广西森林土壤主要养分的空间异质性
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摘要
通过对广西区7大森林片区的11个主要森林类型样地土壤养分含量进行分析,利用地统计学方法,研究了广西区森林主要土壤养分的空间变异状况及分布格局,探讨了其相关的生态学过程,以期为广西区森林分区与林间采取不同措施管理提供科学依据。结果表明:广西区森林土壤主要养分基本属于中等变异,速效养分变异大于全量养分,其中AP、AK变异程度最大;广西森林土壤主要养分的半变异函数均表现出一定的空间结构特征,TN、TP、AP表现为中等强度的空间自相关,TK、AN、AK表现为强烈的空间自相关;不同土壤养分空间结构不同,Kriging等值线图表明广西区氮素含量比较丰富、K含量中等、P含量较少,北部片区土壤养分含量普遍大于南部片区,这可能与气候、降雨、人工种植森林树种、地形、林地管理措施等有关。
Soil is a complex natural system with strong spatial heterogeneity of its internal properties. The properties of soil are strongly varied even at the centimeter scale and the changes in soil properties on a large scale have a pivotal role in the patterns of ecosystem growth. Soil fertility is one of the most important ecological functions of soil and its spatial layout and structure directly affects the ability of plants to recover from stress as well as affecting plant height and overall ecosystem productivity. In the fragile habitats of the Guangxi area,the spatial distribution characteristics of soil nitrogen( N),phosphorus( P) and potassium( K) are strongly related to the regional distribution of shrub vegetation. Studies on the nutrient variability in forest soil of this area will help to understand the plant community structure and ecosystem energy flows. Forest resources are very rich in the Guangxi area making it one of the most important forest areas in southern China.Located in the southwest of China,Guangxi's forest is obviously geographically different to the rest of China. In recent years,the forested area of Guangxi has substantially increased through the introduction of a variety of tree species. This abundant introduced forest type is beneficial to economic development,but a lack of understanding of the nutrientdistribution in forest soils in Guangxi has led to poor decisions regarding which tree species to introduce. This,in turn,has led to a decline in the quality of forest soil,has wasted resources and has limited the development of the forestry industry in Guangxi. This research investigated the main soil nutrients( N,P and K) of eleven forest types in seven forest districts in Guangxi. Geostatistics is used to study the spatial variation and pattern of the soil nutrients,and then the ecological implications of this were discussed to provide a scientific basis for forest division and management decisions in Guangxi. The results showed that the main forest soil nutrients in Guangxi had an overall medium level of variability but the variability of the soil available nutrients was larger than soil total nutrients,among which the variability of available P and K were largest. All the semi-variable functions of forest soil nutrients in Guangxi showed distinct spatial structural features. Soil total N and P and available P performed moderate spatial autocorrelation,while soil total K and available N and K performed strong spatial autocorrelation. The spatial structures of forest soil nutrients were diverse. The kriging contour maps showed that the soil N pool was abundant,the K pool was medium and the P pool was relatively low in Guangxi forest soils,and that the main soil nutrient contents in the north district of Guangxi was larger overall than in the south district.The spatial pattern of the main soil nutrients in Guangxi forests may be related to climate,precipitation,plantation forest species,topography and forest management practices and the effect of these factors on soil nutrients requires further investigation.
Soil is a complex natural system with strong spatial heterogeneity of its internal properties. The properties of soil are strongly varied even at the centimeter scale and the changes in soil properties on a large scale have a pivotal role in the patterns of ecosystem growth. Soil fertility is one of the most important ecological functions of soil and its spatial layout and structure directly affects the ability of plants to recover from stress as well as affecting plant height and overall ecosystem productivity. In the fragile habitats of the Guangxi area,the spatial distribution characteristics of soil nitrogen( N),phosphorus( P) and potassium( K) are strongly related to the regional distribution of shrub vegetation. Studies on the nutrient variability in forest soil of this area will help to understand the plant community structure and ecosystem energy flows. Forest resources are very rich in the Guangxi area making it one of the most important forest areas in southern China.Located in the southwest of China,Guangxi's forest is obviously geographically different to the rest of China. In recent years,the forested area of Guangxi has substantially increased through the introduction of a variety of tree species. This abundant introduced forest type is beneficial to economic development,but a lack of understanding of the nutrientdistribution in forest soils in Guangxi has led to poor decisions regarding which tree species to introduce. This,in turn,has led to a decline in the quality of forest soil,has wasted resources and has limited the development of the forestry industry in Guangxi. This research investigated the main soil nutrients( N,P and K) of eleven forest types in seven forest districts in Guangxi. Geostatistics is used to study the spatial variation and pattern of the soil nutrients,and then the ecological implications of this were discussed to provide a scientific basis for forest division and management decisions in Guangxi. The results showed that the main forest soil nutrients in Guangxi had an overall medium level of variability but the variability of the soil available nutrients was larger than soil total nutrients,among which the variability of available P and K were largest. All the semi-variable functions of forest soil nutrients in Guangxi showed distinct spatial structural features. Soil total N and P and available P performed moderate spatial autocorrelation,while soil total K and available N and K performed strong spatial autocorrelation. The spatial structures of forest soil nutrients were diverse. The kriging contour maps showed that the soil N pool was abundant,the K pool was medium and the P pool was relatively low in Guangxi forest soils,and that the main soil nutrient contents in the north district of Guangxi was larger overall than in the south district.The spatial pattern of the main soil nutrients in Guangxi forests may be related to climate,precipitation,plantation forest species,topography and forest management practices and the effect of these factors on soil nutrients requires further investigation.
引文
[1]Huang C Y.Soil Science.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:221-223.
[2]Mallarino A P.Spatial variability patterns of phosphorus and potassium in no-tilled soils for two sampling scales.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1996,60(5):1473-1481.
[3]Han Y Z,Wang Z Q.Spatial heterogeneity and forest regeneration.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(5):615-619.
[4]Abbott M B,Refsgaard J C.Distributed Hydrological Modeling.Netherland:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1996.
[5]Zhao Y C,Shi X Z,Yu D S,Zhao Y F,Sun W X,Wang H J.Different methods for prediction of spatial patterns of soil organic carbon density in Hebei Province,China.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(3):379-385.
[6]Schlesinger W H,Abrahams A D,Parsons A J,Wainwright J.Nutrient losses in runoff from grassland and shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico:I.rainfall simulation experiments.Biogeochemistry,1999,45(1):21-34
[7]Schlesinger W H,Raikes J A,Hartley A E,Cross A F.On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients in desert ecosystems.Ecology,1996,77(2):364-374.
[8]Schlesinger W H,Reynolds J F,Cunningham G L,Huenneke L F,Jarrell W M,Virginia R A,Whitford W G.Biological feedbacks in global desertification.Science,1990,247(4946):1043-1048.
[9]Tilman D.Constraints and tradeoffs:Toward a predictive theory of competition and succession.Oikos,1990,58:3-15.
[10]Guo X D,Fu B J,Ma K M,Chen L D,Yang F L.Spatial variability of soil nutrients based on geostatistics combined with GIS—A case study in Zunghua city of Hebai Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(4):557-563.
[11]Li B H,Zhang J,Yao X L,Ye J,Wang X G,Hao Z Q.Seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution patterns of herbs diversity in broadleaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)mixed forest in Changbai Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(3):467-473.
[12]Ma F Y,Li X R,Zhang J G,Li A X.Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in Shapotou sand-fixing artificial vegetation area.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(5):789-795.
[13]Kuzel S,Ny'dl V,KolárˇL,Tich y'R.Spatial variability of cadmium,pH,organic matter in soil and its dependence on sampling scales.Water Air and Soil Pollution,1994,78(1/2):51-59.
[14]Mishra T K,Banerjee S K.Spatial variability of soil pH and organic matter under Shorea robusta in lateritic region.Indian Journal of Forestry,1995,18(2):144-152.
[15]Huang Y F,Zhou Z Y,Yuan X Y,Zhang H Y.Spatial variability of soil organic matter content in an arid desert area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(12):2776-2781.
[16]Su Y Z,Zhao H L,Cui J Y.Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in the desertification process of rainfed farmland in Horqin sandy land.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):210-217.
[17]Peng W X,Song T Q,Zeng F P,Wang K L,Liu L,Du H,Lu S Y,Yin Q C.Spatial variation of soil water and the key impact factors in dry season in karst cluster-peak-depression region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(24):6787-6797.
[18]Song T Q,Peng W X,Zeng F P,Ouyang Z W,Wu H Y.Spatial heterogeneity of surface soil moisture content in dry season in Mulun National Natural Reserve in Karst area.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(1):98-104.
[19]Ouyang Z W,Peng W X,Song T Q,Zeng F P,Wang K L,Guan X,Wu H Y.Spatial heterogeneity of soil organic matter and its response to disturbance in karst peak cluster depressions.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(6):1329-1336.
[20]Du H,Song TQ,Wang K L,Liu L,Lu S Y,Zeng F P.Spatial heterogeneity of mineral compositions in surface soil in Mulun National Nature Reserve karst areas.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2011,27(6):79-84.
[21]Zhang W,Chen H S,Wang K L,Su Y R,Zhang J G,Yi A J.The heterogeneity of soil nutrients and their influencing factors in peak-cluster depression areas of karst region.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2006,39(9):1828-1835.
[22]Yu G Z.Random talk about main soils in Guangxi.Land and Resources of Southern China,2007,(3):39-40.
[23]Li H B,Wang Z Q,Wang Q C.Theory and methodology of spatial heterogeneity quantification.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1998,9(6):651-657.
[24]Goovaerts P.Geostatistical tools for characterizing the spatial variability of microbiological and physico-chemical soil properties.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1998,27(4):315-324.
[25]Wang Z Q.Geostatistics and its application in Ecology.Beijing:Science press,1999.
[26]Liu F C,Shi X Z,Yu D S,Pan X Z.Characteristics of spatial variability of total soil nitrogen in the typical area of Taihu Lake basin.Geographical Research,2004,23(1):63-70.
[27]Tsegaye T,Hill R L.Intensive tillage effects on spatial variability of soil test,plant growth,and nutrient uptake measurements.Soil Science,1998,163(2):155-165.
[28]Qin Y D.Quantitative analysis for soil spatial variability study.Advance in Earth Science,1992,7(1):44-49.
[29]Trumbore S E,Chadwick O A,Amundson R.Rapid exchange between soil carbon and atmospheric carbon dioxide driven by temperature change.Science,1996,272(5260):393-396.
[30]Wang L,Ouyang H,Zhou C P,Zhang F,Bai J H,Peng K.Distribution characteristics of soil organic matter and nitrogen on the eastern slope of Mt.Gongga.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(6):1012-1018.
[31]Zhang J J,Zhang Q,Yang Z P,Chen M C,Li Y,Chen D L.Spatial variability of topsoil organic matter and total nitrogen in Linfen Basin,Shanxi and its influencing factors.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2010,41(4):839-844.
[32]Onthong J,Osaki M,Nilnond C,Tadano T.Phosphorus status of some highly weathered soils in Peninsular Thailand and availability in relation to citrate and oxalate application.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,1999,45(3):627-637.
[33]Neufeldt H,da Silva J E,Ayarza M A,Zech W.Land-use Effects on phosphorus fractions in Cerrado oxisols.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2000,31(1):30-37.
[34]Miller A J,Schuur E A G,Chadwick O A.Redox control of phosphorus pools in Hawaiian montane forest soils.Geoderma,2001,102(3/4):219-237.
[35]Lajtha K,Schlesinger W H.The biogeochemistry of phosphorus cycling and phosphorus availability along a desert soil chronosequence.Ecology,1988,69(1):24-39.
[36]Walbridge M R,Richardson C J,Swank W T.Vertical distribution of biological and geochemical phosphorus Subcycles in two southern Appalachian forest soils.Biogeochemistry,1991,13:61-85.
[1]黄昌勇.土壤学.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:221-223.
[3]韩有志,王政权.森林更新与空间异质性.应用生态学报,2002,13(5):615-619.
[5]赵永存,史学正,于东升,赵彦锋,孙维侠,王洪杰.不同方法预测河北省土壤有机碳密度空间分布特征的研究.土壤学报,2005,42(3):379-385.
[10]郭旭东,傅伯杰,马克明,陈利顶,杨福林.基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异特征研究——以河北省遵化市为例.应用生态学报,2000,11(4):557-563.
[11]李步杭,张健,姚晓琳,叶吉,王绪高,郝占庆.长白山阔叶红松林草本植物多样性季节动态及空间分布格局.应用生态学报,2008,19(3):467-473.
[12]马风云,李新荣,张景光,李爱霞.沙坡头人工固沙植被土壤水分空间异质性.应用生态学报,2006,17(5):789-795.
[15]黄元仿,周志宇,苑小勇,张红艳.干旱荒漠区土壤有机质空间变异特征.生态学报,2004,24(12):2776-2781.
[16]苏永中,赵哈林,崔建垣.农田沙漠化演变中土壤性状特征及其空间变异性分析.土壤学报,2004,41(2):210-217.
[17]彭晚霞,宋同清,曾馥平,王克林,刘璐,杜虎,鹿士杨,殷庆仓.喀斯特峰丛洼地旱季土壤水分的空间变化及主要影响因子.生态学报,2010,30(24):6787-6797.
[18]宋同清,彭晚霞,曾馥平,欧阳资文,吴海勇.喀斯特木论自然保护区旱季土壤水分的空间异质性.应用生态学报,2009,20(1):98-104.
[19]欧阳资文,彭晚霞,宋同清,曾馥平,王克林,关欣,吴海勇.喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤有机质的空间变化及其对干扰的响应.应用生态学报,2009,20(6):1329-1336.
[20]杜虎,宋同清,彭晚霞,王克林,刘璐,鹿士杨,曾馥平.木论喀斯特自然保护区表层土壤矿物质的空间异质性.农业工程学报,2011,27(6):79-84.
[21]张伟,陈洪松,王克林,苏以荣,张继光,易爱军.喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤养分空间分异特征及影响因子分析.中国农业科学,2006,39(9):1828-1835.
[22]喻国忠.漫谈广西主要土壤.南方国土资源,2007,(3):39-40.
[23]李哈滨,王政权,王庆成.空间异质性定量研究理论与方法.应用生态学报,1998,9(6):651-657.
[25]王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用.北京:科学出版社,1999.
[26]刘付程,史学正,于东升,潘贤章.太湖流域典型地区土壤全氮的空间变异特征.地理研究,2004,23(1):63-70.
[28]秦耀东.土壤空间变异研究中的定量分析.地球科学进展,1992,7(1):44-49.
[30]王琳,欧阳华,周才平,张锋,白军红,彭奎.贡嘎山东坡土壤有机质及氮素分布特征.地理学报,2004,59(6):1012-1019.
[31]张建杰,张强,杨治平,陈明唱,李勇,陈德利.山西临汾盆地土壤有机质和全氮的空间变异特征及其影响因素.土壤通报,2010,41(4):839-844.
[2]Mallarino A P.Spatial variability patterns of phosphorus and potassium in no-tilled soils for two sampling scales.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1996,60(5):1473-1481.
[3]Han Y Z,Wang Z Q.Spatial heterogeneity and forest regeneration.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(5):615-619.
[4]Abbott M B,Refsgaard J C.Distributed Hydrological Modeling.Netherland:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1996.
[5]Zhao Y C,Shi X Z,Yu D S,Zhao Y F,Sun W X,Wang H J.Different methods for prediction of spatial patterns of soil organic carbon density in Hebei Province,China.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(3):379-385.
[6]Schlesinger W H,Abrahams A D,Parsons A J,Wainwright J.Nutrient losses in runoff from grassland and shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico:I.rainfall simulation experiments.Biogeochemistry,1999,45(1):21-34
[7]Schlesinger W H,Raikes J A,Hartley A E,Cross A F.On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients in desert ecosystems.Ecology,1996,77(2):364-374.
[8]Schlesinger W H,Reynolds J F,Cunningham G L,Huenneke L F,Jarrell W M,Virginia R A,Whitford W G.Biological feedbacks in global desertification.Science,1990,247(4946):1043-1048.
[9]Tilman D.Constraints and tradeoffs:Toward a predictive theory of competition and succession.Oikos,1990,58:3-15.
[10]Guo X D,Fu B J,Ma K M,Chen L D,Yang F L.Spatial variability of soil nutrients based on geostatistics combined with GIS—A case study in Zunghua city of Hebai Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(4):557-563.
[11]Li B H,Zhang J,Yao X L,Ye J,Wang X G,Hao Z Q.Seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution patterns of herbs diversity in broadleaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)mixed forest in Changbai Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(3):467-473.
[12]Ma F Y,Li X R,Zhang J G,Li A X.Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in Shapotou sand-fixing artificial vegetation area.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(5):789-795.
[13]Kuzel S,Ny'dl V,KolárˇL,Tich y'R.Spatial variability of cadmium,pH,organic matter in soil and its dependence on sampling scales.Water Air and Soil Pollution,1994,78(1/2):51-59.
[14]Mishra T K,Banerjee S K.Spatial variability of soil pH and organic matter under Shorea robusta in lateritic region.Indian Journal of Forestry,1995,18(2):144-152.
[15]Huang Y F,Zhou Z Y,Yuan X Y,Zhang H Y.Spatial variability of soil organic matter content in an arid desert area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(12):2776-2781.
[16]Su Y Z,Zhao H L,Cui J Y.Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in the desertification process of rainfed farmland in Horqin sandy land.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):210-217.
[17]Peng W X,Song T Q,Zeng F P,Wang K L,Liu L,Du H,Lu S Y,Yin Q C.Spatial variation of soil water and the key impact factors in dry season in karst cluster-peak-depression region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(24):6787-6797.
[18]Song T Q,Peng W X,Zeng F P,Ouyang Z W,Wu H Y.Spatial heterogeneity of surface soil moisture content in dry season in Mulun National Natural Reserve in Karst area.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(1):98-104.
[19]Ouyang Z W,Peng W X,Song T Q,Zeng F P,Wang K L,Guan X,Wu H Y.Spatial heterogeneity of soil organic matter and its response to disturbance in karst peak cluster depressions.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(6):1329-1336.
[20]Du H,Song TQ,Wang K L,Liu L,Lu S Y,Zeng F P.Spatial heterogeneity of mineral compositions in surface soil in Mulun National Nature Reserve karst areas.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2011,27(6):79-84.
[21]Zhang W,Chen H S,Wang K L,Su Y R,Zhang J G,Yi A J.The heterogeneity of soil nutrients and their influencing factors in peak-cluster depression areas of karst region.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2006,39(9):1828-1835.
[22]Yu G Z.Random talk about main soils in Guangxi.Land and Resources of Southern China,2007,(3):39-40.
[23]Li H B,Wang Z Q,Wang Q C.Theory and methodology of spatial heterogeneity quantification.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1998,9(6):651-657.
[24]Goovaerts P.Geostatistical tools for characterizing the spatial variability of microbiological and physico-chemical soil properties.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1998,27(4):315-324.
[25]Wang Z Q.Geostatistics and its application in Ecology.Beijing:Science press,1999.
[26]Liu F C,Shi X Z,Yu D S,Pan X Z.Characteristics of spatial variability of total soil nitrogen in the typical area of Taihu Lake basin.Geographical Research,2004,23(1):63-70.
[27]Tsegaye T,Hill R L.Intensive tillage effects on spatial variability of soil test,plant growth,and nutrient uptake measurements.Soil Science,1998,163(2):155-165.
[28]Qin Y D.Quantitative analysis for soil spatial variability study.Advance in Earth Science,1992,7(1):44-49.
[29]Trumbore S E,Chadwick O A,Amundson R.Rapid exchange between soil carbon and atmospheric carbon dioxide driven by temperature change.Science,1996,272(5260):393-396.
[30]Wang L,Ouyang H,Zhou C P,Zhang F,Bai J H,Peng K.Distribution characteristics of soil organic matter and nitrogen on the eastern slope of Mt.Gongga.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(6):1012-1018.
[31]Zhang J J,Zhang Q,Yang Z P,Chen M C,Li Y,Chen D L.Spatial variability of topsoil organic matter and total nitrogen in Linfen Basin,Shanxi and its influencing factors.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2010,41(4):839-844.
[32]Onthong J,Osaki M,Nilnond C,Tadano T.Phosphorus status of some highly weathered soils in Peninsular Thailand and availability in relation to citrate and oxalate application.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,1999,45(3):627-637.
[33]Neufeldt H,da Silva J E,Ayarza M A,Zech W.Land-use Effects on phosphorus fractions in Cerrado oxisols.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2000,31(1):30-37.
[34]Miller A J,Schuur E A G,Chadwick O A.Redox control of phosphorus pools in Hawaiian montane forest soils.Geoderma,2001,102(3/4):219-237.
[35]Lajtha K,Schlesinger W H.The biogeochemistry of phosphorus cycling and phosphorus availability along a desert soil chronosequence.Ecology,1988,69(1):24-39.
[36]Walbridge M R,Richardson C J,Swank W T.Vertical distribution of biological and geochemical phosphorus Subcycles in two southern Appalachian forest soils.Biogeochemistry,1991,13:61-85.
[1]黄昌勇.土壤学.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:221-223.
[3]韩有志,王政权.森林更新与空间异质性.应用生态学报,2002,13(5):615-619.
[5]赵永存,史学正,于东升,赵彦锋,孙维侠,王洪杰.不同方法预测河北省土壤有机碳密度空间分布特征的研究.土壤学报,2005,42(3):379-385.
[10]郭旭东,傅伯杰,马克明,陈利顶,杨福林.基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异特征研究——以河北省遵化市为例.应用生态学报,2000,11(4):557-563.
[11]李步杭,张健,姚晓琳,叶吉,王绪高,郝占庆.长白山阔叶红松林草本植物多样性季节动态及空间分布格局.应用生态学报,2008,19(3):467-473.
[12]马风云,李新荣,张景光,李爱霞.沙坡头人工固沙植被土壤水分空间异质性.应用生态学报,2006,17(5):789-795.
[15]黄元仿,周志宇,苑小勇,张红艳.干旱荒漠区土壤有机质空间变异特征.生态学报,2004,24(12):2776-2781.
[16]苏永中,赵哈林,崔建垣.农田沙漠化演变中土壤性状特征及其空间变异性分析.土壤学报,2004,41(2):210-217.
[17]彭晚霞,宋同清,曾馥平,王克林,刘璐,杜虎,鹿士杨,殷庆仓.喀斯特峰丛洼地旱季土壤水分的空间变化及主要影响因子.生态学报,2010,30(24):6787-6797.
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