中亚圣战派萨拉菲:概念、过程、网络
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摘要
2011年以来,中亚地区接连发生由圣战派萨拉菲实施的恐怖袭击事件,对地区安全构成挑战。作为一种意识形态,圣战派萨拉菲具有解释功能、诊断功能、凝聚功能和动员功能。中亚圣战派萨拉菲极端组织一方面与中东、北高加索地区同类组织有关,另一方面与阿富汗、巴基斯坦边境的"哈里发战士"有关,并呈现出向周边国家蔓延的态势。如果中亚的萨拉菲极端组织潜入新疆并与"疆独"势力相勾结,势必会对中国的西北安全构成新的威胁。在防范圣战派萨拉菲极端恐怖势力的过程中要加强对圣战派萨拉菲的研究,并加强与利益相关方的合作。
Central Asian republics had suffered successive terrorist attacks launched by Jihad-Salafi since 2011,which has become a critical challenge to the security of this region.As an ideology,Jihad-Salafi has the functions of explanation,diagnosis,cohesion and mobilization.Jihad-Salafi extremist groups in Central Asia are not only associated with the similar organizations in the Middle East and northern Caucasus,but with the Jund al-Khilafah located in the border area between Afghanistan and Pakistan,and trends to spread to the neighboring countries.If the Jihad-Salafi extremist groups in Central Asia surreptitiously enter into Xinjiang and collaborate with the " Xinjiang separatist force",it certainly will pose a new threat to the security of China's northwestern area.We should strength the research on Jihadi-Salafism and enhance the cooperation among interested parties to prevent the impact of Jihad-Salafi.
Central Asian republics had suffered successive terrorist attacks launched by Jihad-Salafi since 2011,which has become a critical challenge to the security of this region.As an ideology,Jihad-Salafi has the functions of explanation,diagnosis,cohesion and mobilization.Jihad-Salafi extremist groups in Central Asia are not only associated with the similar organizations in the Middle East and northern Caucasus,but with the Jund al-Khilafah located in the border area between Afghanistan and Pakistan,and trends to spread to the neighboring countries.If the Jihad-Salafi extremist groups in Central Asia surreptitiously enter into Xinjiang and collaborate with the " Xinjiang separatist force",it certainly will pose a new threat to the security of China's northwestern area.We should strength the research on Jihadi-Salafism and enhance the cooperation among interested parties to prevent the impact of Jihad-Salafi.
引文
1Islamic Movements and Extremism,http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/islam/blfaq_islam_salafiyya.htm.
1“纯粹派萨拉菲主义”主要通过自我修行的方式实践伊斯兰,主张保持伊斯兰传统;“政治派萨拉菲主义”主要通过组建政党和政治团体等政治方式来发展萨拉菲;“圣战派萨拉菲主义”主要通过发动“圣战”的方式坚持萨拉菲思想,又称“圣战萨拉菲主义”、“萨拉菲圣战主义”、“全球圣战运动”等。Talmiz Ahmad,The Islamist Challenge in West Asia:Doctrinal and Political Competitions After the Arab Spring,Pentagon Press,2013,pp.11-13.
2Marc Sageman,Understanding Terror Networks Hardcover,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,April 16,2004,p.1,131.
3Cynthia Stohl,Michael Stohl,ed.,Networks of Terror:Theoretical Assumptions and Pragmatic Consequences.Communication Theory,Volume 17,2007,p.101.
4主要指与穆斯林有关的恐怖主义、极端主义行为增多对世界各国造成困扰,世界各国在认识和解决该问题时对该问题产生的根源、活动机理等没有共识,如何有效化解和应对该问题成为世界各国的难题。
1Assaf Moghadam,Defining and Confronting the Salafi Jihad,https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2008/02/defining-and-confronting-the-salafi-jihad/(上网时间:2014年3月27日).
2Marc Sageman,Understanding Terror Networks Hardcover,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,April 16,2004,p.135.
1Marc Sageman,Understanding Terror Networks Hardcover,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,April 16,2004,p.113.
2Marc Sageman,Understanding Terror Networks Hardcover,pp.113-135.
3Zeyno Baran,S.Frederick Starr and Svante E.Cornell,eds.,Islamic Radicalism in Central Asia and the Caucasus:Implications for the EU,Silk Road Paper,Central Asia-Caucasus Institute&Silk Road Studies Program,July 2006,p.17.
1Artur,Wejkszner,The Era of Network Terrorism.The Evolution of the Organisational Structure of the Global Salafi Jihad Movement at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century,Przeglad Strategiczny,nr 2,2012,pp.56-58.
2Artur,Wejkszner,The Era of Network Terrorism.The Evolution of the Organisational Structure of the Global Salafi Jihad Movement at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century,Przeglad Strategiczny,nr 2,2012,pp.65-67.
1Jacob Zenn,Kazakhstan Struggles to Contain Salafist-Inspired Terrorism,Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization in Central Asia A Compendium of Recent Jamestown Analysis,Washington:The Jamestown Foundation,February 2013,p.41.
2 Kendrick T.Kuo,Revisiting the Salafi-jihadist Threat in Xinjiang,Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs,29 Nov.2012,p.6.
3Michael Dillon,China's Muslim Hui Community:Migration,Settlement and Sects.Richmond:Curzon Press,1999,p.208.
1Barry Rubin,Guide to Islamist Movements(Volume=1),M.E.Sharpe,2010,p.79.
2Kendrick T.Kuo,Revisiting the Salafi-jihadist Threat in Xinjiang,pp.4-6.
3突厥斯坦伊斯兰党(Turkistan Islamic Party,TIP),新疆分离运动组织之一,又译为土耳其斯坦伊斯兰党。突厥斯坦伊斯兰党大约有300~500名武装分子,他们在阿富汗或者巴基斯坦受训,然后回到新疆实施恐怖袭击。2011年“7·30”“7·31”喀什市暴力袭击事件的主谋Memtieli Tiliwaldi就是在阿富汗-巴基斯坦边境山区受训后返回新疆作案(Jacob Zenn,Al-Qaeda's Uighur Jihadi:A Profile of the Turkistan Islamic Party's Abdul Shakoor Turkistani,Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization in Central Asia a Compendium of Recent Jamestown Analysis,Washington:The Jamestown Foundation,February 2013,p.79.)。
1严格意义上,“激进化”和“极端化”的概念指向和关系客体不同:“激进”是相对于“主流”、“温和”或“保守”而言的,单纯的“激进主义”或“激进化”并非剥离概念中的理性思维,从历史上看,一定程度的激进主义有利于进行政治、经济和社会体制改革。而“极端”则是相对于“多元”、“折中”和“开放”而言的,“极端主义”或“极端化”概念本身已经包含了非此即彼的偏执思维,个体或群体在接受极端主义(尤其是与宗教有关的极端主义)之后,就会关上理性的大门,因为极端主义者认为自己掌握了所有问题的终极答案,所有问题只能有一种解决方式。这种偏狭和自以为是使极端主义成为对其他社会成员的威胁。因此,在一定程度上,“极端”(极端分子或极端组织)是恐怖主义“激进化”过程的一个结果(Alex P.Schmid,Radicalisation,DeRadicalisation,Counter-Radicalisation:A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review,Hague:International Centre for Counter-Terrorism,Research Paper,2013,pp.5-11.).
2Lorenzo Vidino,James Brandon,CounteringRadicalizationinEurope,London:International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence,2012,p.19.
1“纯粹派萨拉菲主义”主要通过自我修行的方式实践伊斯兰,主张保持伊斯兰传统;“政治派萨拉菲主义”主要通过组建政党和政治团体等政治方式来发展萨拉菲;“圣战派萨拉菲主义”主要通过发动“圣战”的方式坚持萨拉菲思想,又称“圣战萨拉菲主义”、“萨拉菲圣战主义”、“全球圣战运动”等。Talmiz Ahmad,The Islamist Challenge in West Asia:Doctrinal and Political Competitions After the Arab Spring,Pentagon Press,2013,pp.11-13.
2Marc Sageman,Understanding Terror Networks Hardcover,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,April 16,2004,p.1,131.
3Cynthia Stohl,Michael Stohl,ed.,Networks of Terror:Theoretical Assumptions and Pragmatic Consequences.Communication Theory,Volume 17,2007,p.101.
4主要指与穆斯林有关的恐怖主义、极端主义行为增多对世界各国造成困扰,世界各国在认识和解决该问题时对该问题产生的根源、活动机理等没有共识,如何有效化解和应对该问题成为世界各国的难题。
1Assaf Moghadam,Defining and Confronting the Salafi Jihad,https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2008/02/defining-and-confronting-the-salafi-jihad/(上网时间:2014年3月27日).
2Marc Sageman,Understanding Terror Networks Hardcover,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,April 16,2004,p.135.
1Marc Sageman,Understanding Terror Networks Hardcover,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,April 16,2004,p.113.
2Marc Sageman,Understanding Terror Networks Hardcover,pp.113-135.
3Zeyno Baran,S.Frederick Starr and Svante E.Cornell,eds.,Islamic Radicalism in Central Asia and the Caucasus:Implications for the EU,Silk Road Paper,Central Asia-Caucasus Institute&Silk Road Studies Program,July 2006,p.17.
1Artur,Wejkszner,The Era of Network Terrorism.The Evolution of the Organisational Structure of the Global Salafi Jihad Movement at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century,Przeglad Strategiczny,nr 2,2012,pp.56-58.
2Artur,Wejkszner,The Era of Network Terrorism.The Evolution of the Organisational Structure of the Global Salafi Jihad Movement at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century,Przeglad Strategiczny,nr 2,2012,pp.65-67.
1Jacob Zenn,Kazakhstan Struggles to Contain Salafist-Inspired Terrorism,Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization in Central Asia A Compendium of Recent Jamestown Analysis,Washington:The Jamestown Foundation,February 2013,p.41.
2 Kendrick T.Kuo,Revisiting the Salafi-jihadist Threat in Xinjiang,Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs,29 Nov.2012,p.6.
3Michael Dillon,China's Muslim Hui Community:Migration,Settlement and Sects.Richmond:Curzon Press,1999,p.208.
1Barry Rubin,Guide to Islamist Movements(Volume=1),M.E.Sharpe,2010,p.79.
2Kendrick T.Kuo,Revisiting the Salafi-jihadist Threat in Xinjiang,pp.4-6.
3突厥斯坦伊斯兰党(Turkistan Islamic Party,TIP),新疆分离运动组织之一,又译为土耳其斯坦伊斯兰党。突厥斯坦伊斯兰党大约有300~500名武装分子,他们在阿富汗或者巴基斯坦受训,然后回到新疆实施恐怖袭击。2011年“7·30”“7·31”喀什市暴力袭击事件的主谋Memtieli Tiliwaldi就是在阿富汗-巴基斯坦边境山区受训后返回新疆作案(Jacob Zenn,Al-Qaeda's Uighur Jihadi:A Profile of the Turkistan Islamic Party's Abdul Shakoor Turkistani,Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization in Central Asia a Compendium of Recent Jamestown Analysis,Washington:The Jamestown Foundation,February 2013,p.79.)。
1严格意义上,“激进化”和“极端化”的概念指向和关系客体不同:“激进”是相对于“主流”、“温和”或“保守”而言的,单纯的“激进主义”或“激进化”并非剥离概念中的理性思维,从历史上看,一定程度的激进主义有利于进行政治、经济和社会体制改革。而“极端”则是相对于“多元”、“折中”和“开放”而言的,“极端主义”或“极端化”概念本身已经包含了非此即彼的偏执思维,个体或群体在接受极端主义(尤其是与宗教有关的极端主义)之后,就会关上理性的大门,因为极端主义者认为自己掌握了所有问题的终极答案,所有问题只能有一种解决方式。这种偏狭和自以为是使极端主义成为对其他社会成员的威胁。因此,在一定程度上,“极端”(极端分子或极端组织)是恐怖主义“激进化”过程的一个结果(Alex P.Schmid,Radicalisation,DeRadicalisation,Counter-Radicalisation:A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review,Hague:International Centre for Counter-Terrorism,Research Paper,2013,pp.5-11.).
2Lorenzo Vidino,James Brandon,CounteringRadicalizationinEurope,London:International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence,2012,p.19.