基于改进物元可拓模型的鄱阳湖区耕地土壤重金属污染评价
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摘要
为了解鄱阳湖区耕地土壤重金属污染状况,采集252个耕地表层土壤样品,分析测定了Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Zn7种重金属元素的含量。鉴于土壤重金属污染的模糊性和不确定性,尝试运用物元可拓模型并对其进行改进,同时引入Hakanson毒性响应系数修正传统超标倍数赋权法权重,建立了基于改进物元可拓模型的耕地土壤重金属污染评价模型,并将其评价结果与传统评价方法结果进行对比。结果表明:样品中7种重金属的平均含量均超过当地背景值,并有不同程度累积,超标率Cr>Cu>Cd>Hg>Zn>Pb>As;运用改进后的物元可拓模型得到的鄱阳湖区耕地土壤重金属总体污染情况为尚清洁状态,都昌县、湖口县、共青城市的污染等级均为清洁级,其余地区均为尚清洁状态;改进物元可拓法与传统评价方法得到的评价结果基本一致,表明改进物元可拓模型在土壤重金属污染评价中同样适用,且更为合理。
To examine the contamination status of heavy metals in arable soils in the Poyang Lake area, a total of 252 top soil samples were collected from this area. Contents of the heavy metals Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn were determined using standard methods. Taking into consideration the fuzziness and uncertainty of soil heavy metal pollution, we used the improved matter-element extension model to assess soil heavy metal pollution. We also applied Hakanson toxic response coefficients to modify the weights determined by the traditional multiple super-scale weighting method. Having thus established an assessment model for heavy metal pollution in arable soils based on the improved matter-element extension model, we compared the evaluation results with the results obtained using traditional evaluation methods.We accordingly found that the average contents of the seven examined heavy metals in soil samples exceeded the local background values,and accumulated to different degrees, with the order of over-standard rates being Cr > Cu > Cd > Hg > Zn > Pb > As. On the basis of the results obtained using the improved matter-element extension model, we could conclude that the heavy metal contamination of soil in the Poyang Lake area was generally at a safe level. The heavy metal content in soils from Duchang County, Hukou County, and Gongqingcheng City was at a safe level, whereas that of soils from other areas was at alert level. The evaluation results obtained using the improved matter-element extension model were essentially consistent with those obtained using the traditional evaluation methods, thereby indicating that the improved matter-element extension model can be applied for the evaluation of soil heavy metal pollution and yields reliable results.
To examine the contamination status of heavy metals in arable soils in the Poyang Lake area, a total of 252 top soil samples were collected from this area. Contents of the heavy metals Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn were determined using standard methods. Taking into consideration the fuzziness and uncertainty of soil heavy metal pollution, we used the improved matter-element extension model to assess soil heavy metal pollution. We also applied Hakanson toxic response coefficients to modify the weights determined by the traditional multiple super-scale weighting method. Having thus established an assessment model for heavy metal pollution in arable soils based on the improved matter-element extension model, we compared the evaluation results with the results obtained using traditional evaluation methods.We accordingly found that the average contents of the seven examined heavy metals in soil samples exceeded the local background values,and accumulated to different degrees, with the order of over-standard rates being Cr > Cu > Cd > Hg > Zn > Pb > As. On the basis of the results obtained using the improved matter-element extension model, we could conclude that the heavy metal contamination of soil in the Poyang Lake area was generally at a safe level. The heavy metal content in soils from Duchang County, Hukou County, and Gongqingcheng City was at a safe level, whereas that of soils from other areas was at alert level. The evaluation results obtained using the improved matter-element extension model were essentially consistent with those obtained using the traditional evaluation methods, thereby indicating that the improved matter-element extension model can be applied for the evaluation of soil heavy metal pollution and yields reliable results.
引文
[1]张小敏,张秀英,钟太洋,等.中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究[J].环境科学, 2014, 35(2):692-703.ZHANG Xiao-min, ZHANG Xiu-ying, ZHONG Tai-yang, et al. Spatial distribution and accumulation of heavy metal in arable land soil of China[J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(2):692-703.
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[6] Nemerow N L. Scientific stream pollution analysis[M]. Washington:Scripta Book Co., 1974.
[7] Tomlinson D L, Wilson J G, Harris C R, et al. Problems in assessment of heavy metals in estuaries and the formation of pollution index[J]. Helgoland Marine Research, 1980, 33(1):566-575.
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[12]李名升,张建辉,梁念,等.常用水环境质量评价方法分析与比较[J].地理科学进展, 2012, 31(5):617-624.LI Ming-sheng, ZHANG Jian-hui, LIANG Nian, et al. Comparisons of some common methods for water environmental quality assessment[J]. Progress in Geography, 2012, 31(5):617-624.
[13]张俊华,杨耀红,陈南祥.模糊物元模型在水库水质评价中的应用[J].水电能源科学, 2011, 29(1):17-19.ZHANG Jun-hua, YANG Yao-hong, CHEN Nan-xiang. Application of fuzzy matter-element model to water quality evaluation of reservoir[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2011, 29(1):17-19.
[14]张先起,梁川.基于熵权的模糊物元模型在水质综合评价中的应用[J].水利学报, 2005, 36(9):1057-1061.ZHANG Xian-qi, LIANG Chuan. Application of fuzzy matter-element model based on coefficients of entropy in comprehensive evaluation of water quality[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2005, 36(9):1057-1061.
[15]张凤太,王腊春,苏维词.基于物元分析-DPSIR概念模型的重庆土地生态安全评价[J].中国环境科学, 2016, 36(10):3126-3134.ZHANG Feng-tai, WANG La-chun, SU Wei-ci. Evaluation of land ecological security in Chongqing based on the matter-element analysis-DPSIR model[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016, 36(10):3126-3134.
[16]范辉,王立,周晋.基于主成分分析和物元模型的河南省城市土地集约利用对比研究[J].水土保持通报, 2012, 32(3):160-164, 169.FAN Hui, WANG Li, ZHOU Jin. Comparison on urban intensive land Use in Henan Province based on principal component analysis and matter-element model[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012, 32(3):160-164, 169.
[17]余健,房莉,仓定帮,等.熵权模糊物元模型在土地生态安全评价中的应用[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(5):260-266.YU Jian, FANG Li, CANG Ding-bang, et al. Evaluation of land ecosecurity in Wanjiang district base on entropy weight and matter element model[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(5):260-266.
[18]阮国锋,张建明,穆彦虎,等.基于熵权物元可拓模型的冻土路基热稳定性评价[J].冰川冻土, 2014, 36(1):123-129.RUAN Guo-feng, ZHANG Jian-ming, MU Yan-hu, et al. Evaluation of the embankment thermal stability over permafrost based on entropy weight and matter element extension model[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2014, 36(1):123-129.
[19]李泓泽,郭森,唐辉,等.基于改进变权物元可拓模型的电能质量综合评价[J].电网技术, 2013, 37(3):653-659.LI Hong-ze, GUO Sen, TANG Hui, et al. Comprehensive evaluation on power quality based on improved matter-element extension model with variable weight[J]. Power System Technology, 2013, 37(3):653-659.
[20]王洪德,曹英浩.基于改进变权物元可拓模型的围岩稳定性评价[J].中国安全科学学报, 2013, 23(8):23-29.WANG Hong-de, CAO Ying-hao. Evaluation of surrounding rock stability based on improved matter element extension model with variable weight[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2013, 23(8):23-29.
[21]中华人民共和国农业部. NY/T 395—2012耕地土壤环境质量监测技术规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2012.Ministry of Agriculture of PRC. NY/T 395—2012 Technical rules for monitoring of environment quality of farmland soil[S]. Beijing:China Standards Press, 2012.
[22]国家环境保护总局. HJ/T 166—2004土壤环境监测技术规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2004.State Environmental Protection Administration of China. HJ/T 166—2004 Technical specification for soil environmental monitoring[S].Beijing:China Standards Press, 2004.
[23]张晓平.基于贴近度的模糊综合评判结果的集化[J].山东大学学报(理学版), 2004, 39(2):25-29.ZHANG Xiao-ping. The definition of product about fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods based on closeness[J]. Journal of Shandong University, 2004, 39(2):25-29.
[24]高明美,孙涛,张坤.基于超标倍数赋权法的济南市大气质量模糊动态评价[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2014, 28(9):150-154.GAO Ming-mei, SUN Tao, ZHANG Kun. Dynamic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation quality of Jinan City based on the multiple on the atmosphere environmental super-scale weighting method[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2014, 28(9):150-154.
[25]张晶晶,马传明,匡恒,等.青岛市土壤重金属污染的物元可拓评价[J].中国环境科学, 2017, 37(2):661-668.ZHANG Jing-jing, MA Chuan-ming, KUANG Heng, et al. Assessment of heavy metals pollution in soil of Qingdao based on matter-element extension model[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017, 37(2):661-668.
[26]郭笑笑,刘丛强,朱兆洲,等.土壤重金属污染评价方法[J].生态学杂志, 2011, 30(5):889-896.GUO Xiao-xiao, LIU Cong-qiang, ZHU Zhao-zhou, et al. Evaluation methods for soil heavy metals contamination[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2011, 30(5):889-896.
[27]国家环境保护局. GB 15618—1995土壤环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社. 1995.State Environmental Protection Administration of China. GB 15618—1995 Environmental quality standard for soils[S]. Beijing:China Standards Press, 1995.
[28]刘霈珈,吴克宁,罗明,等.农用地土壤重金属超标评价与安全利用分区[J].农业工程学报, 2016, 32(23):254-262.LIU Pei-jia, WU Ke-ning, LUO Ming, et al. Evaluation of agricultural land soil heavy metal elements exceed standards and safe utilization zones[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(23):254-262.
[29]何纪力,徐光炎,朱惠民,等.江西省土壤环境背景值研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2006.HE Ji-li, XU Guang-yan, ZHU Hui-min, et al. Study on the background value of soil environment in Jiangxi[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press, 2006.
[30]李雪梅,邓小文,王祖伟,等.污染因子权重及区域环境质量综合评价分级标准的确定:以土壤重金属污染为例[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2010, 24(4):97-100.LI Xue-mei, DENG Xiao-wen, WANG Zu-wei, el al. Determination of weight of polluted factors and grading standards of comprehensive assessment of regional environmental quality:A case of soil heavy metal pollution[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2010, 24(4):97-100.
[31]谢志宜,张雅静,陈丹青,等.土壤重金属污染评价方法研究:以广州市为例[J].农业环境科学学报, 2016, 35(7):1329-1337.XIE Zhi-yi, ZHANG Ya-jing, CHEN Dan-qing, et al. Research on assessment methods for soil heavy metal pollution:A case study of Guangzhou[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016, 35(7):1329-1337.
[32]杨建宇,欧聪,李琪,等.基于云模型的耕地土壤养分模糊综合评价[J].农业机械学报, 2018, 49(1):251-257.YANG Jian-yu, OU Cong, LI Qi, el al. Fuzzy synthetic evaluation of soil nutrients in cultivated land based on cloud model[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(1):251-257.
[2] Yang P G, Mao R Z, Shao H B, et al. An investigation on the distribution of eight hazardous heavy metals in the suburban farmland of China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 167(1/2/3):1246-1251.
[3] Tan M Z, Xu F M, Chen J, et al. Spatial prediction of heavy metal pollution for soils in Peri-Urban Beijing, China based on fuzzy set theory[J].Pedosphere, 2006, 16(5):545-554.
[4] Zhang L Y, Guo S H, Wu B. The source, spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil from the Pearl River Delta based on the national multi-purpose regional geochemical survey[J]. PLoS One,2015, 10(7):2732-2740.
[5] Buat-Menard P, Chesselet R. Variable influence of the atmospheric flux on the trace metal chemistry of oceanic suspended matter[J]. Earth&Planetary Science Letters, 1979, 42(3):399-411.
[6] Nemerow N L. Scientific stream pollution analysis[M]. Washington:Scripta Book Co., 1974.
[7] Tomlinson D L, Wilson J G, Harris C R, et al. Problems in assessment of heavy metals in estuaries and the formation of pollution index[J]. Helgoland Marine Research, 1980, 33(1):566-575.
[8] Muller G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geojournal, 1969, 2(108):108-118.
[9] Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research, 1980, 14(8):975-1001.
[10]窦磊,周永章,王旭日,等.针对土壤重金属污染评价的模糊数学模型的改进及应用[J].土壤通报, 2007, 38(1):101-105.DOU Lei, ZHOU Yong-zhang, WANG Xu-ri, et al. Improvement and application of a fuzzy mathematical model for assessment of heavy metal pollution in soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2007, 38(1):101-105.
[11]蔡文,杨春燕,林伟初.可拓工程方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.CAI Wen, YANG Chun-yan, LIN Wei-chu. Extension engineering methods[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1997.
[12]李名升,张建辉,梁念,等.常用水环境质量评价方法分析与比较[J].地理科学进展, 2012, 31(5):617-624.LI Ming-sheng, ZHANG Jian-hui, LIANG Nian, et al. Comparisons of some common methods for water environmental quality assessment[J]. Progress in Geography, 2012, 31(5):617-624.
[13]张俊华,杨耀红,陈南祥.模糊物元模型在水库水质评价中的应用[J].水电能源科学, 2011, 29(1):17-19.ZHANG Jun-hua, YANG Yao-hong, CHEN Nan-xiang. Application of fuzzy matter-element model to water quality evaluation of reservoir[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2011, 29(1):17-19.
[14]张先起,梁川.基于熵权的模糊物元模型在水质综合评价中的应用[J].水利学报, 2005, 36(9):1057-1061.ZHANG Xian-qi, LIANG Chuan. Application of fuzzy matter-element model based on coefficients of entropy in comprehensive evaluation of water quality[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2005, 36(9):1057-1061.
[15]张凤太,王腊春,苏维词.基于物元分析-DPSIR概念模型的重庆土地生态安全评价[J].中国环境科学, 2016, 36(10):3126-3134.ZHANG Feng-tai, WANG La-chun, SU Wei-ci. Evaluation of land ecological security in Chongqing based on the matter-element analysis-DPSIR model[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016, 36(10):3126-3134.
[16]范辉,王立,周晋.基于主成分分析和物元模型的河南省城市土地集约利用对比研究[J].水土保持通报, 2012, 32(3):160-164, 169.FAN Hui, WANG Li, ZHOU Jin. Comparison on urban intensive land Use in Henan Province based on principal component analysis and matter-element model[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012, 32(3):160-164, 169.
[17]余健,房莉,仓定帮,等.熵权模糊物元模型在土地生态安全评价中的应用[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(5):260-266.YU Jian, FANG Li, CANG Ding-bang, et al. Evaluation of land ecosecurity in Wanjiang district base on entropy weight and matter element model[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(5):260-266.
[18]阮国锋,张建明,穆彦虎,等.基于熵权物元可拓模型的冻土路基热稳定性评价[J].冰川冻土, 2014, 36(1):123-129.RUAN Guo-feng, ZHANG Jian-ming, MU Yan-hu, et al. Evaluation of the embankment thermal stability over permafrost based on entropy weight and matter element extension model[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2014, 36(1):123-129.
[19]李泓泽,郭森,唐辉,等.基于改进变权物元可拓模型的电能质量综合评价[J].电网技术, 2013, 37(3):653-659.LI Hong-ze, GUO Sen, TANG Hui, et al. Comprehensive evaluation on power quality based on improved matter-element extension model with variable weight[J]. Power System Technology, 2013, 37(3):653-659.
[20]王洪德,曹英浩.基于改进变权物元可拓模型的围岩稳定性评价[J].中国安全科学学报, 2013, 23(8):23-29.WANG Hong-de, CAO Ying-hao. Evaluation of surrounding rock stability based on improved matter element extension model with variable weight[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2013, 23(8):23-29.
[21]中华人民共和国农业部. NY/T 395—2012耕地土壤环境质量监测技术规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2012.Ministry of Agriculture of PRC. NY/T 395—2012 Technical rules for monitoring of environment quality of farmland soil[S]. Beijing:China Standards Press, 2012.
[22]国家环境保护总局. HJ/T 166—2004土壤环境监测技术规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2004.State Environmental Protection Administration of China. HJ/T 166—2004 Technical specification for soil environmental monitoring[S].Beijing:China Standards Press, 2004.
[23]张晓平.基于贴近度的模糊综合评判结果的集化[J].山东大学学报(理学版), 2004, 39(2):25-29.ZHANG Xiao-ping. The definition of product about fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods based on closeness[J]. Journal of Shandong University, 2004, 39(2):25-29.
[24]高明美,孙涛,张坤.基于超标倍数赋权法的济南市大气质量模糊动态评价[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2014, 28(9):150-154.GAO Ming-mei, SUN Tao, ZHANG Kun. Dynamic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation quality of Jinan City based on the multiple on the atmosphere environmental super-scale weighting method[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2014, 28(9):150-154.
[25]张晶晶,马传明,匡恒,等.青岛市土壤重金属污染的物元可拓评价[J].中国环境科学, 2017, 37(2):661-668.ZHANG Jing-jing, MA Chuan-ming, KUANG Heng, et al. Assessment of heavy metals pollution in soil of Qingdao based on matter-element extension model[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017, 37(2):661-668.
[26]郭笑笑,刘丛强,朱兆洲,等.土壤重金属污染评价方法[J].生态学杂志, 2011, 30(5):889-896.GUO Xiao-xiao, LIU Cong-qiang, ZHU Zhao-zhou, et al. Evaluation methods for soil heavy metals contamination[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2011, 30(5):889-896.
[27]国家环境保护局. GB 15618—1995土壤环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社. 1995.State Environmental Protection Administration of China. GB 15618—1995 Environmental quality standard for soils[S]. Beijing:China Standards Press, 1995.
[28]刘霈珈,吴克宁,罗明,等.农用地土壤重金属超标评价与安全利用分区[J].农业工程学报, 2016, 32(23):254-262.LIU Pei-jia, WU Ke-ning, LUO Ming, et al. Evaluation of agricultural land soil heavy metal elements exceed standards and safe utilization zones[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(23):254-262.
[29]何纪力,徐光炎,朱惠民,等.江西省土壤环境背景值研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2006.HE Ji-li, XU Guang-yan, ZHU Hui-min, et al. Study on the background value of soil environment in Jiangxi[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press, 2006.
[30]李雪梅,邓小文,王祖伟,等.污染因子权重及区域环境质量综合评价分级标准的确定:以土壤重金属污染为例[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2010, 24(4):97-100.LI Xue-mei, DENG Xiao-wen, WANG Zu-wei, el al. Determination of weight of polluted factors and grading standards of comprehensive assessment of regional environmental quality:A case of soil heavy metal pollution[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2010, 24(4):97-100.
[31]谢志宜,张雅静,陈丹青,等.土壤重金属污染评价方法研究:以广州市为例[J].农业环境科学学报, 2016, 35(7):1329-1337.XIE Zhi-yi, ZHANG Ya-jing, CHEN Dan-qing, et al. Research on assessment methods for soil heavy metal pollution:A case study of Guangzhou[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016, 35(7):1329-1337.
[32]杨建宇,欧聪,李琪,等.基于云模型的耕地土壤养分模糊综合评价[J].农业机械学报, 2018, 49(1):251-257.YANG Jian-yu, OU Cong, LI Qi, el al. Fuzzy synthetic evaluation of soil nutrients in cultivated land based on cloud model[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(1):251-257.