大气O_3升高对小麦根际土壤微生物量和氮素转化酶活性的影响
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摘要
通过开放式臭氧浓度升高试验平台(FAOE)对扬麦16(臭氧耐受品种)和烟农19(臭氧敏感品种)根际土壤氮转化相关酶活性进行研究。结果表明:臭氧熏蒸5年后,小麦根际蛋白酶活性未发生显著变化;敏感品种根际脲酶活性增高4.01%;氨氧化酶活性在敏感和耐受品种根际土壤中分别提高19.38%和203.66%,土壤NH_4~+和NO_3~-显著升高,但微生物量氮显著下降;硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性分别呈现下降和升高的趋势,这种变化在臭氧敏感品种土壤中更显著。冗余分析表明,全氮、臭氧和pH是显著影响这5种酶活性的最主要因素。试验的结果表明,在大气臭氧浓度升高条件下,小麦根际氮循环会在酶的调节下发生变化,可能会增加土壤氮素以温室气体N_2O和硝酸盐形式损失的风险,且臭氧敏感品种根迹土壤变化更显著。
Taking rhizosphere soil from two different wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Yannong 19(ozone sensitive) and Yangmai 16(ozone relatively sensitive) as tested materials, this paper studied the enzymes activities involving in nitrogen transformation through free-air ozone enrichment(FAOE) system. The results showed that under elevated ozone(eO_3) concentration, protease activity had no significant change, while urease activity increased by4.01% at O_3 sensitive wheat rhizosphere soil, ammonium oxidase activity increased significantly at O_3 sensitive and relatively sensitive cultivars by 19.38% and 203.66%, respectively. In accord with urease and ammonium oxidase, soil NH_4~+ and NO_3~-increased significantly but microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN) decreased. The activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase decreased and increased, respectively. Redundancy analysis(RDA) showed that total nitrogen, O_3 and pH were the most important factors to influence the activities of five enzymes. Our results indicated that under elevated O_3, nitrogen cycling at wheat rihzosphere soil could be altered because of changed enzymes activities. These changes may increase the risk of nitrogen loss through ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching, and this phenomenon was more obvious at O_3 sensitive wheat cultivar.
Taking rhizosphere soil from two different wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Yannong 19(ozone sensitive) and Yangmai 16(ozone relatively sensitive) as tested materials, this paper studied the enzymes activities involving in nitrogen transformation through free-air ozone enrichment(FAOE) system. The results showed that under elevated ozone(eO_3) concentration, protease activity had no significant change, while urease activity increased by4.01% at O_3 sensitive wheat rhizosphere soil, ammonium oxidase activity increased significantly at O_3 sensitive and relatively sensitive cultivars by 19.38% and 203.66%, respectively. In accord with urease and ammonium oxidase, soil NH_4~+ and NO_3~-increased significantly but microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN) decreased. The activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase decreased and increased, respectively. Redundancy analysis(RDA) showed that total nitrogen, O_3 and pH were the most important factors to influence the activities of five enzymes. Our results indicated that under elevated O_3, nitrogen cycling at wheat rihzosphere soil could be altered because of changed enzymes activities. These changes may increase the risk of nitrogen loss through ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching, and this phenomenon was more obvious at O_3 sensitive wheat cultivar.
引文
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[7]陈展,王效科,段晓男,等.臭氧浓度升高对盆栽小麦根系和土壤微生物功能的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):1803-1808.
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[20]HE X,STEVENSON F,MULVANEY R,et al.Incorporation of newly immobilized 15N into stable organic forms in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1988,20:75-81.
[21]李全胜,林先贵,胡君利,等.近地层臭氧浓度升高对麦田土壤氨氧化与反硝化细菌活性的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26:524-528.
[22]王小纯,李高飞,安帅,等.氮素形态对中后期小麦根际土壤氮转化微生物及酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,24(6):204-207.
[23]GEISSELER D,HORWATH W R.Relationship between carbon and nitrogen availability and extracellular enzyme activities in soil[J].Pedobiologia,2009,53(1):87-98.
[24]SONG X,HU T,XIAN J,et al.Soil enzyme activities and its response to simulated nitrogen deposition in an evergreen broadleaved forest,southern Sichuan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29:1234-1240.
[25]WANG Q,WANG S,LIU Y.Responses to N and P fertilization in a young Eucalyptus dunnii plantation:Microbial properties,enzyme activities and dissolved organic matter[J].Applied soil ecology,2008,40:484-490.
[26]张晓影,王鹏,周斌.冬小麦幼苗生长和化感物质对CO2和O3浓度升高的响应[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(10):2843-2849.
[27]GEISSELER D,HORWATH W R,JOERGENSEN R G,et al.Pathways of nitrogen utilization by soil microorganisms-A review[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2010,42(12):2058-2067.
[28]YAO H,GAO Y,NICOLl G W,et al.Links between ammonia oxidizer community structure,abundance and nitrification potential in acidic soils[J].Applied and environmental microbiology,2011,77:618-4625.
[29]王小燕,于振文.不同小麦品种主要品质性状及相关酶活性研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(3):301-306.
[30]侯有良,钟改荣.小麦不同器官氮素积累分布动态规律的研究[J].作物学报,2001,27(4):493-499.
[31]MARTRE P R,POETER J,JAMIESON P D,et al.Modeling grain nitrogen accumulation and protein composition to understand the sink/source regulation of nitrogen remobilization for wheat[J].Plant Physiology,2003,133:1959-1967.
[32]刘恩科,梅旭荣,龚道枝,等.不同生育时期干旱对冬小麦氮素吸收与利用的影响[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(5):555-562.
[33]BURNS R G.Enzyme activity in soil:location and a possible role in microbial ecology[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1982,14(5):423-427.
[34]CAO Y,Lu C,QUAN Z,et al.Elevated O3,decreased N rhizodeposition of spring wheat and its availability to subsequent buckwheat[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,162:18-25.
[35]CHEN W,ZHANG L L,LI X Y,et al.Elevated ozone increases nitrifying and denitrifying enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of wheat after 5 years of fumigation[J].Plant and Soil,2015,392(1-2):1-10.
[36]LADD J N,BUTLER J H A.Short-term assays of soil proteolytic enzyme activities using proteins and dipeptide derivatives as substrates[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1972,4(1):19-30.
[37]武志杰,隽英华,陈利军,等.一种检测土壤硝酸还原酶活性的分析方法:CN,CN101271060[P].2008.
[38]HART S C,STARK J M,DAVIDSON E A,et al.Mineralization,Immobilization,and Nitrification[M].The sounds of sarcasm in English and Cantonese:A cross-linguistic production and perception study.1994:11-14.
[39]ABDELMAGID H M,TABATABAI M A,ABDELMAGID H M.Nitrate reductase activity of soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19(4):421-427.
[40]BRAAK C J F T.CANOCO-a FORTRAN Program for Canonical Community Ordination by Canonical Correspondence Analysis,Principal Component Analysis and Redundancy Analysis(version 2.1)[J].1987.
[41]LU C,CAO Y,HE C,et al.Effects of elevated O3 and CO2on the relative contribution of carbohydrates to soil organic matter in an agricultural soil[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,159:47-55.
[2]ZHU X,FENG Z,SUN T,et al.Effects of elevated ozone concentration on yield of four Chinese cultivars of winter wheat under fully open-air field conditions[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17:2697-2706.
[3]BISWAS D K,XU H,LI Y G,et al.Genotypic differences in leaf biochemical,physiological and growth responses to ozone in 20 winter wheat cultivars released over the past 60 years[J].Global Change Biology,2008,14,46-59.
[4]WARDLE D A,BARDGETT R D,KLIRONOMOS J N,et al.Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota[J].Science,2004,304(5677):1629-1633.
[5]EDWARDS N T.Root and soil respiration responses to ozone in Pinus taeda L.seedlings[J].New Phytologist,1991,118:315-321.
[6]MCCRADY J and ANDERSEN C.The effect of ozone on below-ground carbon allocation in wheat[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,107:465-472.
[7]陈展,王效科,段晓男,等.臭氧浓度升高对盆栽小麦根系和土壤微生物功能的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):1803-1808.
[8]SCAGEL C and ANDERSEN C.Seasonal changes in root and soil respiration of ozone‐exposed ponderosa pine(Pinus ponderosa)grown in different substrates[J].New Phytologist,1997,136:627-643.
[9]LI Q,BAO X,LU C,et al.Soil microbial food web responses to free-air ozone enrichment can depend on the ozone-tolerance of wheat cultivars[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,47:27-35.
[10]LI X,DENG Y,LI Q,et al.Shifts of functional gen e representation in wheat rhizosphere microbial communities under elevated ozone[J].International Society for Microbial Ecology,2013,7:660-71.
[11]赵平,孙谷畴,彭少麟.植物氮素营养的生理生态学研究[J].生态科学,1998,17(2):36-42
[12]吴巍,赵军.植物对氮素吸收利用的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(13):75-78.
[13]SMITH K A.The potential for feedback effects induced by global warming on emissions of nitrous oxide by soils[J].Global Change Biology,1997,3,327-338.
[14]MCCARTHY and JAMES J.Climate change 2001:impacts,adaptation,and vulnerability:contribution of Working Group II to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M].Cambridge University Press,2001.
[15]BURESH R J,DE DATTA S K.Denitrification losses fr om puddled rice soils in the tropics.Biology and fertility of soils,1990,9(1):1-13.
[16]DISE N B,WRIGHT R F.Nitrogen leaching from European forests in relation to nitrogen deposition[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1995,71(1):153-161.
[17]WATTS S H,SEITZINGER S P.Denitrification rates in organic and mineral soils from riparian sites:a comparison of N2flux and acetylene inhibition methods[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(10):1383-1392.
[18]DICK R P.A review:long-term effects of agricultural systems on soil biochemical and microbial parameters[J].Agriculture,ecosystems&environment,1992,40:25-36.
[19]LADD J N.Soil enzymes:Soil organic matter and biological activity[M].Springer Netherlands,1985:175-221.
[20]HE X,STEVENSON F,MULVANEY R,et al.Incorporation of newly immobilized 15N into stable organic forms in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1988,20:75-81.
[21]李全胜,林先贵,胡君利,等.近地层臭氧浓度升高对麦田土壤氨氧化与反硝化细菌活性的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26:524-528.
[22]王小纯,李高飞,安帅,等.氮素形态对中后期小麦根际土壤氮转化微生物及酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,24(6):204-207.
[23]GEISSELER D,HORWATH W R.Relationship between carbon and nitrogen availability and extracellular enzyme activities in soil[J].Pedobiologia,2009,53(1):87-98.
[24]SONG X,HU T,XIAN J,et al.Soil enzyme activities and its response to simulated nitrogen deposition in an evergreen broadleaved forest,southern Sichuan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29:1234-1240.
[25]WANG Q,WANG S,LIU Y.Responses to N and P fertilization in a young Eucalyptus dunnii plantation:Microbial properties,enzyme activities and dissolved organic matter[J].Applied soil ecology,2008,40:484-490.
[26]张晓影,王鹏,周斌.冬小麦幼苗生长和化感物质对CO2和O3浓度升高的响应[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(10):2843-2849.
[27]GEISSELER D,HORWATH W R,JOERGENSEN R G,et al.Pathways of nitrogen utilization by soil microorganisms-A review[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2010,42(12):2058-2067.
[28]YAO H,GAO Y,NICOLl G W,et al.Links between ammonia oxidizer community structure,abundance and nitrification potential in acidic soils[J].Applied and environmental microbiology,2011,77:618-4625.
[29]王小燕,于振文.不同小麦品种主要品质性状及相关酶活性研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(3):301-306.
[30]侯有良,钟改荣.小麦不同器官氮素积累分布动态规律的研究[J].作物学报,2001,27(4):493-499.
[31]MARTRE P R,POETER J,JAMIESON P D,et al.Modeling grain nitrogen accumulation and protein composition to understand the sink/source regulation of nitrogen remobilization for wheat[J].Plant Physiology,2003,133:1959-1967.
[32]刘恩科,梅旭荣,龚道枝,等.不同生育时期干旱对冬小麦氮素吸收与利用的影响[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(5):555-562.
[33]BURNS R G.Enzyme activity in soil:location and a possible role in microbial ecology[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1982,14(5):423-427.
[34]CAO Y,Lu C,QUAN Z,et al.Elevated O3,decreased N rhizodeposition of spring wheat and its availability to subsequent buckwheat[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,162:18-25.
[35]CHEN W,ZHANG L L,LI X Y,et al.Elevated ozone increases nitrifying and denitrifying enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of wheat after 5 years of fumigation[J].Plant and Soil,2015,392(1-2):1-10.
[36]LADD J N,BUTLER J H A.Short-term assays of soil proteolytic enzyme activities using proteins and dipeptide derivatives as substrates[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1972,4(1):19-30.
[37]武志杰,隽英华,陈利军,等.一种检测土壤硝酸还原酶活性的分析方法:CN,CN101271060[P].2008.
[38]HART S C,STARK J M,DAVIDSON E A,et al.Mineralization,Immobilization,and Nitrification[M].The sounds of sarcasm in English and Cantonese:A cross-linguistic production and perception study.1994:11-14.
[39]ABDELMAGID H M,TABATABAI M A,ABDELMAGID H M.Nitrate reductase activity of soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19(4):421-427.
[40]BRAAK C J F T.CANOCO-a FORTRAN Program for Canonical Community Ordination by Canonical Correspondence Analysis,Principal Component Analysis and Redundancy Analysis(version 2.1)[J].1987.
[41]LU C,CAO Y,HE C,et al.Effects of elevated O3 and CO2on the relative contribution of carbohydrates to soil organic matter in an agricultural soil[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,159:47-55.