基于站点观测和模式模拟的北京市土壤湿度
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摘要
为了获取全面的地面表层的时空变化信息,研究行政区域尺度内的水循环和能量循环,必需结合模型模拟和站点观测。基于国家气象局开发的时空连续的CLDAS土壤湿度产品,结合已获取的北京市区域内82个监测站点的逐日土壤湿度监测数据,评估CLDAS土壤湿度产品在行政区域尺度内的准确性与一致性,进一步获取北京市行政区域内的精确、全面、连续的土壤湿度时空变化信息,并在此基础上分析北京市土壤墒情时空变异特征。对比分析CLDAS产品和站点观测两种土壤湿度数据显示,北京市2013年10月1日至12月31日范围内CLDAS产品具有以下特点:CLDAS产品基本与观测数据具有一致变化的趋势,除顺义外CLDAS产品均高于观测数据。当日20∶00的土壤湿度均高于8∶00的土壤湿度,在平均气温降为0℃后,土壤湿度波动剧烈,20∶00与8∶00的土壤湿度出现显著差异。在时间尺度上,随着降水的减少,北京市的土壤湿度在逐渐降低。在空间尺度上,北京市干旱范围在逐渐扩大,并且呈现以昌平为中心的极旱逐渐蔓延至多个区。由于顺义区土壤相对湿度较高,呈现另外一个以顺义为中心的土壤相对湿度逐渐变小的区域,但空间范围变化较小。
It is of great significance to accurately and objectively evaluate the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of soil moisture in studies on the biochemical evolution process of the earth surface. Thus, the combination of model simulation and site observation is necessary to studying water and energy recycling at a regional scale especially. In this paper,based on daily soil surface(0-10 cm) moisture data of 82 monitoring stations in Beijing and GLDAS soil moisture products, the accuracy and consistency of CLDAS was evaluated and the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture content in Beijing was examined. The root mean square error(RMSE) was used to identify the consistency of CLDAS products and observation values. Specifically, we compared and analyzed the accumulated values of CLDAS products and observation data in 1 day(8∶00, 20∶00), 7 days(8∶00, 20∶00), 15 days(8∶00, 20∶00), 31days(8∶00, 20∶00), 61 days(8∶00, 20∶00), and 92 days(8∶00, 20∶00). The results showed that:(1) Although the data from CLDAS products were generally slightly higher than the measured data, CLDAS products and site observation data show a good consistency that RMSE in various countries was almost around 10;(2) CLDAS products could reflect the distribution characteristics of soil moisture in Beijing when the temperature was higher than 0 ℃, while there existed a bias in GLDAS products when the temperature was lower than 0 ℃;(3) Based on drought identification based on soil moisture data, we found that the drought area in Beijing was gradually expanding and one extreme drought center was spreading from Changping(soil relative moisture content < 30%) to other districts. Meanwhile, the other area with high soil relative humidity(soil relative moisture content > 50%), centered in Shunyi District, gradually decreased at a spatial scale;(4) In terms of temporal scale, soil moisture in Beijing gradually decreased with the decrease of precipitation that soil humidity at 20∶00 was all higher than that at 8∶00 in the same day(MEobs>0). When the temperature was lower than 0 ℃, soil humidity at20∶00 and 8∶00 became significantly different. These conclusions would help us make effective use of GLDAS products in soil moisture related studies and would help us know the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture content in Beijing.
It is of great significance to accurately and objectively evaluate the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of soil moisture in studies on the biochemical evolution process of the earth surface. Thus, the combination of model simulation and site observation is necessary to studying water and energy recycling at a regional scale especially. In this paper,based on daily soil surface(0-10 cm) moisture data of 82 monitoring stations in Beijing and GLDAS soil moisture products, the accuracy and consistency of CLDAS was evaluated and the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture content in Beijing was examined. The root mean square error(RMSE) was used to identify the consistency of CLDAS products and observation values. Specifically, we compared and analyzed the accumulated values of CLDAS products and observation data in 1 day(8∶00, 20∶00), 7 days(8∶00, 20∶00), 15 days(8∶00, 20∶00), 31days(8∶00, 20∶00), 61 days(8∶00, 20∶00), and 92 days(8∶00, 20∶00). The results showed that:(1) Although the data from CLDAS products were generally slightly higher than the measured data, CLDAS products and site observation data show a good consistency that RMSE in various countries was almost around 10;(2) CLDAS products could reflect the distribution characteristics of soil moisture in Beijing when the temperature was higher than 0 ℃, while there existed a bias in GLDAS products when the temperature was lower than 0 ℃;(3) Based on drought identification based on soil moisture data, we found that the drought area in Beijing was gradually expanding and one extreme drought center was spreading from Changping(soil relative moisture content < 30%) to other districts. Meanwhile, the other area with high soil relative humidity(soil relative moisture content > 50%), centered in Shunyi District, gradually decreased at a spatial scale;(4) In terms of temporal scale, soil moisture in Beijing gradually decreased with the decrease of precipitation that soil humidity at 20∶00 was all higher than that at 8∶00 in the same day(MEobs>0). When the temperature was lower than 0 ℃, soil humidity at20∶00 and 8∶00 became significantly different. These conclusions would help us make effective use of GLDAS products in soil moisture related studies and would help us know the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture content in Beijing.
引文
[1]郭维栋,马柱国,姚永红.近50年中国北方土壤湿度的区域演变特征.地理学报, 2003, 68(S1):83-90.[GUO W D,MA Z G, YAO Y H. Regional characteristics of soil moisture evolution in northern China over recent 50 years. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003, 68(S1):83-90.]
[2]兰鑫宇,郭子祺,田野,等.土壤湿度遥感估算同化研究综述.地球科学进展, 2015, 30(6):668-679.[LAN X Y, GUO Z Q, TIAN Y, et al. Review in soil moisture remote sensing estimation based on data assimilation. Advances in Earth Science, 2015, 30(6):668-679.]
[3] REICHLE R H, ENTEKHABI D, MCLAUGHLIN D B. Downscaling of radio brightness measurements for soil moisture estimation:A four dimensional variational data assimilation approach. Water Resources Research, 2001, 37(9):2353-2364.
[4] WALKER J P, HOUSER P R. A methodology for initializing soil moisture in a global climate model:Assimilation of near-surface soil moisture observations. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2001, 106(D11):11761-11774.
[5] KERR Y H. Soil moisture from space:Where are we?. Hydrogeology Journal, 2007, 15(1):117-120.
[6] ROBOCK A, VINNIKOV K Y, SRINIVASAN G, et al. The global soil moisture data bank. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2000, 81(6):1281-1300.
[7]李得勤,段云霞,张述文.土壤湿度观测、模拟和估算研究.地球科学进展, 2012, 27(4):424-434.[LI D Q, DUAN Y X, ZHANG S W. Soil moisture measurement and simulation:A review. Advances in Earth Science, 2012, 27(4):424-434.]
[8]李新,黄春林,车涛,等.中国陆面数据同化系统研究的进展与前瞻.自然科学进展, 2007, 17(2):163-173.[LI X,HUANG C L, CHE T, et al. Progress and prospect of land surface data assimilation system in China. Progress in Natural Science, 2007, 17(2):163-173.]
[9] SHI C X, XIE Z H, QIAN H, et al. China land soil moisture EnKF data assimilation based on satellite remote sensing data. Science China Earth Sciences, 2011, 54(9):1430-1440.
[10]鱼腾飞,冯起,司建华,等.遥感结合地面观测估算陆地生态系统蒸散发研究综述.地球科学进展, 2011, 26(12):1260-1268.[YU T F, FENG Q, SI J H, et al. Estimating terrestrial ecosystems evapotranspiration:A review on methods of integrateing remote sensing and ground observations. Advances in Earth Science, 2011, 26(12):1260-1268.]
[11]孙小龙,宋海清,李平,等.基于CLDAS资料的内蒙古干旱监测分析.气象, 2015, 41(10):1245-1252.[SUN X L,SONG H Q, LI P, et al. Analysis of drought monitoring in inner Mongolia based on CLDAS data. Meteorological Monthly, 2015, 41(10):1245-1252.]
[12]韩帅,师春香,林泓锦,等. CLDAS土壤湿度业务产品的干旱监测应用.冰川冻土, 2015, 37(2):446-453.[HAN S,SHI C X, LIN H J, et al. The CLDAS soil moisture operation products applied to monitor soil drought. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2015, 37(2):446-453.]
[13]王红瑞,林欣,刘琼,等.基于系统聚类的北京气温变化过程遍历特征分析.系统工程理论与实践, 2010, 30(2):193-200.[WANG H R, LIN X, LIU Q, et al. Ergodicity analysis based on system clustering for temperature variation process of Beijing. System Engineering Theory&Practice, 2010, 30(2):193-200.]
[14]徐宗学,张玲,阮本清.北京地区降水量时空分布规律分析.干旱区地理, 2006, 29(2):186-192.[XU Z X, ZHANG L,RUAN B Q. Analysis on the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation in the Beijing region. Arid Land Geography,2006, 29(2):186-192.]
[15]王红瑞,刘昌明,毛广全,等.水资源短缺对北京农业的不利影响分析与对策.自然资源学报, 2004, 19(2):160-169.[WANG H R, LIU C M, MAO G Q, et al. Negative effects of water scarcity on agriculture in Beijing and countermeasures. Journal of Natural Resources, 2004, 19(2):160-169.]
[16]陈午,许新宜,王红瑞,等.基于改进序关系法的北京市水资源可持续利用评价.自然资源学报, 2015, 30(1):164-176.[CHEN W, XU X Y, WANG H R, et al. The evaluation of water resources sustainable utilization in Beijing based on improved rank correlation analysis. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(1):164-176.]
[17]姚志龙,赵爱萍.陇东地区主要土类土壤质地及其与水分常数相关性研究.土壤通报, 2011, 42(2):280-284.[YAO Z L, ZHAO A P. The relativity of main kinds of soil texture and moisture constant in Longdong area. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2011, 42(2):280-284.]
[18]韩帅,师春香,姜立鹏,等. CLDAS土壤湿度模拟结果及评估.应用气象学报, 2017, 28(3):369-378.[HAN S, SHI C X, JIANG L P, et al. The simulation and evaluation of soil moisture based on CLDAS. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2017, 28(3):369-378.]
[19]范爱武,刘伟,王崇琦.土壤温度和水分日变化实验.太阳能学报, 2002, 23(6):721-724.[FAN A W, LIU W, WANG C Q. Experimental study on the daily changes of soil temperature and water content. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2002,23(6):721-724.]
[20]李德帅,王金艳,王式功,等.陇中黄土高原土壤水分变化特征及其机理分析.中国沙漠, 2014, 34(1):140-147.[LI D S, WANG J Y, WANG S G, et al. Soil moisture characteristics and analysis on its moving mechanism in Central Gansu, a part of the Semi-arid Loess Plateau. Journal of Desert Research, 2014, 34(1):140-147.]
[21]马柱国,魏和林,符淙斌.中国东部区域土壤湿度的变化及其与气候变率的关系.气象学报, 2000, 58(3):278-287.[MA Z G, WEI H L, FU C B. Relationship between regional soil moisture variation and climatic variability over East China. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2000, 58(3):278-287.]
[22]王晓婷,郭维栋,钟中,等.中国东部土壤温度、湿度变化的长期趋势及其与气候背景的联系.地球科学进展, 2009,24(2):181-191.[WANG X T, GUO W D, ZHONG Z, et al. Long term trends of soil moisture and temperature change in East China in relationship with climate background. Advances in Earth Science, 2009, 24(2):181-191.]
[23] SENEVIRATNE S I, CORTI T, DAVIN E L, et al. Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate:A review. Earth Science Reviews, 2010, 99(3):125-161.
[24]张蕾,吕厚荃,王良宇,等.中国土壤湿度的时空变化特征.地理学报, 2016, 71(9):1494-1508.[ZHANG L, LU H Q,WANG L Y, et al, Spatial-temporal characteristics of soil moisture in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(9):1494-1508.]
(1)中国气象报社. http://2011.cma.gov.cn/2011xwzx/2011xqxkj/2011xkjdt/201612/t20161206_344618.html.
(2)中国气象数据共享网:http://data.cma.cn.
(3)数据来源于中国气象科学数据共享服务网:http://cdc.cma.gov.cn:8081/home.do.
[2]兰鑫宇,郭子祺,田野,等.土壤湿度遥感估算同化研究综述.地球科学进展, 2015, 30(6):668-679.[LAN X Y, GUO Z Q, TIAN Y, et al. Review in soil moisture remote sensing estimation based on data assimilation. Advances in Earth Science, 2015, 30(6):668-679.]
[3] REICHLE R H, ENTEKHABI D, MCLAUGHLIN D B. Downscaling of radio brightness measurements for soil moisture estimation:A four dimensional variational data assimilation approach. Water Resources Research, 2001, 37(9):2353-2364.
[4] WALKER J P, HOUSER P R. A methodology for initializing soil moisture in a global climate model:Assimilation of near-surface soil moisture observations. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2001, 106(D11):11761-11774.
[5] KERR Y H. Soil moisture from space:Where are we?. Hydrogeology Journal, 2007, 15(1):117-120.
[6] ROBOCK A, VINNIKOV K Y, SRINIVASAN G, et al. The global soil moisture data bank. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2000, 81(6):1281-1300.
[7]李得勤,段云霞,张述文.土壤湿度观测、模拟和估算研究.地球科学进展, 2012, 27(4):424-434.[LI D Q, DUAN Y X, ZHANG S W. Soil moisture measurement and simulation:A review. Advances in Earth Science, 2012, 27(4):424-434.]
[8]李新,黄春林,车涛,等.中国陆面数据同化系统研究的进展与前瞻.自然科学进展, 2007, 17(2):163-173.[LI X,HUANG C L, CHE T, et al. Progress and prospect of land surface data assimilation system in China. Progress in Natural Science, 2007, 17(2):163-173.]
[9] SHI C X, XIE Z H, QIAN H, et al. China land soil moisture EnKF data assimilation based on satellite remote sensing data. Science China Earth Sciences, 2011, 54(9):1430-1440.
[10]鱼腾飞,冯起,司建华,等.遥感结合地面观测估算陆地生态系统蒸散发研究综述.地球科学进展, 2011, 26(12):1260-1268.[YU T F, FENG Q, SI J H, et al. Estimating terrestrial ecosystems evapotranspiration:A review on methods of integrateing remote sensing and ground observations. Advances in Earth Science, 2011, 26(12):1260-1268.]
[11]孙小龙,宋海清,李平,等.基于CLDAS资料的内蒙古干旱监测分析.气象, 2015, 41(10):1245-1252.[SUN X L,SONG H Q, LI P, et al. Analysis of drought monitoring in inner Mongolia based on CLDAS data. Meteorological Monthly, 2015, 41(10):1245-1252.]
[12]韩帅,师春香,林泓锦,等. CLDAS土壤湿度业务产品的干旱监测应用.冰川冻土, 2015, 37(2):446-453.[HAN S,SHI C X, LIN H J, et al. The CLDAS soil moisture operation products applied to monitor soil drought. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2015, 37(2):446-453.]
[13]王红瑞,林欣,刘琼,等.基于系统聚类的北京气温变化过程遍历特征分析.系统工程理论与实践, 2010, 30(2):193-200.[WANG H R, LIN X, LIU Q, et al. Ergodicity analysis based on system clustering for temperature variation process of Beijing. System Engineering Theory&Practice, 2010, 30(2):193-200.]
[14]徐宗学,张玲,阮本清.北京地区降水量时空分布规律分析.干旱区地理, 2006, 29(2):186-192.[XU Z X, ZHANG L,RUAN B Q. Analysis on the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation in the Beijing region. Arid Land Geography,2006, 29(2):186-192.]
[15]王红瑞,刘昌明,毛广全,等.水资源短缺对北京农业的不利影响分析与对策.自然资源学报, 2004, 19(2):160-169.[WANG H R, LIU C M, MAO G Q, et al. Negative effects of water scarcity on agriculture in Beijing and countermeasures. Journal of Natural Resources, 2004, 19(2):160-169.]
[16]陈午,许新宜,王红瑞,等.基于改进序关系法的北京市水资源可持续利用评价.自然资源学报, 2015, 30(1):164-176.[CHEN W, XU X Y, WANG H R, et al. The evaluation of water resources sustainable utilization in Beijing based on improved rank correlation analysis. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(1):164-176.]
[17]姚志龙,赵爱萍.陇东地区主要土类土壤质地及其与水分常数相关性研究.土壤通报, 2011, 42(2):280-284.[YAO Z L, ZHAO A P. The relativity of main kinds of soil texture and moisture constant in Longdong area. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2011, 42(2):280-284.]
[18]韩帅,师春香,姜立鹏,等. CLDAS土壤湿度模拟结果及评估.应用气象学报, 2017, 28(3):369-378.[HAN S, SHI C X, JIANG L P, et al. The simulation and evaluation of soil moisture based on CLDAS. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2017, 28(3):369-378.]
[19]范爱武,刘伟,王崇琦.土壤温度和水分日变化实验.太阳能学报, 2002, 23(6):721-724.[FAN A W, LIU W, WANG C Q. Experimental study on the daily changes of soil temperature and water content. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2002,23(6):721-724.]
[20]李德帅,王金艳,王式功,等.陇中黄土高原土壤水分变化特征及其机理分析.中国沙漠, 2014, 34(1):140-147.[LI D S, WANG J Y, WANG S G, et al. Soil moisture characteristics and analysis on its moving mechanism in Central Gansu, a part of the Semi-arid Loess Plateau. Journal of Desert Research, 2014, 34(1):140-147.]
[21]马柱国,魏和林,符淙斌.中国东部区域土壤湿度的变化及其与气候变率的关系.气象学报, 2000, 58(3):278-287.[MA Z G, WEI H L, FU C B. Relationship between regional soil moisture variation and climatic variability over East China. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2000, 58(3):278-287.]
[22]王晓婷,郭维栋,钟中,等.中国东部土壤温度、湿度变化的长期趋势及其与气候背景的联系.地球科学进展, 2009,24(2):181-191.[WANG X T, GUO W D, ZHONG Z, et al. Long term trends of soil moisture and temperature change in East China in relationship with climate background. Advances in Earth Science, 2009, 24(2):181-191.]
[23] SENEVIRATNE S I, CORTI T, DAVIN E L, et al. Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate:A review. Earth Science Reviews, 2010, 99(3):125-161.
[24]张蕾,吕厚荃,王良宇,等.中国土壤湿度的时空变化特征.地理学报, 2016, 71(9):1494-1508.[ZHANG L, LU H Q,WANG L Y, et al, Spatial-temporal characteristics of soil moisture in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(9):1494-1508.]
(1)中国气象报社. http://2011.cma.gov.cn/2011xwzx/2011xqxkj/2011xkjdt/201612/t20161206_344618.html.
(2)中国气象数据共享网:http://data.cma.cn.
(3)数据来源于中国气象科学数据共享服务网:http://cdc.cma.gov.cn:8081/home.do.