子女利益最佳原则下的婚生子女否认之诉
摘要
婚生子女否认之诉涉及婚姻当事人、未成年子女以及生父的合法权益,在各种利益的冲突与平衡中,应当优先保障未成年子女的合法权益。不过,未成年子女的合法权益不仅有历史变化,而且也呈现出具体的案件差异。未成年子女的利益涉及其血统知悉权、经济上的被抚养权、社会发展权等多个内容。这些不同的内容可能在不同的案件中对未成年子女的利益产生不同影响。为此应以具体化分析为基础,厘定婚生子女否认之诉的诉讼主体、诉权行使的限制等。
引文
(1)王洪:《论子女最佳利益原则》,《现代法学》2003年第6期。
(2)李晓敏:《成人离婚时儿童保护应优先》,《北京日报》2006年6月1日。
(1)Shelly Ann Kamei.Partitioning Paternity:The German Approach to a Disjuncture Between Genetic and Legal Paternity with Implications for American Courts.San Diego INT’'L.L.J.2010.Vol.11.
(2)Wanda Wiegers.Fatherhood and Misattributed Genetic Paternity in Family Law.Queen’s Law Journal 2011.Vol.36.
(3)参见章丘区法院201章4民初字第1484号赵某某诉毕某某的离婚判决书。
(4)赵军:《家庭因素与未成年人犯罪关系研究》,《法学评论》2012年第2期。
(5)陈苇、石婷:《家庭因素对未成年人犯罪的影响及对策实证研究》,《青少年犯罪研究》2013年第5期。
(6)陈菲:《未成年人犯罪总体呈下降趋势,呈现六大特点》,http:www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-05/30/content.2690314.htm。
(1)Stephen A.Sherman.You Ain’t My Baby:The Problem of Paternity Fraud and Paternity Laws.A Ve Maria Law Review.2007.No.1.
(2)参见世界经济论坛《2015年全球性别差距报告》。
(3)可能的辩护在于应当尊重父亲双方,特别是女方的性自治权,并逐渐打破传统的男权主义文化背景下的家庭结构、婚姻结构,但婚姻中性自治权的认可,绝不等同于鼓励家庭中的背叛。
(4)Jack H.Barton.The Effect of Rebuttable Presumption in Pennsylvania.Dickinson Law Review.1953.No.3.
(5)Brandon Jams Hoover,ESQ.Establishing the Best Answer to Paternity Disestablishment.Ohio Northern University Law Review.2011.No.1.
(6)Shawn Seliber.Texation Without Duplication:Misattributed Paternity;and Putative Father’s Claim for Restitution of Child Support.Wash&Lee J.C.R.&Soc.Just.2007.No.1.
(7)E.Donald Shapiro,Stewart Reifler,Claudia L.Psome.The DNA Paternity Test:Legislating the Future Paternity Action.Journal of Law and Health.1992~1993..No.1.
(1)Debimcrae.Evaluating the Effective of the Best Interests Marital Presumption of Paternity,Whittier Journal of Child and Family Advocacy.2006.No.2.
(2)参见美国1973年的《统一亲权法》(Uniform Parentage Act)、1998年的《德国民法》、2005年的《法国民法典》。
(3)Heather Faust.Challenging the Paternity of children Born During Wedlock:An Analysis of Pennsylvania Law Regarding the Effects of Doctrines of Legitimacy Presumption and Paternity By Estoppel on the Admissibility of Blood Test to Determine Paternity.Decision Law Review.1996.No.4.
(4)Brandon Jams Hoover,ESQ.Establishing the Best Answer to Paternity Disestablishment.Ohio Northern University Law Review.2011.No.1.
(5)Veronica Sue Gunderson.Personal Responsibility in Parentage:An Argument Against the Marital Presumption.UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law&Policy.2007.No.2.
(1)Timothy Caulfield.Canadian Family Law and Genetic Revolution:A Survey of Cases Involving Paternity Testing.Queen’s Law Journal.2000.No.1.
(2)David V.Hadek.Why the Policy Behind the Irrebuttable Presumption of Paternity Will Never Die.Southwestern University Law Review.1997.No.2.
(3)Julie Shapiro.Counting from One:Replacing the Marital Presumption with A Presumption of Sole Parentage.Journal of Gender,Social Policy&Law.2012.No.3.
(4)Melanie B.Jacobs.When Daddy Doesn’t Want to Be Daddy Anymore:An Argument Against Paternity Fraud Claims.Yale Journal of Law and Feminism.2004.No.2.
(5)Veronica Sue Gunderson.Personal Responsibility in Parentage:An Argument Against the Marital Presumption.U.C.Davis J of Juvenile Law&Policy.2007.No.2.
(1)许燕:《人格心理学导论》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2017年版,第56页。
(2)David V.Hadek.Why the Policy Behind the Irrebuttable Presumption of Paternity Will Never Die.Southwestern University Law Review.1997.No.2.
(3)日本采取的方式:当事人主义的限制、许可第三人参加诉讼、许可第三人申请再审、限制判决的反射效。参见[日]高桥宏志:《民事诉讼法:制度与理论的深层分析》,林剑锋译,北京:法律出版社,2003年版,第262页。
(4)江伟、邵明、陈刚:《民事诉诉权研究》,北京:法律出版社,2002年版,第198页。
(5)Deborah A.Ellingbo.Sex,Lies and Genetic Tests:Challenging the Marital Presumption of Paternity Under Minnesota Parentage Act.Minnesota Law Review.1994.No.4.
(6)Noriko Mizuno.Parent-Child Relationship in the Japanese Civil Code.Japanese Yearbook of International Law.2009.Vol.52.
(1)Nina Dethloff,Kathrin Kroll.Strengthening Children’s Rights in German Family Law.The International Survey of Family Law.2008.No.1.
(2)目前包括德国在内的17个欧盟国家许可生父对法定父权提出异议,但规定法定父亲与子女建立起来的家庭及社会联系的存在可以限制第三人提出父权否认之诉。9个国家不承认生父的当事人资格。
(3)《德日家事事件与非讼事件程序法典》,郝振江、赵秀举译,北京:法律出版社,2017年版,第76页。
(4)Nick Wikeley,Lisa Yong.Secrets and Lies:No Deceit Down Under for Paternity Fraud.Child and Family Law Quarterly.2008.No.1.
(1)Vanessa S.Brown-Barbour.MaMa’s Baby,PaPa’s Maybe:Disestablishment of Paternity.Akron Law Review.2015.No.2.
(2)Noriko Mizuno.Parent-Child Relationship in the Japanese Civil Code.Japanese Yearbook of International Law.2009.Vol.52.
(3)Theresa Glennon.Somebody’s Child:Evaluating the Erosion of the Marital Presumption of Paternity.West Virginia Law Review.2000.No.3.
(4)李秀华:《家事审判改革视域下综合干预家庭暴力模型建构》,《“德州杯”家事审判论坛获奖论文集》,山东德州,2018年7月。
(5)Vanessa S.Brown-Barbour.MaMa’s Baby,PaPa’s Maybe:Disestablishment of Paternity.Akron Law Review.2015.No.2.
(1)Geoffrey C.Hazard,Jrjohn L.Gedid.Stephen Sowle.An Historical Analysis of the Binding Effect of Class Suits..University of Pennsylvania Law Review,1998.No.6.
(2)丁慧、崔丹:《我国家事案件的审判革命:给予理念和进路的思考》,《“德州杯”家事审判论坛获奖论文集》,山东德州,2018年7月。
(3)E.Donald Shapiro.Stewart Reifler,Claudia L.Psome.The DNA Paternity Test:Legislating the Future Paternity Action.Journal of Law and Health.1992-93.No.1.
(1)纪格非:《民事诉讼禁反言原则的中国语境与困境》,《华东政法大学学报》2014年第5期。
(2)Diane S.Kaplan.Why Truth is not a Defense in Paternity Actions.The Texas Journal of Women and Law.2000.No.1.
(3)采用禁反言制度的基本理由是许可法定父亲认可父权后提起婚生子女否认之诉,将损害子女的合法权益,致子女心理、感情上的损害。参见Brie S.Rogers.The Presumption of Paternity in Child Support Cases:A Triumph of Law over Biology.University of Cincinnati Law Review.2002.No.3.
(4)Evelyn L.Wilson.Caught in a Trap-Paternity Presumptions in Louisiana.The Modern American.2013.No.3.
(5)Jana Singer.Marriage,Biology and Paternity:The Case for Revitalizing the Marital Presumption.Maryland Law Review.2006.No.1.
(6)Brie S.Rogers.The Presumption of Paternity in Child Support Cases:A Triumph of Law over Biology.University of Cincinnati Law Review.2002.No.3.
(2)李晓敏:《成人离婚时儿童保护应优先》,《北京日报》2006年6月1日。
(1)Shelly Ann Kamei.Partitioning Paternity:The German Approach to a Disjuncture Between Genetic and Legal Paternity with Implications for American Courts.San Diego INT’'L.L.J.2010.Vol.11.
(2)Wanda Wiegers.Fatherhood and Misattributed Genetic Paternity in Family Law.Queen’s Law Journal 2011.Vol.36.
(3)参见章丘区法院201章4民初字第1484号赵某某诉毕某某的离婚判决书。
(4)赵军:《家庭因素与未成年人犯罪关系研究》,《法学评论》2012年第2期。
(5)陈苇、石婷:《家庭因素对未成年人犯罪的影响及对策实证研究》,《青少年犯罪研究》2013年第5期。
(6)陈菲:《未成年人犯罪总体呈下降趋势,呈现六大特点》,http:www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-05/30/content.2690314.htm。
(1)Stephen A.Sherman.You Ain’t My Baby:The Problem of Paternity Fraud and Paternity Laws.A Ve Maria Law Review.2007.No.1.
(2)参见世界经济论坛《2015年全球性别差距报告》。
(3)可能的辩护在于应当尊重父亲双方,特别是女方的性自治权,并逐渐打破传统的男权主义文化背景下的家庭结构、婚姻结构,但婚姻中性自治权的认可,绝不等同于鼓励家庭中的背叛。
(4)Jack H.Barton.The Effect of Rebuttable Presumption in Pennsylvania.Dickinson Law Review.1953.No.3.
(5)Brandon Jams Hoover,ESQ.Establishing the Best Answer to Paternity Disestablishment.Ohio Northern University Law Review.2011.No.1.
(6)Shawn Seliber.Texation Without Duplication:Misattributed Paternity;and Putative Father’s Claim for Restitution of Child Support.Wash&Lee J.C.R.&Soc.Just.2007.No.1.
(7)E.Donald Shapiro,Stewart Reifler,Claudia L.Psome.The DNA Paternity Test:Legislating the Future Paternity Action.Journal of Law and Health.1992~1993..No.1.
(1)Debimcrae.Evaluating the Effective of the Best Interests Marital Presumption of Paternity,Whittier Journal of Child and Family Advocacy.2006.No.2.
(2)参见美国1973年的《统一亲权法》(Uniform Parentage Act)、1998年的《德国民法》、2005年的《法国民法典》。
(3)Heather Faust.Challenging the Paternity of children Born During Wedlock:An Analysis of Pennsylvania Law Regarding the Effects of Doctrines of Legitimacy Presumption and Paternity By Estoppel on the Admissibility of Blood Test to Determine Paternity.Decision Law Review.1996.No.4.
(4)Brandon Jams Hoover,ESQ.Establishing the Best Answer to Paternity Disestablishment.Ohio Northern University Law Review.2011.No.1.
(5)Veronica Sue Gunderson.Personal Responsibility in Parentage:An Argument Against the Marital Presumption.UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law&Policy.2007.No.2.
(1)Timothy Caulfield.Canadian Family Law and Genetic Revolution:A Survey of Cases Involving Paternity Testing.Queen’s Law Journal.2000.No.1.
(2)David V.Hadek.Why the Policy Behind the Irrebuttable Presumption of Paternity Will Never Die.Southwestern University Law Review.1997.No.2.
(3)Julie Shapiro.Counting from One:Replacing the Marital Presumption with A Presumption of Sole Parentage.Journal of Gender,Social Policy&Law.2012.No.3.
(4)Melanie B.Jacobs.When Daddy Doesn’t Want to Be Daddy Anymore:An Argument Against Paternity Fraud Claims.Yale Journal of Law and Feminism.2004.No.2.
(5)Veronica Sue Gunderson.Personal Responsibility in Parentage:An Argument Against the Marital Presumption.U.C.Davis J of Juvenile Law&Policy.2007.No.2.
(1)许燕:《人格心理学导论》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2017年版,第56页。
(2)David V.Hadek.Why the Policy Behind the Irrebuttable Presumption of Paternity Will Never Die.Southwestern University Law Review.1997.No.2.
(3)日本采取的方式:当事人主义的限制、许可第三人参加诉讼、许可第三人申请再审、限制判决的反射效。参见[日]高桥宏志:《民事诉讼法:制度与理论的深层分析》,林剑锋译,北京:法律出版社,2003年版,第262页。
(4)江伟、邵明、陈刚:《民事诉诉权研究》,北京:法律出版社,2002年版,第198页。
(5)Deborah A.Ellingbo.Sex,Lies and Genetic Tests:Challenging the Marital Presumption of Paternity Under Minnesota Parentage Act.Minnesota Law Review.1994.No.4.
(6)Noriko Mizuno.Parent-Child Relationship in the Japanese Civil Code.Japanese Yearbook of International Law.2009.Vol.52.
(1)Nina Dethloff,Kathrin Kroll.Strengthening Children’s Rights in German Family Law.The International Survey of Family Law.2008.No.1.
(2)目前包括德国在内的17个欧盟国家许可生父对法定父权提出异议,但规定法定父亲与子女建立起来的家庭及社会联系的存在可以限制第三人提出父权否认之诉。9个国家不承认生父的当事人资格。
(3)《德日家事事件与非讼事件程序法典》,郝振江、赵秀举译,北京:法律出版社,2017年版,第76页。
(4)Nick Wikeley,Lisa Yong.Secrets and Lies:No Deceit Down Under for Paternity Fraud.Child and Family Law Quarterly.2008.No.1.
(1)Vanessa S.Brown-Barbour.MaMa’s Baby,PaPa’s Maybe:Disestablishment of Paternity.Akron Law Review.2015.No.2.
(2)Noriko Mizuno.Parent-Child Relationship in the Japanese Civil Code.Japanese Yearbook of International Law.2009.Vol.52.
(3)Theresa Glennon.Somebody’s Child:Evaluating the Erosion of the Marital Presumption of Paternity.West Virginia Law Review.2000.No.3.
(4)李秀华:《家事审判改革视域下综合干预家庭暴力模型建构》,《“德州杯”家事审判论坛获奖论文集》,山东德州,2018年7月。
(5)Vanessa S.Brown-Barbour.MaMa’s Baby,PaPa’s Maybe:Disestablishment of Paternity.Akron Law Review.2015.No.2.
(1)Geoffrey C.Hazard,Jrjohn L.Gedid.Stephen Sowle.An Historical Analysis of the Binding Effect of Class Suits..University of Pennsylvania Law Review,1998.No.6.
(2)丁慧、崔丹:《我国家事案件的审判革命:给予理念和进路的思考》,《“德州杯”家事审判论坛获奖论文集》,山东德州,2018年7月。
(3)E.Donald Shapiro.Stewart Reifler,Claudia L.Psome.The DNA Paternity Test:Legislating the Future Paternity Action.Journal of Law and Health.1992-93.No.1.
(1)纪格非:《民事诉讼禁反言原则的中国语境与困境》,《华东政法大学学报》2014年第5期。
(2)Diane S.Kaplan.Why Truth is not a Defense in Paternity Actions.The Texas Journal of Women and Law.2000.No.1.
(3)采用禁反言制度的基本理由是许可法定父亲认可父权后提起婚生子女否认之诉,将损害子女的合法权益,致子女心理、感情上的损害。参见Brie S.Rogers.The Presumption of Paternity in Child Support Cases:A Triumph of Law over Biology.University of Cincinnati Law Review.2002.No.3.
(4)Evelyn L.Wilson.Caught in a Trap-Paternity Presumptions in Louisiana.The Modern American.2013.No.3.
(5)Jana Singer.Marriage,Biology and Paternity:The Case for Revitalizing the Marital Presumption.Maryland Law Review.2006.No.1.
(6)Brie S.Rogers.The Presumption of Paternity in Child Support Cases:A Triumph of Law over Biology.University of Cincinnati Law Review.2002.No.3.