中国“采水型”地裂缝特征和成因分析
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摘要
过量开采地下水诱发的地裂缝("采水型"地裂缝)灾害对社会造成严重损失,受到人们普遍关注。近几十年来,国内外学者对其成因机制进行了大量研究,取得了丰硕成果。本文系统分析了前人的研究成果,归纳出"采水型"地裂缝的差异沉降成因、拉张性水平应变成因和四种成因模式;然后针对中国三个典型的"采水型"地裂缝发育区,即汾渭盆地、华北平原、苏锡常地区,阐述了各地地裂缝分布、发育特征和成因机理,并选择典型地段地裂缝进行成因分析,认为汾渭盆地和华北平原地区部分地裂缝属于"先期断层模式",而苏锡常地区地裂缝总体属于"基岩起伏模式",并阐述了该模式下导致地裂缝发育的差异性变形、水平应变作用机理。
Excessive exploitation of groundwater in China has induced serious earth fissure hazards, which can cause significantdamage and heavy economic losses, and has received significant attention. In recent decades, mechanisms of earth fissures induced bygroundwater withdrawal have been studied by researchers worldwide and many remarkable achievements have been accomplished. Theresults of previous studies were analyzed in this article firstly and then the mechanisms of earth fissure induced by excessiveexploitation of groundwater were summarized and categorized as differential subsidence, horizontal tensile strain, and Four EarthFissure Formation Conceptual Models. Then the distribution of earth fissures, development features and mechanisms of earth fissures inthree regions(i.e., the Fenwei Basin, North China Plain and Su-Xi-Chang in China) where typical"groundwater-withdraw-induced"fissures developed, were elaborated, and a typical earth fissure was chosen to analyze its cause. Results indicate that earth fissures inthe Fenwei Basin and North China Plain were mainly caused by pre-existing faults and excessively ground water exploitation, while thefissures in the Su-Xi-Chang region were generally induced by a"bedrock ridge"below the aquifer and excessively ground waterexploitation. Differential compaction and horizontal strain mechanisms causing the development of such earth fissures were then explained.
Excessive exploitation of groundwater in China has induced serious earth fissure hazards, which can cause significantdamage and heavy economic losses, and has received significant attention. In recent decades, mechanisms of earth fissures induced bygroundwater withdrawal have been studied by researchers worldwide and many remarkable achievements have been accomplished. Theresults of previous studies were analyzed in this article firstly and then the mechanisms of earth fissure induced by excessiveexploitation of groundwater were summarized and categorized as differential subsidence, horizontal tensile strain, and Four EarthFissure Formation Conceptual Models. Then the distribution of earth fissures, development features and mechanisms of earth fissures inthree regions(i.e., the Fenwei Basin, North China Plain and Su-Xi-Chang in China) where typical"groundwater-withdraw-induced"fissures developed, were elaborated, and a typical earth fissure was chosen to analyze its cause. Results indicate that earth fissures inthe Fenwei Basin and North China Plain were mainly caused by pre-existing faults and excessively ground water exploitation, while thefissures in the Su-Xi-Chang region were generally induced by a"bedrock ridge"below the aquifer and excessively ground waterexploitation. Differential compaction and horizontal strain mechanisms causing the development of such earth fissures were then explained.
引文
安海波.2011.华北平原地裂缝成因机理研究[D].西安:长安大学.
陈立伟.2007.地裂缝扩展机理研究[D].西安:长安大学.
曹建玲,白淑芳,姜正义.2015.隆尧地裂缝形变特征及成因分析[J].华北地震科学,33(2):13-19.
李昌存.2003.河北平原地裂缝研究[D].北京:中国地质大学.
李俊,刘金峰,莫多闻.2003.河北平原地裂缝的分布规律及成因初探[J].水土保持研究,10(3):62-65.
李世雄,李守定,郜洪强.2006.河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因机制研究[J].工程地质学报,14(2):178-183.
李永善.1986.西安地裂缝[M].北京:地震出版社.
李志明,杨旭东,兰剑梅,等.2010.河北邢台柏乡地裂缝成因分析[J].水文地质工程地质,37(2):135-138.
刘聪,袁晓军,朱锦旗.2004.苏锡常地裂缝[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社.
罗国煜.2006.关于地裂缝地质灾害的优势面分析[J].地质学刊,30(1):1-5.
骆祖江,王琰,田小伟,等.2013.沧州市地下水开采与地面沉降地裂缝模拟预测[J].水利学报,44(2):198-204.
吕凤兰,马学军,邵长庆,等.2014.河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因分析[J].上海国土资源,35(4):49-52.
马学军,宋伟,王洪磊,等.2011.隆尧地裂的成因[J].地质灾害与环境保护,22(3):43-46.
彭建兵,范文,李喜安,等.2007.汾渭盆地地裂缝成因研究中的若干关键问题[J].工程地质学报,15(4):433-440.
彭建兵.1992.渭河断裂带的构造演化与地震活动[J].地震地质,14(2):113-120.
彭建兵.2012.西安地裂缝灾害[M].北京:科学出版社.
宋伟,马学军,贾国欣.2011.邢台隆尧典型断层蠕滑型地裂缝成因初析[J].地质学刊,35(4):405-412.
邵长庆.2015.地裂缝构造背景与坳陷伸展构造环境的关系[J].中国水土保持,(4):53-56.
王景明.2000.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社.
王景明.1989.论西安地裂缝[J].地震地质,11(3):85-93.
王启耀,蒋臻蔚,彭建兵.2013.抽水作用下先存断裂活化滑移机制研究[J].水文地质工程地质,40(2):108-112.
王庆良,刘玉海.2002.抽水引起的含水层应变一地裂缝活动新机理[J].工程地质学报,10(1):46-50.
吴忱,朱宣清,何乃华,等.1991.华北平原古河道的形成研究[J].中国科学:化学生命科学地学,21(2):188-197.
伍洲云,余勤,张云.2003.苏锡常地区地裂缝形成过程[J].水文地质工程地质,30(1):67-72.
武健强,周钢军,吴曙亮,等.2013.无锡光明村地裂缝研究[J].地质学刊,37(2):203-207.
武强,陈佩佩.2003.地裂缝灾害研究现状与展望[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,14(1):22-27.
邢忠信,李和学,张熟,等.2004.沧州市地面沉降研究及防治对策[J].地质调查与研究,27(3):157-163.
徐继山,马润勇,彭建兵,等.2012a.河间地区地裂缝分形特征研究[J].自然灾害学报,21(3):177-183.
徐继山,彭建兵,马学军,等.2012b.邢台市隆尧地裂缝发育特征及成因分析[J].工程地质学报,20(2):160-169.
徐继山.2012.华北陆缘盆地地裂缝成因机理研究[D].西安:长安大学.
于军,王晓梅,苏小四,等.2004.苏锡常地区地裂缝地质灾害形成机理分析[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),34(2):236-241.
张家明.1990.西安地裂缝研究[M].西安:西北大学出版社.
赵其华,王兰生.1995.构造重力扩展机制的地质力学模拟研究[J].地质灾害与环境保护,3(1):21-27.
Bankher K A and Al-Harthi A A.1999.Earth fissuring and land subsidence in western Saudi Arabia[J].Natural Hazards,20(1):21-42.
Bouwer H.1977.Land subsidence and cracking due to ground-water depletiona[J].Groundwater.,15(5):358-364.
Budhu M and Adiyaman I.2012.Earth fissure formation from groundwater pumping and the influence of a stiff upper cemented layer[J].Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology,45(2):197-205.
Budhu M.2010.Earth fissure formation from the mechanics of groundwater pumping[J].International Journal of Geomechanics,11(1):1-11.
Budhu M.2008.Mechanics of earth fissures using the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion[J].Environmental&Engineering Geoscience,14(4):281-295.
Burbey T J,1999.Effects of horizontal strain in estimating specific storage and compaction in confined and leaky aquifer systems[J].Hydrogeology Journal,7(6):521-532.
Burbey T J.2001.Stress-strain analyses for aquifer-system characterization[J].Groundwater,39(1):128-136.
Burbey T J.2008.The influence of geologic structures on deformation due to ground water withdrawal[J].Groundwater,46(2):202-11.
Carpenter M C.1993.Earth-fissure movements associated with fluctuations in ground-water levels near the Picacho Mountains,south-central Arizona,1980-84[J].Professional Paper.
Chaussard E,Wdowinski S,Cabral-Cano E,et al.2014.Land subsidence in central Mexico detected by ALOS InSAR time-series[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,140(1):94-106.
Feth J H.1951.Structural reconnaissance of the Red Rock quadrangle,Arizona[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin Part Pages:2331-1258.
Fletcher J E,Harris K,Peterson H B,et al.1954.Piping[J],Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union,35(2):258-263.
Helm D C.1994a.Horizontal aquifer movement in a theis-thiem confined system[J].Water Resources Research,30(4):953-964.
Helm D C.1994b.Hydraulic forces that play a role in generating fissures at depth[J].Environmental&Engineering Geoscience,31:3.
Hemandez-Marin M and Burbey T J.2010.Controls on initiation and propagation of pumping-induced earth fissures:insights from numerical simulations[J].Hydrogeology Journal,18(8):1773-1785.
Holzer T L,Davis S N and Lofgren B E.1979.Faulting caused by groundwater extraction in southcentral Arizona[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,84(B2):603-612.
Holzer T L.1976.Ground failure in areas of subsidence due to ground-water decline in the United States[J].Proceedings of the Anaheim Symposium;
Holzer T L and Pampeyan E H.1981.Earth fissures and localized differential subsidence[J].Water Resources Research,17(1):223-227.
Holzer T L.1984.Ground failure induced by ground-water withdrawal from unconsolidated sediment[J].Reviews in Engineering Geology,67-105.
Inkenbrandt P,Lund W,Lowe M,et al.2014.Investigation of land subsidence and earth fissures in Cedar Valley,Iron County,Utah[J].Utah Geological Survey.
Jachens R C and Holzer TL.1982.Differential compaction mechanism for earth fissures near Casa Grande,Arizona[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,93(10):998-1012.
Leonard R.1929.An earth fissure in southern Arizona[J],The Journal of Geology,37(8):765-774.
Lofgren B.1971,Significant role of seepage stresses in compressible aquifer systems[J].Transactions American Geophysical Union,52(11).
Neal J T,Langer A M and Kerr P E.Giant Desiccation Polygons Of Great Basin Playas[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,79(1):69.
Pacheco-Martinez J,Hernandez-Marin M,Burbey T J,et al.2013.Land subsidence and ground failure associated to groundwater exploitation in the Aguascalientes Valley,Mexico[J].Engineering Geology,164(18):172-186.
Pratt W E and Johnson D W.1926.Local subsidence of the Goose Creek oil field[J].The Journal of Geology,34(7):577-590.
Rothenburg L,Obah A and El B S.1995.Horizontal ground movements due to water abstraction and formation of earth fissures[J].International Association of Hydro logical Sciences,234:239-249.
Schumann H and Poland J.1970 Land subsidence,earth fissures and groundwater withdrawal in south-central arizona,U.S.A[J].USENIX Systems Administration Conference.
Sheng Z,Helm D C,Li J.2003.Mechanisms of earth fissuring caused by groundwater withdrawal[J].Environmental&Engineering Geoscience.,9(9):313-324.
Wang G Y,You G,Shi B,et al.2010.Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province,China and geological investigation of Hetang earth fissure[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,60(1):35-43.
Wang G Y,You G,Shi B,et al.2009.Earth fissures triggered by groundwater withdrawal and coupled by geological structures in Jiangsu Province,China[J].Environmental Geology,57(5):1047-1054.
Wolff R G.1970.Relationship between horizontal strain near a well and reverse water level fluctuation[J].Water Resources Research,6(6):1721-1728.
Youssef A M,Sabtan A A,Maerz N H,et al.2014.Earth fissures in Wadi Najran,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia[J].Natural Hazards,71(3):2013-2027.
Yu J,Chen G M,Wang X M,et al.2006.Formation mechanism analysis on ground fissure based on 3D seismic exploration data in Yinguo'an area,Wuxi City[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,33(4):117-120.
Zhang Y,Xue Y Q,Wu J C,et al.2010.Excessive groundwater withdrawal and resultant land subsidence in the Su-Xi-Chang area,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,61(6):1135-1143.
陈立伟.2007.地裂缝扩展机理研究[D].西安:长安大学.
曹建玲,白淑芳,姜正义.2015.隆尧地裂缝形变特征及成因分析[J].华北地震科学,33(2):13-19.
李昌存.2003.河北平原地裂缝研究[D].北京:中国地质大学.
李俊,刘金峰,莫多闻.2003.河北平原地裂缝的分布规律及成因初探[J].水土保持研究,10(3):62-65.
李世雄,李守定,郜洪强.2006.河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因机制研究[J].工程地质学报,14(2):178-183.
李永善.1986.西安地裂缝[M].北京:地震出版社.
李志明,杨旭东,兰剑梅,等.2010.河北邢台柏乡地裂缝成因分析[J].水文地质工程地质,37(2):135-138.
刘聪,袁晓军,朱锦旗.2004.苏锡常地裂缝[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社.
罗国煜.2006.关于地裂缝地质灾害的优势面分析[J].地质学刊,30(1):1-5.
骆祖江,王琰,田小伟,等.2013.沧州市地下水开采与地面沉降地裂缝模拟预测[J].水利学报,44(2):198-204.
吕凤兰,马学军,邵长庆,等.2014.河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因分析[J].上海国土资源,35(4):49-52.
马学军,宋伟,王洪磊,等.2011.隆尧地裂的成因[J].地质灾害与环境保护,22(3):43-46.
彭建兵,范文,李喜安,等.2007.汾渭盆地地裂缝成因研究中的若干关键问题[J].工程地质学报,15(4):433-440.
彭建兵.1992.渭河断裂带的构造演化与地震活动[J].地震地质,14(2):113-120.
彭建兵.2012.西安地裂缝灾害[M].北京:科学出版社.
宋伟,马学军,贾国欣.2011.邢台隆尧典型断层蠕滑型地裂缝成因初析[J].地质学刊,35(4):405-412.
邵长庆.2015.地裂缝构造背景与坳陷伸展构造环境的关系[J].中国水土保持,(4):53-56.
王景明.2000.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社.
王景明.1989.论西安地裂缝[J].地震地质,11(3):85-93.
王启耀,蒋臻蔚,彭建兵.2013.抽水作用下先存断裂活化滑移机制研究[J].水文地质工程地质,40(2):108-112.
王庆良,刘玉海.2002.抽水引起的含水层应变一地裂缝活动新机理[J].工程地质学报,10(1):46-50.
吴忱,朱宣清,何乃华,等.1991.华北平原古河道的形成研究[J].中国科学:化学生命科学地学,21(2):188-197.
伍洲云,余勤,张云.2003.苏锡常地区地裂缝形成过程[J].水文地质工程地质,30(1):67-72.
武健强,周钢军,吴曙亮,等.2013.无锡光明村地裂缝研究[J].地质学刊,37(2):203-207.
武强,陈佩佩.2003.地裂缝灾害研究现状与展望[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,14(1):22-27.
邢忠信,李和学,张熟,等.2004.沧州市地面沉降研究及防治对策[J].地质调查与研究,27(3):157-163.
徐继山,马润勇,彭建兵,等.2012a.河间地区地裂缝分形特征研究[J].自然灾害学报,21(3):177-183.
徐继山,彭建兵,马学军,等.2012b.邢台市隆尧地裂缝发育特征及成因分析[J].工程地质学报,20(2):160-169.
徐继山.2012.华北陆缘盆地地裂缝成因机理研究[D].西安:长安大学.
于军,王晓梅,苏小四,等.2004.苏锡常地区地裂缝地质灾害形成机理分析[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),34(2):236-241.
张家明.1990.西安地裂缝研究[M].西安:西北大学出版社.
赵其华,王兰生.1995.构造重力扩展机制的地质力学模拟研究[J].地质灾害与环境保护,3(1):21-27.
Bankher K A and Al-Harthi A A.1999.Earth fissuring and land subsidence in western Saudi Arabia[J].Natural Hazards,20(1):21-42.
Bouwer H.1977.Land subsidence and cracking due to ground-water depletiona[J].Groundwater.,15(5):358-364.
Budhu M and Adiyaman I.2012.Earth fissure formation from groundwater pumping and the influence of a stiff upper cemented layer[J].Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology,45(2):197-205.
Budhu M.2010.Earth fissure formation from the mechanics of groundwater pumping[J].International Journal of Geomechanics,11(1):1-11.
Budhu M.2008.Mechanics of earth fissures using the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion[J].Environmental&Engineering Geoscience,14(4):281-295.
Burbey T J,1999.Effects of horizontal strain in estimating specific storage and compaction in confined and leaky aquifer systems[J].Hydrogeology Journal,7(6):521-532.
Burbey T J.2001.Stress-strain analyses for aquifer-system characterization[J].Groundwater,39(1):128-136.
Burbey T J.2008.The influence of geologic structures on deformation due to ground water withdrawal[J].Groundwater,46(2):202-11.
Carpenter M C.1993.Earth-fissure movements associated with fluctuations in ground-water levels near the Picacho Mountains,south-central Arizona,1980-84[J].Professional Paper.
Chaussard E,Wdowinski S,Cabral-Cano E,et al.2014.Land subsidence in central Mexico detected by ALOS InSAR time-series[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,140(1):94-106.
Feth J H.1951.Structural reconnaissance of the Red Rock quadrangle,Arizona[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin Part Pages:2331-1258.
Fletcher J E,Harris K,Peterson H B,et al.1954.Piping[J],Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union,35(2):258-263.
Helm D C.1994a.Horizontal aquifer movement in a theis-thiem confined system[J].Water Resources Research,30(4):953-964.
Helm D C.1994b.Hydraulic forces that play a role in generating fissures at depth[J].Environmental&Engineering Geoscience,31:3.
Hemandez-Marin M and Burbey T J.2010.Controls on initiation and propagation of pumping-induced earth fissures:insights from numerical simulations[J].Hydrogeology Journal,18(8):1773-1785.
Holzer T L,Davis S N and Lofgren B E.1979.Faulting caused by groundwater extraction in southcentral Arizona[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,84(B2):603-612.
Holzer T L.1976.Ground failure in areas of subsidence due to ground-water decline in the United States[J].Proceedings of the Anaheim Symposium;
Holzer T L and Pampeyan E H.1981.Earth fissures and localized differential subsidence[J].Water Resources Research,17(1):223-227.
Holzer T L.1984.Ground failure induced by ground-water withdrawal from unconsolidated sediment[J].Reviews in Engineering Geology,67-105.
Inkenbrandt P,Lund W,Lowe M,et al.2014.Investigation of land subsidence and earth fissures in Cedar Valley,Iron County,Utah[J].Utah Geological Survey.
Jachens R C and Holzer TL.1982.Differential compaction mechanism for earth fissures near Casa Grande,Arizona[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,93(10):998-1012.
Leonard R.1929.An earth fissure in southern Arizona[J],The Journal of Geology,37(8):765-774.
Lofgren B.1971,Significant role of seepage stresses in compressible aquifer systems[J].Transactions American Geophysical Union,52(11).
Neal J T,Langer A M and Kerr P E.Giant Desiccation Polygons Of Great Basin Playas[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,79(1):69.
Pacheco-Martinez J,Hernandez-Marin M,Burbey T J,et al.2013.Land subsidence and ground failure associated to groundwater exploitation in the Aguascalientes Valley,Mexico[J].Engineering Geology,164(18):172-186.
Pratt W E and Johnson D W.1926.Local subsidence of the Goose Creek oil field[J].The Journal of Geology,34(7):577-590.
Rothenburg L,Obah A and El B S.1995.Horizontal ground movements due to water abstraction and formation of earth fissures[J].International Association of Hydro logical Sciences,234:239-249.
Schumann H and Poland J.1970 Land subsidence,earth fissures and groundwater withdrawal in south-central arizona,U.S.A[J].USENIX Systems Administration Conference.
Sheng Z,Helm D C,Li J.2003.Mechanisms of earth fissuring caused by groundwater withdrawal[J].Environmental&Engineering Geoscience.,9(9):313-324.
Wang G Y,You G,Shi B,et al.2010.Earth fissures in Jiangsu Province,China and geological investigation of Hetang earth fissure[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,60(1):35-43.
Wang G Y,You G,Shi B,et al.2009.Earth fissures triggered by groundwater withdrawal and coupled by geological structures in Jiangsu Province,China[J].Environmental Geology,57(5):1047-1054.
Wolff R G.1970.Relationship between horizontal strain near a well and reverse water level fluctuation[J].Water Resources Research,6(6):1721-1728.
Youssef A M,Sabtan A A,Maerz N H,et al.2014.Earth fissures in Wadi Najran,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia[J].Natural Hazards,71(3):2013-2027.
Yu J,Chen G M,Wang X M,et al.2006.Formation mechanism analysis on ground fissure based on 3D seismic exploration data in Yinguo'an area,Wuxi City[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,33(4):117-120.
Zhang Y,Xue Y Q,Wu J C,et al.2010.Excessive groundwater withdrawal and resultant land subsidence in the Su-Xi-Chang area,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,61(6):1135-1143.