,牛德奎,刘苑秋,杜天真,肖舜祯,叶学华.江西省不同类型退化荒山生态系统植被恢复与重建措施.生态学报,2002,22(6):878-884.
[5]郑华,欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿,赵同谦,彭廷柏.不同森林恢复类型对南方红壤侵蚀区土壤质量的影响.生态学报,2004,24(9):1995-2002.
[6]王晓龙,胡锋,李辉信,刘满强,秦江涛,张斌.侵蚀退化红壤自然恢复下土壤生物学质量演变特征.生态学报,2007,27(4):1404-1411.
[7]赵平.退化生态系统植被恢复的生理生态学研究进展.应用生态学报,2003,14(11):2031-2036.
[8]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[10]庞学勇,刘庆,刘世全,吴彦,林波,何海,张宗锦.川西亚高山云杉人工林土壤质量性状演变.生态学报,2004,24(2):261-267.
[11]邓欢,张斌,王会利,尹睿.侵蚀红壤区不同人工植被恢复下的土壤肥力比较.中国农业科技导报,2007,9(3):79-85.
[12]李志安,邹碧,曹裕松,任海,刘俭.南方典型丘陵退化荒坡地土壤养分特征分析.生态学报,2003,23(8):1648-1656.
[13]蒋勇军,章程,袁道先.岩溶区土壤肥力的时空变异及影响因素——以云南小江流域为例.生态学报,2008,28(5):2288-2299.
[14]魏强,凌雷,柴春山,张广忠,闫沛斌,陶继新,薛睿.甘肃兴隆山森林演替过程中的土壤理化性质.生态学报,2012,32(15):4700-4713.
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