圈养大熊猫幼体在野化培训期的行为节律与季节性变化
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摘要
2013年4月—2015年10月,在四川卧龙国家级自然保护区用录音笔和GPS对2只野化培训的圈养大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca幼体雪雪和华妍进行连续观察,收集声音数据,分析其休息、觅食、嬉戏和活动的行为节律。结果表明:(1)雪雪的日行为节律有3个觅食高峰(08∶00、18∶00和22∶00),2个休息高峰(03∶00—06∶00和11∶00—14∶00),各行为中仅嬉戏表现出有高度统计学意义的差异(F=1.944,df=359,P<0.01);休息时间占比为56.03%±10.58%、觅食为19.43%±18.49%、活动为19.30%±7.81%、嬉戏为5.24%±4.61%。(2)华妍有3个觅食高峰(10∶00、15∶00和20∶00),3个休息高峰(01∶00—06∶00、11∶00—13∶00和16∶00—19∶00);4种行为间的差异无统计学意义;休息时间占比为55.37%±10.38%、觅食为28.09%±17.79%、活动为14.61%±8.52%、嬉戏为1.93%±1.79%。(3)大熊猫幼体的日行为节律存在季节性差异。研究结果为大熊猫野化培训和野外放归提供了基础信息和科学依据。
Activity patterns of captive giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) cubs during the pre-release training project in Wolong National Nature Reserve(Sichuan province, China) were studied during April 2013 to October 2015 via digital voice recorders and GPS. Audio and behavioral data were collected from 2 giant panda cubs, Xuexue and Huayan. Our results indicated that the feeding activity of Xuexue had 3 peaks at 08∶00, 18∶00 and 22∶00. Two resting peaks were also observed, with one around noon(11∶00—14∶00) and another in the morning(03∶00—06∶00). Except playing(F=1.944, df=359, P<0.01), there was no significant difference in Xuexue's daily activity patterns on resting, feeding and locomotion. On average, Xuexue spent 56.03%±10.58% of the time on resting, 19.43%±18.49% on feeding, 19.30%±7.81% on locomotion, and 5.24%±4.61% on playing daily. By contrast, the feeding activity pattern of cub Huayan also showed 3 peaks similar to those of Xuexue, with the first peak occurring in the morning(10∶00), the second in the afternoon(15∶00), and the third at night(20∶00). And 3 resting peaks were observed, including one from 01∶00 to 06∶00, one around noon(11∶00—13∶00) and one from 16∶00 to 19∶00. However, all the 4 behaviors(resting, feeding, moving and playing) of Huayan had no significant difference. Huayan spent an average of 55.37%±10.38% daily time on resting, 28.09%±17.79% on feeding, 14.61%±8.52% on locomotion and 1.93%±1.79% on playing. Moreover, there were also significant variations in the seasonal activity patterns of the 2 giant panda cubs. These results provide baseline information and scientific basis for the pre-release training project of giant pandas, and can be used to further improve the reintroduction programs.
Activity patterns of captive giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) cubs during the pre-release training project in Wolong National Nature Reserve(Sichuan province, China) were studied during April 2013 to October 2015 via digital voice recorders and GPS. Audio and behavioral data were collected from 2 giant panda cubs, Xuexue and Huayan. Our results indicated that the feeding activity of Xuexue had 3 peaks at 08∶00, 18∶00 and 22∶00. Two resting peaks were also observed, with one around noon(11∶00—14∶00) and another in the morning(03∶00—06∶00). Except playing(F=1.944, df=359, P<0.01), there was no significant difference in Xuexue's daily activity patterns on resting, feeding and locomotion. On average, Xuexue spent 56.03%±10.58% of the time on resting, 19.43%±18.49% on feeding, 19.30%±7.81% on locomotion, and 5.24%±4.61% on playing daily. By contrast, the feeding activity pattern of cub Huayan also showed 3 peaks similar to those of Xuexue, with the first peak occurring in the morning(10∶00), the second in the afternoon(15∶00), and the third at night(20∶00). And 3 resting peaks were observed, including one from 01∶00 to 06∶00, one around noon(11∶00—13∶00) and one from 16∶00 to 19∶00. However, all the 4 behaviors(resting, feeding, moving and playing) of Huayan had no significant difference. Huayan spent an average of 55.37%±10.38% daily time on resting, 28.09%±17.79% on feeding, 14.61%±8.52% on locomotion and 1.93%±1.79% on playing. Moreover, there were also significant variations in the seasonal activity patterns of the 2 giant panda cubs. These results provide baseline information and scientific basis for the pre-release training project of giant pandas, and can be used to further improve the reintroduction programs.
引文
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Mainka AS,Zhang HM.1994.Daily activity of captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) at the Wolong Reserve[J].Zoo Biology,13(1):13-20.
Oates JF.1977.The guereza and its food[M]// Clutton-Brock TH.Primate ecology:studies of foraging and ranging behaviour in lemurs,monkeys and apes.London:Academic Press:278-321.
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Zhang JD,Hull V,Ouyang ZY,et al.2017.Modeling activity patterns of wildlife using time-series analysis[J].Ecology and Evolution,7:2575-2584.
胡锦矗.1987.大熊猫的昼夜活动节律[J].兽类学报,7(4):241-245.
胡锦矗.2001.大熊猫研究[M].上海:上海教育科技出版社.
何廷美,张贵权,何永果,等.2004.卧龙圈养大熊猫的周期行为节律[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版),25(1):34-39.
潘文石,吕植,朱小健,等.2001.继续生存的机会[M].北京:北京大学出版社.
尚玉昌.2005.动物行为学[M].北京:北京大学出版社:229.
田红,魏荣平,张贵权,等.2004.传统圈养和半自然散放环境亚成年大熊猫的行为差异[J].动物学研究,25(2):137-140.
魏辅文,张泽君,胡锦矗.2011.野生大熊猫生态学研究进展与前瞻[J].兽类学报,31(4):412-421.
雍严格,王宽武,汪铁军.1994.佛坪大熊猫的移动习性[J].兽类学报,14(1):9-14.
张和民,李德生,黄炎,等.2013.圈养大熊猫野化培训和放归研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社:54.
张晋东,Hull V,黄金燕,等.2011.大熊猫取食竹笋期间的昼夜活动节律和强度[J].生态学报,31(10):2655-2661.
张钰,韦华,蔡水花,等.2016.野化培训大熊猫幼仔第一阶段的活动变化研究[J].四川动物,35(4):528-533.
张志和,魏辅文.2006.大熊猫迁地保护理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社.
周小平,王鹏彦,张和民,等.2005.圈养大熊猫行为研究以及方法[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社:3-16.
Clutton-Brock TH.1977.Some aspects of intraspecific variation in feeding and rainging behavior in primates[M]// Clutton-Brock TH.Primate ecology:studies of foraging and ranging behaviour in lemurs,monkeys and apes.London:Academic Press:539-556.
Liu DZ,Wang Z,Tian H,et al.2003.Behaviors of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in captive conditions:gender differences and enclosure effects[J].Zoo Biology,22(1):77-82.
Mainka AS,Zhang HM.1994.Daily activity of captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) at the Wolong Reserve[J].Zoo Biology,13(1):13-20.
Oates JF.1977.The guereza and its food[M]// Clutton-Brock TH.Primate ecology:studies of foraging and ranging behaviour in lemurs,monkeys and apes.London:Academic Press:278-321.
Zhang JD,Hull V,Huang JY,et al.2015.Activity patterns of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)[J].Journal of Mammalogy,96:1-12.
Zhang JD,Hull V,Ouyang ZY,et al.2017.Modeling activity patterns of wildlife using time-series analysis[J].Ecology and Evolution,7:2575-2584.