气藏型地下储气库建库注采机理与评价关键技术
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摘要
气藏型地下储气库是目前全球最主要的地下储气库类型,其工作气量约占全球各类储气库总工作气量的75%。为了提高气藏型地下储气库(以下简称储气库)建库地质方案设计的科学性和可靠性、优化储气库运行参数,从储气库多周期大流量强注强采的基本特点出发,综合采用物理模拟和数值模拟两种技术手段,重点研究了复杂地质条件气藏改建储气库圈闭动态密封性和气水高速交互渗流机理,建立了盖层、断层动态密封性评价和库容参数评价的关键技术。研究结果表明:(1)储气库注采工况交变应力对盖层原始静态毛细管密封和力学完整性具有不同程度的弱化作用,采用动态突破压力、剪切安全指数等指标可以全面量化评价圈闭的密封性;(2)基于高速注采互驱实验揭示的孔隙局部动用机理,建立了以有效含气孔隙为基础的储气库库容量设计方法。矿场应用实例表明,该技术应用于大型多层H储气库,有效指导了储气库建库地质方案设计,该储气库经过5个周期注采后达容率为91.8%,调峰能力由投产初期的2.7×10~8 m~3快速增至36.3×10~8 m~3,运行指标与方案设计吻合程度高。
Underground gas storages(UGSs) rebuilt from gas reservoirs is the most popular UGS type in the world. It accounts for 75% of the total active gas of all gas storages. In order to design more scientific and reliable geological schemes for constructing the underground gas storages rebuilt from gas reservoirs and optimize the UGS operation parameters, we analyzed the UGS basic characteristics of multi-cycle high-rate injection and production. Then, the dynamic sealing capacity of traps and the water–gas high-speed interactive flow mechanism of UGSs rebuilt from gas reservoirs with complex geological conditions were investigated by both physical simulation and numerical simulation. Finally, the key technologies for evaluating the dynamic sealing capacity of caprocks and faults and the storage capacity parameters were developed. Some results were obtained. First, the alternating stress in the process of UGS injection and production weakens the original static capillary sealing capacity and mechanical integrity of caprocks to different extents, and the trap sealing capacity can be quantified and evaluated comprehensively by using dynamic breakthrough pressures, shear safety indexes and other indicators. Second, a UGS capacity design method based on effective gas-bearing pores was developed according to the local pore-based recovery mechanism revealed in the high-speed gas–water mutual flooding test. Field application in the multi-layer UGS of H shows that these technologies provide an effective guidance for the design of geologic schemes. After five cycles of injection and production, its rampup ratio reached 91.8% and the peak shaving capacity increased quickly to 36.3×10~8 m~3 from 2.7×10~8 m~3 in the early stage of production. Moreover, the operation indicators matched well with the design.
Underground gas storages(UGSs) rebuilt from gas reservoirs is the most popular UGS type in the world. It accounts for 75% of the total active gas of all gas storages. In order to design more scientific and reliable geological schemes for constructing the underground gas storages rebuilt from gas reservoirs and optimize the UGS operation parameters, we analyzed the UGS basic characteristics of multi-cycle high-rate injection and production. Then, the dynamic sealing capacity of traps and the water–gas high-speed interactive flow mechanism of UGSs rebuilt from gas reservoirs with complex geological conditions were investigated by both physical simulation and numerical simulation. Finally, the key technologies for evaluating the dynamic sealing capacity of caprocks and faults and the storage capacity parameters were developed. Some results were obtained. First, the alternating stress in the process of UGS injection and production weakens the original static capillary sealing capacity and mechanical integrity of caprocks to different extents, and the trap sealing capacity can be quantified and evaluated comprehensively by using dynamic breakthrough pressures, shear safety indexes and other indicators. Second, a UGS capacity design method based on effective gas-bearing pores was developed according to the local pore-based recovery mechanism revealed in the high-speed gas–water mutual flooding test. Field application in the multi-layer UGS of H shows that these technologies provide an effective guidance for the design of geologic schemes. After five cycles of injection and production, its rampup ratio reached 91.8% and the peak shaving capacity increased quickly to 36.3×10~8 m~3 from 2.7×10~8 m~3 in the early stage of production. Moreover, the operation indicators matched well with the design.
引文
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[10]Tenthorey E,Vidal-Gilbert S,BackéG,Puspitasari R,Pallikathekathil ZJ,Maney B,et al.Modelling the geomechanics of gas storage:A case study from the Iona Gas Field,Australia[J].International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control,2013,13:138-148.
[11]Ansar SA,Haigh RR,Khosravi N,Khan S,Han HX&Vishteh MR.Caprock integrity case study for non-thermal polymer flooding project using 4D reservoir coupled geomechanical simulation[C]//SPE Heavy Oil Conference Canada,12-14 June 2012,Calgary,Alberta,Canada.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/157912-MS.
[12]Bildstein O,Jullien M,Crédoz A&Garnier J.Integrated modeling and experimental approach for caprock integrity,risk analysis,and long term safety assessment[J].Energy Procedia,2009,1(1):3237-3244.
[13]Teatini P,Castelletto N&Gambolati G.3D geomechanical modeling for CO2 geological storage in faulted formations.A case study in an offshore northern Adriatic reservoir,Italy[J].International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control,2014,22(3):63-76.
[14]Vidal-Gilbert S,Tenthorey E,Dewhurst D,Ennis-King J,Van Ruth P&Hillis R.Geomechanical analysis of the Naylor Field,Otway Basin,Australia:Implications for CO2 injection and storage[J].International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control,2010,4(5):827-839.
[15]Teatini P,Castelletto N,Ferronato M,Gambolati G,Janna C,Cairo E,et al.Geomechanical response to seasonal gas storage in depleted reservoirs:A case study in the Po River Basin,Italy[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,2011,116(F2):F02002.
[16]胥洪成,王皆明,李春.水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库盘库方法[J].天然气工业,2010,30(8):79-82.Xu Hongcheng,Wang Jieming&Li Chun.Study on the method of inventory verification in flooded and depleted gas reservoir underground gas storage facility[J].Natural Gas Industry,2010,30(8):79-82.
[17]石磊,廖广志,熊伟,高树生,耿彤.水驱砂岩气藏型地下储气库气水二相渗流机理[J].天然气工业,2012,32(9):85-87.Shi Lei,Liao Guangzhi,Xiong Wei,Gao Shusheng&Geng Tong.Gas water percolation mechanism in underground storage built on water drive sandstone gas reservoir[J].Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(9):85-87.
[18]丁云宏,张倩,郑得文,王皆明,石磊,李春,等.微裂缝—孔隙型碳酸盐岩气藏改建地下储气库的渗流规律[J].天然气工业,2015,35(1):109-114.Ding Yunhong,Zhang Qian,Zheng Dewen,Wang Jieming,Shi Lei,Li Chun,et al.Seepage laws in converting a micro fissure-pore carbonate gas reservoir into UGS[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(1):109-114.
[19]唐立根,王皆明,白凤娟,石磊.基于修正后的物质平衡方程预测储气库库存量[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(4):480-484.Tang Ligen,Wang Jieming,Bai Fengjuan&Shi Lei.Inventory forecast in underground gas storage based on modified material balance equation[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(4):480-484.
[20]胥洪成,王皆明,屈平,冯裕才,邓彩凤.复杂地质条件气藏储气库库容参数的预测方法[J].天然气工业,2015,35(1):103-108.Xu Hongcheng,Wang Jieming,Qu Ping,Feng Yucai&Deng Caifeng.A prediction model of storage capacity parameters of geologically-complicated reservoir-type underground gas storage[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(1):103-108.
[2]张刚雄,郭凯,丁国生,郑得文,魏欢,钱品淑.气藏型储气库井安全风险及其应对措施[J].油气储运,2016,35(12):1290-1295.Zhang Gangxiong,Guo Kai,Ding Guosheng,Zheng Dewen,Wei Huan&Qian Pinshu.Safety risks and countermeasures on the wells in underground gas storage rebuilt from depleted gas reservoir[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2016,35(12):1290-1295.
[3]李春,王皆明,赵凯,王玲欣.水侵砂岩气藏型储气库注采气能力预测方法[J].油气储运,2017,36(3):274-278.Li Chun,Wang Jieming,Zhao Kai&Wang Lingxin.A prediction method for gas injection and production capacity of underground gas storages rebuilt from water-invasion sandstone gas reservoirs[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2017,36(3):274-278.
[4]温凯,何蕾,虞维超,宫敬.储气库系统注采可靠性评价方法[J].油气储运,2017,36(8):889-896.Wen Kai,He Lei,Yu Weichao&Gong Jing.Evaluation method on the injection and production reliability of underground gas storage system[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2017,36(8):889-896.
[5]王晓波,李剑,王东良,胡国艺,方家虎.天然气藏盖层研究进展及发展趋势[J].新疆石油地质,2010,31(6):664-668.Wang Xiaobo,Li Jian,Wang Donliang,Hu Guoyi&Fang Jiahu.Research progress and development trend of natural gas caprock[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2010,31(6):664-668.
[6]林建品,贾善坡,刘团辉,闫爱华,席增强.枯竭气藏改建储气库盖层封闭能力综合评价研究——以兴9枯竭气藏为例[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015(增刊2):4099-4107.Lin Jianpin,Jia Shanpo,Liu Tuanhui,Yan Aihua&Xi Zengqiang.Comprehensive evaluation of sealing ability of mudstone cap rock for Xing 9 depleted gas reservoir in reconstructing underground gas storage[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015(S2):4099-4107.
[7]温凯,何蕾,虞维超,宫敬,陈树仁.枯竭油气藏型储气库地层压力的计算方法[J].油气储运,2017,36(7):781-788.Wen Kai,He Lei,Yu Weichao,Gong Jing&Chen Shuren.Calculation methods on formation pressure of underground gasstorage rebuilt from depleted oil and gas reservoir[J].Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation,2017,36(7):781-788.
[8]Bruno MS,Kang L,Diessl J,Childers B,Jing Xianga,White N,et al.Development of improved caprock integrity analysis and risk assessment techniques[J].Energy Procedia,2014,63:4708-4744.
[9]Orlic B,Wassing BBT&Geel CR.Field scale geomechanical modeling for prediction of fault stability during underground gas storage operations in a depleted gas field in the Netherlands[C]//47th U.S.Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium,23-26 June 2013,San Francisco,California,USA.San Francisco:ARMA,2013.
[10]Tenthorey E,Vidal-Gilbert S,BackéG,Puspitasari R,Pallikathekathil ZJ,Maney B,et al.Modelling the geomechanics of gas storage:A case study from the Iona Gas Field,Australia[J].International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control,2013,13:138-148.
[11]Ansar SA,Haigh RR,Khosravi N,Khan S,Han HX&Vishteh MR.Caprock integrity case study for non-thermal polymer flooding project using 4D reservoir coupled geomechanical simulation[C]//SPE Heavy Oil Conference Canada,12-14 June 2012,Calgary,Alberta,Canada.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/157912-MS.
[12]Bildstein O,Jullien M,Crédoz A&Garnier J.Integrated modeling and experimental approach for caprock integrity,risk analysis,and long term safety assessment[J].Energy Procedia,2009,1(1):3237-3244.
[13]Teatini P,Castelletto N&Gambolati G.3D geomechanical modeling for CO2 geological storage in faulted formations.A case study in an offshore northern Adriatic reservoir,Italy[J].International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control,2014,22(3):63-76.
[14]Vidal-Gilbert S,Tenthorey E,Dewhurst D,Ennis-King J,Van Ruth P&Hillis R.Geomechanical analysis of the Naylor Field,Otway Basin,Australia:Implications for CO2 injection and storage[J].International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control,2010,4(5):827-839.
[15]Teatini P,Castelletto N,Ferronato M,Gambolati G,Janna C,Cairo E,et al.Geomechanical response to seasonal gas storage in depleted reservoirs:A case study in the Po River Basin,Italy[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,2011,116(F2):F02002.
[16]胥洪成,王皆明,李春.水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库盘库方法[J].天然气工业,2010,30(8):79-82.Xu Hongcheng,Wang Jieming&Li Chun.Study on the method of inventory verification in flooded and depleted gas reservoir underground gas storage facility[J].Natural Gas Industry,2010,30(8):79-82.
[17]石磊,廖广志,熊伟,高树生,耿彤.水驱砂岩气藏型地下储气库气水二相渗流机理[J].天然气工业,2012,32(9):85-87.Shi Lei,Liao Guangzhi,Xiong Wei,Gao Shusheng&Geng Tong.Gas water percolation mechanism in underground storage built on water drive sandstone gas reservoir[J].Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(9):85-87.
[18]丁云宏,张倩,郑得文,王皆明,石磊,李春,等.微裂缝—孔隙型碳酸盐岩气藏改建地下储气库的渗流规律[J].天然气工业,2015,35(1):109-114.Ding Yunhong,Zhang Qian,Zheng Dewen,Wang Jieming,Shi Lei,Li Chun,et al.Seepage laws in converting a micro fissure-pore carbonate gas reservoir into UGS[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(1):109-114.
[19]唐立根,王皆明,白凤娟,石磊.基于修正后的物质平衡方程预测储气库库存量[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(4):480-484.Tang Ligen,Wang Jieming,Bai Fengjuan&Shi Lei.Inventory forecast in underground gas storage based on modified material balance equation[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(4):480-484.
[20]胥洪成,王皆明,屈平,冯裕才,邓彩凤.复杂地质条件气藏储气库库容参数的预测方法[J].天然气工业,2015,35(1):103-108.Xu Hongcheng,Wang Jieming,Qu Ping,Feng Yucai&Deng Caifeng.A prediction model of storage capacity parameters of geologically-complicated reservoir-type underground gas storage[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(1):103-108.