雪被斑块对川西亚高山冷杉林土壤氮转化酶活性的影响
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摘要
在2012和2013年冬季雪被形成的3个关键时期(雪被形成期、稳定期和消融期),测定川西亚高山岷江冷杉林3类雪被斑块(厚雪被斑块、中厚度雪被斑块和浅雪被斑块)土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的脲酶、硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性特征.结果表明:整个冬季,厚雪被斑块土壤温度比中厚度雪被斑块和浅雪被斑块土壤温度分别增加46.2%和26.2%,浅雪被斑块的3种土壤氮转化酶活性是厚雪被斑块的0.8~3.9倍.在雪被形成期和消融期,浅雪被斑块显著增加了土壤有机层和矿质土壤层3种氮转化酶活性;而在雪被稳定期,中厚度雪被斑块或厚雪被斑块土壤具有较高的氮转化酶活性,但与浅雪被斑块的土壤氮转化酶活性差异均不显著;整个冬季,雪被对土壤氮转化酶活性的影响与采样时期、土壤层次和酶种类有关;3种土壤氮转化酶活性在整个冬季均具有明显动态变化;土壤有机层的氮转化酶活性显著高于矿质土壤层;脲酶、硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性与温度、水分密切相关.短期内气候变暖情景下冬季雪被减少可能提高土壤氮转化酶活性,进而加速了亚高山森林冬季土壤氮转化过程.
This study characterized the dynamics of the activities of urease,nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in both soil organic layer and mineral soil layer under three depths of snow pack( deep snowpack,moderate snowpack and shallow snowpack) over the three critical periods( snow formed period,snow stable period,and snow melt period) in the subalpine Abies faxoniana forest of western Sichuan in the winter of 2012 and 2013. Throughout the winter,soil temperature under deep snowpack increased by 46. 2% and 26. 2%,respectively in comparison with moderate snowpack and shallow snowpack. In general,the three nitrogen-related soil enzyme activities under shallow snowpack were 0. 8 to 3. 9 times of those under deep snowpack during the winter. In the beginning and thawing periods of seasonal snow pack,shallow snowpack significantly increased the activities of urease,nitrate and nitrite reductase enzyme in both soil organic layer and mineral soil layer. Although the activities of the studied enzymes in soil organic layer and mineral soil layer were observed to be higher than those under deep- and moderate snowpacks in deep winter,no significant difference was found under the three snow packs. Meanwhile,the effects of snowpack on the activities of the measured enzymes were related with season,soil layer and enzyme type. Significant variations of the activities of nitrogen-related enzymes were found in three critical periods over the winter,and the three measured soil enzymes were significantly higher in organic layer than in mineral layer. In addition,the activities of the three measured soil enzymes were closely related with temperature and moisture in soils. In conclusion,the decrease of snow pack induced by winter warming might increase the activities of soil enzymes related with nitrogen transformation and further stimulate the process of wintertime nitrogen transformation in soils of the subalpine forest.
This study characterized the dynamics of the activities of urease,nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in both soil organic layer and mineral soil layer under three depths of snow pack( deep snowpack,moderate snowpack and shallow snowpack) over the three critical periods( snow formed period,snow stable period,and snow melt period) in the subalpine Abies faxoniana forest of western Sichuan in the winter of 2012 and 2013. Throughout the winter,soil temperature under deep snowpack increased by 46. 2% and 26. 2%,respectively in comparison with moderate snowpack and shallow snowpack. In general,the three nitrogen-related soil enzyme activities under shallow snowpack were 0. 8 to 3. 9 times of those under deep snowpack during the winter. In the beginning and thawing periods of seasonal snow pack,shallow snowpack significantly increased the activities of urease,nitrate and nitrite reductase enzyme in both soil organic layer and mineral soil layer. Although the activities of the studied enzymes in soil organic layer and mineral soil layer were observed to be higher than those under deep- and moderate snowpacks in deep winter,no significant difference was found under the three snow packs. Meanwhile,the effects of snowpack on the activities of the measured enzymes were related with season,soil layer and enzyme type. Significant variations of the activities of nitrogen-related enzymes were found in three critical periods over the winter,and the three measured soil enzymes were significantly higher in organic layer than in mineral layer. In addition,the activities of the three measured soil enzymes were closely related with temperature and moisture in soils. In conclusion,the decrease of snow pack induced by winter warming might increase the activities of soil enzymes related with nitrogen transformation and further stimulate the process of wintertime nitrogen transformation in soils of the subalpine forest.
引文
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[5]Varhola A,Coops NC,Bater CW.The influence of ground-and lidar-derived forest structure metrics on snow accumulation and ablation in disturbed forests.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2010,40:812-821
[6]Liu L(刘琳),Wu Y(吴彦),He Y-X(何奕忻),et al.Effects of seasonal snow cover on soil nitrogen transformation in alpine ecosystem:A review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(8):2193-2200(in Chinese)
[7]Wu Q-Q(武启骞),Wu F-Z(吴福忠),Yang W-Q(杨万勤),et al.Effect of seasonal snow cover on litter decomposition in alpine forest.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2013,37(4):296-305(in Chinese)
[8]Campbell JL,Ollinger SV,Flerchinger GN,et al.Past and projected future changes in snowpack and soil frost at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,New Hampshire,USA.Hydrological Processes,2010,24:2465-2480
[9]Zhao H-L(赵哈林),Zhou R-L(周瑞莲),Zhao Y(赵悦).Advance in snow ecology study in the world.Advance in Earth Sciences(地球科学进展),2004,19(2):296-304(in Chinese)
[10]Steinweg JM,Fisk MC,McAlexander B,et al.Experimental snowpack reduction alters organic matter and net N mineralization potential of soil macroaggregates in a northern hardwood forest.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2008,45:1-10
[11]Decker KLM,Wang D,Waite C,et al.Snow removal and ambient air temperature effects on forest soil temperatures in northern Vermont.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67:1234-1242
[12]IPCC.Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis.The Fourth Assessment Report of Working Group[EB/OL].(2007-05-14)[2008-01-12].http://www.ipcc.ch/cited
[13]Wu X(伍星),Shen Z-Y(沈珍瑶).Effects of freezing-thawing cycle on greenhouse gases production and emission from soil:A review.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2010,29(7):1432-1439(in Chinese)
[14]Liu L(刘利),Wu F-Z(吴福忠),Yang W-Q(杨万勤),et al.Soil bacterial diversity in the subalpine/alpine forests of western Sichuan at the early stage of freeze-thaw season.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2010,30(20):5687-5694(in Chinese)
[15]Wu FZ,Yang WQ,Zhang J,et al.Litter decomposition in two subalpine forests during the freeze-thaw season.Acta Oecologica,2010,36:135-140
[16]Tan B,Wu FZ,Yang WQ,et al.Characteristics of soil animal community in the subalpine/alpine forests of western Sichuan during onset of freezing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30:93-99
[17]Guan S-Y(关松荫).Soil Enzyme and Its Research Methods.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1986(in Chinese)
[18]Wu Z-J(武志杰),Jun Y-H(隽英华),Chen L-J(陈利军),et al.An analysis method of detecting soil nitrate reductase activity.China,200710010680.5.2008-09-24(in Chinese)
[19]Wu Z-J(武志杰),Sun Z-M(孙志梅),Zhang L-L(张丽莉),et al.An analysis method of detecting soil nitrite reductase activity.China,200510047888.5.2007-06-13(in Chinese)
[20]Baum C,Leinweber P,Schlichting A.Effects of chemical conditions in rewetted peats temporal variation in microbial biomass and acid phosphatase activity within the growing season.Applied Soil Ecology,2003,22:167-174
[21]Xia L(夏磊),Wu F-Z(吴福忠),Yang W-Q(杨万勤).Contribution of soil fauna to mass loss of Abies faxoniana leaf litter during the freeze-thaw season.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2011,35(11):1127-1135(in Chinese)
[22]Xu Z-F(徐振锋),Tang Z(唐正),Wan C(万川),et al.Effects of simulated warming on soil enzyme activities in two subalpine coniferous forests in west Sichuan.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2010,21(11):2727-2733(in Chinese)
[23]Yang Y-L(杨玉莲),Wu F-Z(吴福忠),Yang W-Q(杨万勤),et al.Effects of snow pack removal on soil hydrolase enzyme activities in an alpine Abies faxoniana forest of western Sichuan.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2012,32(22):7045-7052(in Chinese)
[24]Kang HJ,Freeman C.Phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities in wetland soils:Annual variation and controlling factors.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31:449-454
[25]Koponen HT,Jaakkola T,Keinanen-Toivola MM,et al.Microbial communities,biomass and activities in soils as affected by freeze thaw cycles.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38:1861-1871
[26]Edwards KA,McCulloch J,Kershaw GP.Soil microbial and nutrient dynamics in a wet arctic sedge meadow in late winter and early spring.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38:2843-2851
[27]Tan B(谭波),Wu F-Z(吴福忠),Yang W-Q(杨万勤),et al.Effects of snow pack removal on the dynamics of winter time soil temperature,carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus in alpine forests of west Sichuan.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(10):2553-2559(in Chinese)
[28]Tierney GL,Fahey TJ,Groffman PM,et al.Soil freezing alters fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest.Biogeochemistry,2001,56:175-190
[29]Repo T,Roitto M,Sutinen S.Does the removal of snowpack and the consequent changes in soil frost affect the physiology of Norway spruce needles?Environmental and Experimental Botany,2011,72:387-396
[30]Wang L-F(汪连峰),Cai Y-J(蔡延江),Xie H-T(解宏图).Relationships of soil physical and microbial properties with nitrous oxide emission under effects of freezing-thawing cycles.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2007,18(10):2361-2366(in Chinese)
[31]Chen L-J(陈利军),Wu Z-J(武志杰),Jiang Y(姜勇),et al.Response of N transformation related soil enzyme activities to inhibitor applications.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2002,13(9):1099-1103(in Chinese)
[32]Barton L,Schipper LA,Smith CT,et al.Denitrification enzyme activity is limited by soil aeration in a wastewater-irrigated forest soil.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2000,32:385-389
[33]Bai H-Y(白红英),Han J-G(韩建刚),Zhao Y-P(赵一萍).Correlation between physical,chemical and biological properties and denitrifying enzyme activity,N2O flux in soil profiles.Agro-Environmental Protection(农业环境保护),2002,21(3):193-196(in Chinese)
[34]Wang Y(王莹),Hu C-S(胡春胜).Research advances on community structure and function of denitrifiers.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2010,18(6):1378-1384(in Chinese)
[35]Morkved PT,Dorsch P,Henriksen TM,et al.N2O emissions and product ratios of nitrification and denitrification as affected by freezing and thawing.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38:3411-3420
[36]Gaul D,Hertel D,Leuschner C.Effects of experimental soil frost on the fine-root system of mature Norway spruce.Journal of Plant Nutrition Soil Science,2008,171:690-698
[37]Sharma S,Szele Z,Schilling R,et al.Influence of freeze-thaw stress on the structure and function of microbial communities and denitrifying populations in soil.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2006,72:2148-2154
[2]Zhang YS,Wang SS,Barr AG,et al.Impact of snow cover on soil temperature and its simulation in a boreal aspen forest.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2008,52:355-370
[3]Groffman PM,Driscoll CT,Fahey TJ,et al.Colder soils in a warmer world:A snow manipulation study in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem.Biogeochemistry,2001,56:135-150
[4]Groffman PM,Hardy JP,Samuel FK,et al.Snow depth,soil freezing and nitrogen cycling in a northern hardwood forest landscape.Biogeochemistry,2011,102:223-238
[5]Varhola A,Coops NC,Bater CW.The influence of ground-and lidar-derived forest structure metrics on snow accumulation and ablation in disturbed forests.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2010,40:812-821
[6]Liu L(刘琳),Wu Y(吴彦),He Y-X(何奕忻),et al.Effects of seasonal snow cover on soil nitrogen transformation in alpine ecosystem:A review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(8):2193-2200(in Chinese)
[7]Wu Q-Q(武启骞),Wu F-Z(吴福忠),Yang W-Q(杨万勤),et al.Effect of seasonal snow cover on litter decomposition in alpine forest.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2013,37(4):296-305(in Chinese)
[8]Campbell JL,Ollinger SV,Flerchinger GN,et al.Past and projected future changes in snowpack and soil frost at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,New Hampshire,USA.Hydrological Processes,2010,24:2465-2480
[9]Zhao H-L(赵哈林),Zhou R-L(周瑞莲),Zhao Y(赵悦).Advance in snow ecology study in the world.Advance in Earth Sciences(地球科学进展),2004,19(2):296-304(in Chinese)
[10]Steinweg JM,Fisk MC,McAlexander B,et al.Experimental snowpack reduction alters organic matter and net N mineralization potential of soil macroaggregates in a northern hardwood forest.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2008,45:1-10
[11]Decker KLM,Wang D,Waite C,et al.Snow removal and ambient air temperature effects on forest soil temperatures in northern Vermont.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67:1234-1242
[12]IPCC.Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis.The Fourth Assessment Report of Working Group[EB/OL].(2007-05-14)[2008-01-12].http://www.ipcc.ch/cited
[13]Wu X(伍星),Shen Z-Y(沈珍瑶).Effects of freezing-thawing cycle on greenhouse gases production and emission from soil:A review.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2010,29(7):1432-1439(in Chinese)
[14]Liu L(刘利),Wu F-Z(吴福忠),Yang W-Q(杨万勤),et al.Soil bacterial diversity in the subalpine/alpine forests of western Sichuan at the early stage of freeze-thaw season.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2010,30(20):5687-5694(in Chinese)
[15]Wu FZ,Yang WQ,Zhang J,et al.Litter decomposition in two subalpine forests during the freeze-thaw season.Acta Oecologica,2010,36:135-140
[16]Tan B,Wu FZ,Yang WQ,et al.Characteristics of soil animal community in the subalpine/alpine forests of western Sichuan during onset of freezing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30:93-99
[17]Guan S-Y(关松荫).Soil Enzyme and Its Research Methods.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1986(in Chinese)
[18]Wu Z-J(武志杰),Jun Y-H(隽英华),Chen L-J(陈利军),et al.An analysis method of detecting soil nitrate reductase activity.China,200710010680.5.2008-09-24(in Chinese)
[19]Wu Z-J(武志杰),Sun Z-M(孙志梅),Zhang L-L(张丽莉),et al.An analysis method of detecting soil nitrite reductase activity.China,200510047888.5.2007-06-13(in Chinese)
[20]Baum C,Leinweber P,Schlichting A.Effects of chemical conditions in rewetted peats temporal variation in microbial biomass and acid phosphatase activity within the growing season.Applied Soil Ecology,2003,22:167-174
[21]Xia L(夏磊),Wu F-Z(吴福忠),Yang W-Q(杨万勤).Contribution of soil fauna to mass loss of Abies faxoniana leaf litter during the freeze-thaw season.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2011,35(11):1127-1135(in Chinese)
[22]Xu Z-F(徐振锋),Tang Z(唐正),Wan C(万川),et al.Effects of simulated warming on soil enzyme activities in two subalpine coniferous forests in west Sichuan.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2010,21(11):2727-2733(in Chinese)
[23]Yang Y-L(杨玉莲),Wu F-Z(吴福忠),Yang W-Q(杨万勤),et al.Effects of snow pack removal on soil hydrolase enzyme activities in an alpine Abies faxoniana forest of western Sichuan.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2012,32(22):7045-7052(in Chinese)
[24]Kang HJ,Freeman C.Phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities in wetland soils:Annual variation and controlling factors.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31:449-454
[25]Koponen HT,Jaakkola T,Keinanen-Toivola MM,et al.Microbial communities,biomass and activities in soils as affected by freeze thaw cycles.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38:1861-1871
[26]Edwards KA,McCulloch J,Kershaw GP.Soil microbial and nutrient dynamics in a wet arctic sedge meadow in late winter and early spring.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38:2843-2851
[27]Tan B(谭波),Wu F-Z(吴福忠),Yang W-Q(杨万勤),et al.Effects of snow pack removal on the dynamics of winter time soil temperature,carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus in alpine forests of west Sichuan.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(10):2553-2559(in Chinese)
[28]Tierney GL,Fahey TJ,Groffman PM,et al.Soil freezing alters fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest.Biogeochemistry,2001,56:175-190
[29]Repo T,Roitto M,Sutinen S.Does the removal of snowpack and the consequent changes in soil frost affect the physiology of Norway spruce needles?Environmental and Experimental Botany,2011,72:387-396
[30]Wang L-F(汪连峰),Cai Y-J(蔡延江),Xie H-T(解宏图).Relationships of soil physical and microbial properties with nitrous oxide emission under effects of freezing-thawing cycles.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2007,18(10):2361-2366(in Chinese)
[31]Chen L-J(陈利军),Wu Z-J(武志杰),Jiang Y(姜勇),et al.Response of N transformation related soil enzyme activities to inhibitor applications.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2002,13(9):1099-1103(in Chinese)
[32]Barton L,Schipper LA,Smith CT,et al.Denitrification enzyme activity is limited by soil aeration in a wastewater-irrigated forest soil.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2000,32:385-389
[33]Bai H-Y(白红英),Han J-G(韩建刚),Zhao Y-P(赵一萍).Correlation between physical,chemical and biological properties and denitrifying enzyme activity,N2O flux in soil profiles.Agro-Environmental Protection(农业环境保护),2002,21(3):193-196(in Chinese)
[34]Wang Y(王莹),Hu C-S(胡春胜).Research advances on community structure and function of denitrifiers.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2010,18(6):1378-1384(in Chinese)
[35]Morkved PT,Dorsch P,Henriksen TM,et al.N2O emissions and product ratios of nitrification and denitrification as affected by freezing and thawing.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38:3411-3420
[36]Gaul D,Hertel D,Leuschner C.Effects of experimental soil frost on the fine-root system of mature Norway spruce.Journal of Plant Nutrition Soil Science,2008,171:690-698
[37]Sharma S,Szele Z,Schilling R,et al.Influence of freeze-thaw stress on the structure and function of microbial communities and denitrifying populations in soil.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2006,72:2148-2154