青藏高原理塘地区土壤热参数的确定及其土壤温度模拟试验
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摘要
为了准确获取青藏高原理塘地区的土壤热参数,利用2006年8月27日至9月4日期间青藏高原理塘地区陆面过程试验采集的土壤温度资料,分别采用位相法、振幅法以及耦合热传导-对流法计算了0~10 cm,10~15 cm,15~20 cm三层土壤热扩散率,并用耦合热传导-对流法计算了土壤液态水通量密度。根据计算结果,以地表温度作为上边界条件,分别模拟了9月19-21日期间10 cm、15 cm和20 cm三个深度的土壤温度。对比模拟值与观测值后发现:由于考虑了土壤中液态水的动态变化,耦合热传导-对流法对各层土壤温度模拟效果最为理想,其模拟值与观测值的相关系数分别为:r10cm=0.97、r15cm=0.98、r20cm=0.99,置信度为99%。其中,对10 cm深度而言,耦合热传导-对流法模拟的土壤温度位相比实际观测值平均前移约0.21 h,土壤温度日振幅比实际值高估约0.79℃,而振幅法则平均前移约0.45 h,位相法高估土壤温度日振幅约0.96℃。
In order to obtain the soil thermal parameters accurately,the soil thermal diffusivity is calculated by phase method,amplitude method and thermal conduction-convection algorithm respectively,and water flux density is calculated by the thermal conduction-convection algorithm,using the soil temperature data collected from Litang site over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau during 27 August to 4 September 2006. Taking the soil temperature at the surface as the upper boundary,the temperature during 19 to 21 September 2006 for the soil layers at the depth of10 cm,15 cm and 20 cm are modeled by the three methods mentioned before based on the computed soil thermal diffusivity and water flux density results. The results showthat: due to taking the soil water movement into account,the correlation coefficients between the modeled values simulated by thermal conduction-convection algorithm and the observed data are the highest,r10cm= 0. 97,r15cm= 0. 98 and r20cm= 0. 99,respectively,confidence level is 99%. On the depth of 0. 1 m,the soil temperature phase shift is overestimated about 0. 21 hours by the thermal conduction-convection algorithm. However,the amplitude methods overestimate the phase shift more than 0. 45 hours. The daily amplitude of soil temperature is overestimated about 0. 79 ℃ by the thermal conduction-convection algorithm,but more than 0. 96 ℃ by the phase methods. The thermal conduction-convection algorithm simulates the soil temperature better than the other two methods.
In order to obtain the soil thermal parameters accurately,the soil thermal diffusivity is calculated by phase method,amplitude method and thermal conduction-convection algorithm respectively,and water flux density is calculated by the thermal conduction-convection algorithm,using the soil temperature data collected from Litang site over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau during 27 August to 4 September 2006. Taking the soil temperature at the surface as the upper boundary,the temperature during 19 to 21 September 2006 for the soil layers at the depth of10 cm,15 cm and 20 cm are modeled by the three methods mentioned before based on the computed soil thermal diffusivity and water flux density results. The results showthat: due to taking the soil water movement into account,the correlation coefficients between the modeled values simulated by thermal conduction-convection algorithm and the observed data are the highest,r10cm= 0. 97,r15cm= 0. 98 and r20cm= 0. 99,respectively,confidence level is 99%. On the depth of 0. 1 m,the soil temperature phase shift is overestimated about 0. 21 hours by the thermal conduction-convection algorithm. However,the amplitude methods overestimate the phase shift more than 0. 45 hours. The daily amplitude of soil temperature is overestimated about 0. 79 ℃ by the thermal conduction-convection algorithm,but more than 0. 96 ℃ by the phase methods. The thermal conduction-convection algorithm simulates the soil temperature better than the other two methods.
引文
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Gao Z,Bian L,Hu Y,et al.2007.Determination of soil temperature in an arid region[J].J Arid Environ,71(2):157-168.
Gao Z,Chae N,Kim J,et al.2004.M odeling of surface energy partitioning,surface temperature,and soil w etness in the Tibetan prairie using the Simple Biosphere M odel 2(Si B2)[J].J Geophys Res,109(1):D06102.
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Gao Z,Wang J,M a Y,et al.2000.Calculation of near-surface layer turbulent transport and analysis of surface thermal equilibrium features in Naqu of Tibet[J].Phys Chem Earth(B),25(2):135-139.
Gao Z.2005.Determination of soil heat flux in a Tibetan short-grass prairie[J].Bound-Layer M eteor,114(1):165-178.
Garratt J R.1992.The atmospheric boundary layer[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,290-292.
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Koo M,Song Y.2008.Estimating apparent diffusivity using temperature time series:A comparison of temperature data measured in KM A boreholes and NGM N w ells[J].Geosicence Journal,12(3):255-264.
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Persaud N,Chang A C.1985.Computing mean apparent soil therma diffusivity from daily observations of soil temperature at tw o depths[J].Soil Sci,139(4):297-304.
Ren T,Kluitenberg G J,Horton R.2000.Determining soil w ater flux and pore w ater velocity by a heat pulse technique[J].Soil Sci Soc Amer J,64(1):552-560.
Shao M,Horton R,Jaynes D B.1998.Analytical solution for one-dimensional heat conduction-convection equation[J].Soil Sci Soc Amer J,62(11):123-128.
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Wu A,Ni Y.1999.The effects of Tibetan Plateau on the anomalous variation of Asia M onsoon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere system[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,13(1):21-34.
Wu W,Tang X P,Yang C,et al.2013.Spatiotemporal modeling of monthly soil temperature using artificial neural netw orks[J].Theor Appl Climatol,113(5):481-494.
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陈星,余晔,陈晋北,等.2014.黄土高原半干旱区冬小麦田土壤热通量的计算方法研究[J].高原气象,33(6):1514-1525.Chen Xin,Yu Hua,Chen Jinbei,et al.2014.Study of estimation of soil heat flux at a w heat field in semi-arid area of Loss plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,33(6):1514-1525.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00091.
高以信.1995.青藏高原土壤区划[J].山地研究,13(4):203-211.Gao Yixin.1995.Soil regionalization of the Qianghai-Xizang Plateau[J].M ountain Res,13(4):203-211.
贾东于,文军,张堂堂,等.2014.黄土高原降水对土壤含水量和导热率的影响[J].高原气象,33(3):712-720.Jia Dongyu,Wen Jun,Zhang Tangtang,et al.2014.Response of soil w ater content and soil thermal conductivity on precipitation in Loss plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,33(3):712-720.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00049.
李燕,刘新,李伟平.2012.青藏高原地区不同下垫面陆面过程的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,31(3):581-591.Li Yan,Liu Xin,Li Weiping.2012.Numerical simulation of land surface process at different underlying surface in Tibetan plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,31(3):581-591.
李毅,邵明安,王文焰,等.2003.质地对土壤热性质的影响研究[J].农业工程学报,19(4):62-65.Li Yi,Shao Mingan,Wang Wenyan,et al.2003.Influence of soil textures on the thermal properties[J].Trans CSAE,19(4):62-65.
刘树华,黄子琛,刘立超,等.1995.植被对近地面层水热交换影响的参数化模型[J].应用生态学报,6(2):149-154.Liu Shuhua,Huang Zichen,Liu Lichao,et al.1995.A parameterized model on moisture-heat exchange at near-ground layer[J].Chinese J Appl Ecol,6(2):149-154.
刘树华.2004.环境物理学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,93-127.Liu Shuhua.2004.Environmental Physics[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,93-127.
缪育聪,刘树华,吕世华,等.2012.土壤热扩散率及其温度、热通量计算方法的比较研究[J].地球物理学报,55(2):441-451.M iao Yucong,Liu Shuhua,Lv Shihua,et al.2012.A comparative study of computing methods of soil thermal diffusivity,temperature and heat flux[J].Chinese J Geophys,55(2):441-451.DOI:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.02.008.
秦艳慧,吴通华,李韧,等.2015.EAR-Interim地表温度资料在青藏高原多年冻土区的适用性[J].高原气象,34(3):666-675.Qin Yanhui,Wu Tonghua,Li Ren,et al.2015.Application of ERA product of land surface temperature in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,34(3):666-675.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00151.
任图生,邵明安,巨兆强,等.2004a.利用热脉冲-时域反射技术测定土壤水热动态和物理参数Ⅰ.原理[J].土壤物理学报,41(2):225-229.Ren Tusehng,Shao Mingan,Ju Zhaoqiang,et al.2004a.M easurement of soil physical properties w ith thermos-time domain reflectometryⅠ[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,41(2):225-229.
任图生,邵明安,巨兆强,等.2004b.利用热脉冲-时域反射技术测定土壤水热动态和物理参数Ⅱ.原理[J].土壤物理学报,41(2):523-529.Ren Tusehng,Shao Mingan,Ju Zhaoqiang,et al.2004b.M easurement of soil physical properties w ith thermos-time domain reflectometryⅡ[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,41(2):523-529.
王琳琳,高志球,沈新勇,等.2008.土壤水分的垂直运动对黄土高原糜田土壤温度的影响[J].南京气象学院学报,31(3):363-368.Wang Linlin,Gao Zhiqiu,Shen Xinyong,et al.2008.Impact of soil w ater vertical movement on the soil temperature in a broom corn millet field over Loess plateau[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of M eteorology,31(3):363-368.
王琳琳.2010.耦合热传导-对流过程的土壤温度模型之研究[D].北京:中国科学院大气物理研究所,21.Wang Linlin.2010.Study of coupled heat conduction-convection model of soil temperature[D].Beijing:Atmospheric Physics Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences,21.
王愚,胡泽勇,荀学义,等.2013.藏北高原土壤热传导率参数化方案的优化和检验[J].高原气象,32(3):646-653.Wang Yu,Hu Zeyong,Xun Xueyi,et al.2013.Optimization and test of soil thermal conductivity parameterization schemes in Northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,32(3):646-653.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00063.
熊建胜,张宇,王少影,等.2014.CLM4.0土壤水分传输方案改进在青藏高原陆面过程模拟中的效应[J].高原气象,33(2):323-336.Xiong Jiansheng,Zhang Yu,Wang Shaoying,et al.2014.Influence of soil moisture transmission scheme improvement in CLM 4.0 on simulation of land surface process in Qianghai-Xizang plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,33(2):323-336.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00012.
杨健,马耀明.2012.青藏高原典型下垫面的土壤温湿特征[J].冰川冻土,34(4):813-820.Yang Jian,Ma Yaoming.2012.Soil temperature and moisture features of typical underlying surface in the Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,34(4):813-820.
张强.1998.简评陆面过程模式[J].气象科学,18(3):295-304Zhang Qiang.1998.Simple review of land surface process mode[J].Sci Meteor Sinica,18(3):295-304.
张文纲,李述训,庞强强.2008.近45年青藏高原土壤温度的变化特征[J].地理学报,63(11):1151-1159.Zhang Wengang,L Shuxun,Pang Qiangqiang.2008.Variation characteristics of soi temperature over Qianghai-Xizang plateau in the past 45 years[J]Acta Geographic Sinica,63(11):1151-1159.
Colello G D,Grivet C.1998.M odeling of energy,w ater,and CO2flux in a temperate grassland ecosystem w ith Si B2:M ay-October 1987[J].J Atmos Sci,55(7):1141-1169.
Gao Z,Bian L,Hu Y,et al.2007.Determination of soil temperature in an arid region[J].J Arid Environ,71(2):157-168.
Gao Z,Chae N,Kim J,et al.2004.M odeling of surface energy partitioning,surface temperature,and soil w etness in the Tibetan prairie using the Simple Biosphere M odel 2(Si B2)[J].J Geophys Res,109(1):D06102.
Gao Z,Fan X,Bian L.2003.An analytical solution to one-dimensiona thermal conduction-convection in soil[J].Soil Science,168(6):99-107.
Gao Z,Wang J,M a Y,et al.2000.Calculation of near-surface layer turbulent transport and analysis of surface thermal equilibrium features in Naqu of Tibet[J].Phys Chem Earth(B),25(2):135-139.
Gao Z.2005.Determination of soil heat flux in a Tibetan short-grass prairie[J].Bound-Layer M eteor,114(1):165-178.
Garratt J R.1992.The atmospheric boundary layer[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,290-292.
Holmes T R H,Ow e M,Jeu De R A M,et al.2008.Estimating the soil temperature profile from a single depth observation:A simple empirical heatflow solution[J].Water Resour Res,44(2):W02412.
Jebamalar A S,Abraham Thambi Raja S,Jeslin Sunitha Bai S.2012Prediction of annual and seasonal temperature variation using artificial neural netw ork[J].Indian J Radio Space Phys,41(2):48-57.
Koo M,Song Y.2008.Estimating apparent diffusivity using temperature time series:A comparison of temperature data measured in KM A boreholes and NGM N w ells[J].Geosicence Journal,12(3):255-264.
Krishnamurti T N,Ramanathan Y.1982.Sensitivity of the monsoon onset to different heating[J].M on Wea Rev,39(1):1090-1306.
Lin J D.1980.On the force-restore method for prediction of ground surface temperature[J].J Geophys Res,85(C6):3251-3254.
Neena Sugathan,Biju V,Renuka G.2014.Influence of soil moisture content on surface albedo and soil thermal parameters at a tropica station[J].J Earth Syst Sci,123(5):1115-1128.
Parikh R J,Havens J A,Scott H D.1969.Thermal diffusivity and conductivity of moist porous media[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,43(4):1050-1052.
de Silans A M B P,M onteny B A,Lhomme J P.1996.Apparent soi thermal diffusivity,a case study:HAPEX-Sahel experiment[J]Agricultural and Forest M eteorology,81(3):201-216.
Persaud N,Chang A C.1985.Computing mean apparent soil therma diffusivity from daily observations of soil temperature at tw o depths[J].Soil Sci,139(4):297-304.
Ren T,Kluitenberg G J,Horton R.2000.Determining soil w ater flux and pore w ater velocity by a heat pulse technique[J].Soil Sci Soc Amer J,64(1):552-560.
Shao M,Horton R,Jaynes D B.1998.Analytical solution for one-dimensional heat conduction-convection equation[J].Soil Sci Soc Amer J,62(11):123-128.
Van Wijk W R,De Vires D A.1963.Periodic temperature variations in a homogeneous soil[J].In:Van Wijk W R(Ed),Physics of Plant Environment.North-Holland Amsterdam,103-143.
Wu A,Ni Y.1999.The effects of Tibetan Plateau on the anomalous variation of Asia M onsoon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere system[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,13(1):21-34.
Wu W,Tang X P,Yang C,et al.2013.Spatiotemporal modeling of monthly soil temperature using artificial neural netw orks[J].Theor Appl Climatol,113(5):481-494.
Zeng X,Dickinson R E.1998.Effect of surface sublayer on surface skin temperature and fluxes[J].J Climate,11(3):537-550.
Zhang Y,Chen W J,Smith S L,et al.2005,Soil temperature in Canada during the tw entieth century:Complex responses to atmospheric climate change[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,110(D3):1105-1105.
陈星,余晔,陈晋北,等.2014.黄土高原半干旱区冬小麦田土壤热通量的计算方法研究[J].高原气象,33(6):1514-1525.Chen Xin,Yu Hua,Chen Jinbei,et al.2014.Study of estimation of soil heat flux at a w heat field in semi-arid area of Loss plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,33(6):1514-1525.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00091.
高以信.1995.青藏高原土壤区划[J].山地研究,13(4):203-211.Gao Yixin.1995.Soil regionalization of the Qianghai-Xizang Plateau[J].M ountain Res,13(4):203-211.
贾东于,文军,张堂堂,等.2014.黄土高原降水对土壤含水量和导热率的影响[J].高原气象,33(3):712-720.Jia Dongyu,Wen Jun,Zhang Tangtang,et al.2014.Response of soil w ater content and soil thermal conductivity on precipitation in Loss plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,33(3):712-720.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00049.
李燕,刘新,李伟平.2012.青藏高原地区不同下垫面陆面过程的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,31(3):581-591.Li Yan,Liu Xin,Li Weiping.2012.Numerical simulation of land surface process at different underlying surface in Tibetan plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,31(3):581-591.
李毅,邵明安,王文焰,等.2003.质地对土壤热性质的影响研究[J].农业工程学报,19(4):62-65.Li Yi,Shao Mingan,Wang Wenyan,et al.2003.Influence of soil textures on the thermal properties[J].Trans CSAE,19(4):62-65.
刘树华,黄子琛,刘立超,等.1995.植被对近地面层水热交换影响的参数化模型[J].应用生态学报,6(2):149-154.Liu Shuhua,Huang Zichen,Liu Lichao,et al.1995.A parameterized model on moisture-heat exchange at near-ground layer[J].Chinese J Appl Ecol,6(2):149-154.
刘树华.2004.环境物理学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,93-127.Liu Shuhua.2004.Environmental Physics[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,93-127.
缪育聪,刘树华,吕世华,等.2012.土壤热扩散率及其温度、热通量计算方法的比较研究[J].地球物理学报,55(2):441-451.M iao Yucong,Liu Shuhua,Lv Shihua,et al.2012.A comparative study of computing methods of soil thermal diffusivity,temperature and heat flux[J].Chinese J Geophys,55(2):441-451.DOI:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.02.008.
秦艳慧,吴通华,李韧,等.2015.EAR-Interim地表温度资料在青藏高原多年冻土区的适用性[J].高原气象,34(3):666-675.Qin Yanhui,Wu Tonghua,Li Ren,et al.2015.Application of ERA product of land surface temperature in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,34(3):666-675.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00151.
任图生,邵明安,巨兆强,等.2004a.利用热脉冲-时域反射技术测定土壤水热动态和物理参数Ⅰ.原理[J].土壤物理学报,41(2):225-229.Ren Tusehng,Shao Mingan,Ju Zhaoqiang,et al.2004a.M easurement of soil physical properties w ith thermos-time domain reflectometryⅠ[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,41(2):225-229.
任图生,邵明安,巨兆强,等.2004b.利用热脉冲-时域反射技术测定土壤水热动态和物理参数Ⅱ.原理[J].土壤物理学报,41(2):523-529.Ren Tusehng,Shao Mingan,Ju Zhaoqiang,et al.2004b.M easurement of soil physical properties w ith thermos-time domain reflectometryⅡ[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,41(2):523-529.
王琳琳,高志球,沈新勇,等.2008.土壤水分的垂直运动对黄土高原糜田土壤温度的影响[J].南京气象学院学报,31(3):363-368.Wang Linlin,Gao Zhiqiu,Shen Xinyong,et al.2008.Impact of soil w ater vertical movement on the soil temperature in a broom corn millet field over Loess plateau[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of M eteorology,31(3):363-368.
王琳琳.2010.耦合热传导-对流过程的土壤温度模型之研究[D].北京:中国科学院大气物理研究所,21.Wang Linlin.2010.Study of coupled heat conduction-convection model of soil temperature[D].Beijing:Atmospheric Physics Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences,21.
王愚,胡泽勇,荀学义,等.2013.藏北高原土壤热传导率参数化方案的优化和检验[J].高原气象,32(3):646-653.Wang Yu,Hu Zeyong,Xun Xueyi,et al.2013.Optimization and test of soil thermal conductivity parameterization schemes in Northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,32(3):646-653.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00063.
熊建胜,张宇,王少影,等.2014.CLM4.0土壤水分传输方案改进在青藏高原陆面过程模拟中的效应[J].高原气象,33(2):323-336.Xiong Jiansheng,Zhang Yu,Wang Shaoying,et al.2014.Influence of soil moisture transmission scheme improvement in CLM 4.0 on simulation of land surface process in Qianghai-Xizang plateau[J].Plateau M eteor,33(2):323-336.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00012.
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