地表覆砂对季节性冻融土壤蒸发影响的试验研究
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摘要
地表土壤的无效蒸发加剧了干旱半干旱地区农业用水短缺,为了揭示季节性冻融期地表覆砂对土壤蒸发的影响,进行了地表无覆盖(LD)、覆盖厚度均为1 cm覆砂粒径为0.5～1.5 mm(XS)和1.5～2 mm(CS) 3种地表处理条件下的大田土壤蒸发量、土壤温度和土壤含水率跟踪监测试验。结果表明:冻融期地表土壤覆砂可有效改变土壤蒸发的日变化幅度,不稳定冻结阶段覆砂处理抑制蒸发效果不明显,稳定冻结阶段地表覆砂可有效抑制土壤蒸发,消融解冻阶段地表覆砂加剧了表层土壤水分蒸发;冻融期LD、XS和CS累积土壤蒸发量分别为29.87、34.32和33.43mm,土壤累积蒸发量随时间较好地符合幂函数关系。研究成果可为冻融期制定科学合理的保墒措施和有效抑制土壤蒸发提供依据。
The inefficient evaporation of surface soil exacerbates the shortage of agricultural water in arid and semi-arid areas. In order to reveal the effect of surface sand covering on soil evaporation during the seasonal freeze-thaw period,the soil evaporation,soil temperature and soil moisture content were monitored under 3 kinds of surface treatment conditions,including bare plot( LD),surface sand mulching with thickness of 1 cm and particle size of 0. 5 ～ 1. 5 mm( XS) and 1. 5 ～ 2 mm( CS). The results show that the change range of daily soil evaporation can be effectively changed by surface sand mulching during the freeze-thaw period; in the unstable freezing stage,the effect of sand mulching on the inhibition of evaporation is not obvious; during the stable freezing stage,sand mulching can effectively inhibit soil evaporation and aggravates the evaporation in the melting stage; the cumulative soil evaporation of LD,XS and CS during the freeze-thaw period is 29.87,34.32 and 33.43 mm,respectively,and the accumulated soil evaporation is well fitting with the power function relationship with time. The results provide scientific and reasonable measures of maintaining soil moisture and a basis for effective inhibition of soil evaporation during the freeze-thaw period.
The inefficient evaporation of surface soil exacerbates the shortage of agricultural water in arid and semi-arid areas. In order to reveal the effect of surface sand covering on soil evaporation during the seasonal freeze-thaw period,the soil evaporation,soil temperature and soil moisture content were monitored under 3 kinds of surface treatment conditions,including bare plot( LD),surface sand mulching with thickness of 1 cm and particle size of 0. 5 ～ 1. 5 mm( XS) and 1. 5 ～ 2 mm( CS). The results show that the change range of daily soil evaporation can be effectively changed by surface sand mulching during the freeze-thaw period; in the unstable freezing stage,the effect of sand mulching on the inhibition of evaporation is not obvious; during the stable freezing stage,sand mulching can effectively inhibit soil evaporation and aggravates the evaporation in the melting stage; the cumulative soil evaporation of LD,XS and CS during the freeze-thaw period is 29.87,34.32 and 33.43 mm,respectively,and the accumulated soil evaporation is well fitting with the power function relationship with time. The results provide scientific and reasonable measures of maintaining soil moisture and a basis for effective inhibition of soil evaporation during the freeze-thaw period.
引文
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[14]QIU Y,XIE Z K,WANG Y J,et al. Influence of gravel mulch stratum thickness andgravel grain size on evaporation resistance[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:1 908-1 913.
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[21]WU M S,HUANG J S,WU J W,et al. Experimental study on evaporation from seasonally frozen soils under various water,solute and groundwater conditions in Inner Mongolia,China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2016,535:46-53.
[22]Flerchinger,Hardegree. Modelling near-surface soil temperature and moisture for germination response predictions of post-wildfire seedbeds[J]. Journal of Arid Environment,2004,59:369-385.
[23]Flerchinger G N,Wight J R,Hanson C L. Modeling evapotranspiration and surface energy budgets across a watershed[J]. Water Resources Research,1996,32(8):2 539-2 548.
[24]Li Ruiping,Shi Haibin,Flerchinger G N,et al. Simulation of freezing and thawing soils in Inner Mongolia Hetao Irrigation District,China[J]. Geoderma,2012,173-174:28-33.
[25]Hu GuoJie,Zhao Lin,Wu Xiao Dong,et al. Modeling permafrost properties in the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2015,58(12):2 309-2 326.
[26]Wu Mousong,Jansson Per-Erik,Tan Xiao,et al. Simulations of water,heat,and solute transport in partially frozen soils[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions,2016,(11):1-41.
[27]Wu S H,Jansson P E,Zhang X Y. Modelling temperature,moisture and surface heat balance in bare soil under seasonal frost conditions in China[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,2011,62(6):780-796.
[28]吴谋松,黄介生,谭霄,等.不同地下水补给条件下非饱和砂壤土冻结试验及模拟[J].水科学进展,2014,25(1):60-68.
[29]Hansson Klas,Lundin L C. Equifinality and sensitivity in freezing and thawing simulations of laboratory and in situ data[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2006,44(1):20-37.
[30]Zhao Ying,Si Bingcheng,He Hailong. Modeling of Coupled Water and Heat Transfer in Freezing and Thawing Soils,Inner Mongolia[J]. Water,2016,8(10):424.
[31]Flerchinger G N,Sauer T J,Aiken R A. Effects of crop residue cover and architecture on heat and water transfer at the soil surface[J].Geoderma,2003,116:217-233.
[32]Li R P,Shi H B,Flerchinger G N,et al.Modeling the effect of antecedent soil water storage on water and heat status in seasonally freezing and thawing agricultural soils[J].Geoderma,2013,206:70-74.
[33]陈军锋,郑秀清,张永波,等.季节性冻融期不同潜水位埋深下土壤蒸发规律模拟研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(5):131-139.
[34]陈军锋,郑秀清,秦作栋,等.冻融期秸秆覆盖量对土壤剖面水热时空变化的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(20):102-110.
[2]王晓燕,高焕文,李洪文.旱地保护性耕作地表径流和土壤水分平衡模型[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,21(3):97-103.
[3]徐学祖,邓友生.冻土中水分迁移的实验研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.
[4]Zribi W,Aragues R,Medina E,et al. Efficiency of inorganic and organic mulching materials for soilevaporation control[J]. Soil&Tillage Research,2015,148:40-45.
[5]Mahdavia S M,Neyshabouria MR,Fujimaki H,et al. Coupled heat and moisture transfer and evaporation in mulched soils[J]. Catena,2017,151:34-48.
[6]Souza Joao V R S,Saad Joao C C,Sanchez-roman R M,et al. Notill and direct seeding agriculture in irrigated bean:Effect of incorporating crop residues on soil water availability and retention,and yield[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2016,170:158-166.
[7]Iftikhar F,Ali S. Impact of different types of mulches on soil moisture[J]. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture,2004,20(4):571-573.
[8]Nachtergaele J,Poesen J,Wesemael B Van. Gravel mulching in vineyards of Southern Switzerland[J]. Soil&Tillage Research,1998,46(1-2):51-59.
[9]Majid Fekri,Leila Sadegh Kasmaei. Effects of windy sand and LECA mulches on decreasing evaporation from soil surface[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2013,6(1):163-168.
[10]Kemper WD,Nicks AD,Corey AT. Accumulation of water in soils under gravel and sand mulches[J]. Soil Science Society of America,1994,58(1):6-63.
[11]Jimenez C C,Tejedor M,Diaz F,et al. Effectiveness of sand mulch in soil and water conservation in an arid region,Lanzarote,Canary Islands,Spain[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,60(1):63-67.
[12]Modaihah AS,Horton R,Kirkham D. Soil water evaporation suppression by sand mulches[J]. Soil Science,1985,139(4):357-361.
[13]YUAN C P,LEI T W,MAO L L,et al. Soil surface evaporation processes under mulches of different sized gravel[J]. Catena,2009,78:117-121.
[14]QIU Y,XIE Z K,WANG Y J,et al. Influence of gravel mulch stratum thickness andgravel grain size on evaporation resistance[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:1 908-1 913.
[15]Zheng W,Paula P,Yu L,et al. Modelling transpiration,soil evaporation and yield prediction of soybean in North China Plain[J].AgriculturalWater Management,2015,147:43-53.
[16]蔡永坤,李毅,冯浩.不同砂石覆盖度和粒径对土壤水分蒸发的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(6):273-277.
[17]原翠萍,张心平,雷延武,等.砂石覆盖粒径对土壤蒸发的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):25-28.
[18]Kaneko T,Kobayashi T,Wang W,et al. Estimating evaporation in winter at a field irrigated late in autumn in Inner Mongolia,China[J]. Journal-Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University,2006,51(2):407-411.
[19]Peng Z Y,Huang J S,Wu J W,et al. Effect of autumn irrigation on evaporation from seasonal frozen soils[C]∥Conference on water in Cold Region 4th,Fuyuan,Heilongjiang,China,2011.
[20]李天霄.北方季节性冻土区农田土壤水分运动规律[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2010.
[21]WU M S,HUANG J S,WU J W,et al. Experimental study on evaporation from seasonally frozen soils under various water,solute and groundwater conditions in Inner Mongolia,China[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2016,535:46-53.
[22]Flerchinger,Hardegree. Modelling near-surface soil temperature and moisture for germination response predictions of post-wildfire seedbeds[J]. Journal of Arid Environment,2004,59:369-385.
[23]Flerchinger G N,Wight J R,Hanson C L. Modeling evapotranspiration and surface energy budgets across a watershed[J]. Water Resources Research,1996,32(8):2 539-2 548.
[24]Li Ruiping,Shi Haibin,Flerchinger G N,et al. Simulation of freezing and thawing soils in Inner Mongolia Hetao Irrigation District,China[J]. Geoderma,2012,173-174:28-33.
[25]Hu GuoJie,Zhao Lin,Wu Xiao Dong,et al. Modeling permafrost properties in the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2015,58(12):2 309-2 326.
[26]Wu Mousong,Jansson Per-Erik,Tan Xiao,et al. Simulations of water,heat,and solute transport in partially frozen soils[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions,2016,(11):1-41.
[27]Wu S H,Jansson P E,Zhang X Y. Modelling temperature,moisture and surface heat balance in bare soil under seasonal frost conditions in China[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,2011,62(6):780-796.
[28]吴谋松,黄介生,谭霄,等.不同地下水补给条件下非饱和砂壤土冻结试验及模拟[J].水科学进展,2014,25(1):60-68.
[29]Hansson Klas,Lundin L C. Equifinality and sensitivity in freezing and thawing simulations of laboratory and in situ data[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology,2006,44(1):20-37.
[30]Zhao Ying,Si Bingcheng,He Hailong. Modeling of Coupled Water and Heat Transfer in Freezing and Thawing Soils,Inner Mongolia[J]. Water,2016,8(10):424.
[31]Flerchinger G N,Sauer T J,Aiken R A. Effects of crop residue cover and architecture on heat and water transfer at the soil surface[J].Geoderma,2003,116:217-233.
[32]Li R P,Shi H B,Flerchinger G N,et al.Modeling the effect of antecedent soil water storage on water and heat status in seasonally freezing and thawing agricultural soils[J].Geoderma,2013,206:70-74.
[33]陈军锋,郑秀清,张永波,等.季节性冻融期不同潜水位埋深下土壤蒸发规律模拟研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(5):131-139.
[34]陈军锋,郑秀清,秦作栋,等.冻融期秸秆覆盖量对土壤剖面水热时空变化的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(20):102-110.