北京宋庄地裂缝灾害特征及影响因素分析
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摘要
近年来由于北京市平原区地裂缝灾害凸显,不仅加速地表水土流失,而且对灾害区基础设施建设造成严重影响。为分析地裂缝形成原因,缓解及减轻地裂缝灾害造成的经济、财产损失,本文以新发现的宋庄地裂缝作为靶区,通过地质调查、In SAR监测、槽探、钻探等方法,揭示了宋庄地裂缝空间发育特征,从地质构造、地层岩性、地面沉降等方面,深入分析成因。结果显示:(1)宋庄地裂缝影响长度达8. 7 km,NEE向延伸,受灾体主要展现出拉张形变;(2)区域拉张应力场为宋庄地裂缝形成提供内动力条件,构造影响下的第四系沉积厚度差异及地层岩性不均一,为宋庄地裂缝形成提供重要地质背景;(3)南苑—通县断裂为宋庄地裂缝形成提供了应力积累和传递媒介;(4)地下水超采引发的土体水平、垂向变形是地裂缝形成的诱发条件。受基底伸展变形、隐伏断裂及地下水开采影响,土体发生水平及垂向变形,使得在非饱和带断层区附近形成拉应力集中区,当达到土体抗拉强度时,形成盲裂缝,在雨水侵蚀或潜水位回升作用下,扩展至地表形成裂缝及串珠状土洞。
In recent years,the occurrence of geological fracture disaster has increased at the Beijing Plain. The geological crack disaster accelerates soil erosion and impacts negatively on infrastructure construction in the area.This paper aims to analyze the generation of geological cracks and reduce the potential losses of economy and property. With geological survey,InSAR monitoring,trenching and drilling methods,the spatial characteristics ofground fissures at Shongzhuang Village are investigated. The factors responsible for the ground fissures and the occurrence mechanism are analyzed based on geological structure,lithology and land subsidence. The conclusions are as follows.(1) The ground fissures at Songzhuang Viallge are sourced at Xiaozhong River,extend along the way through the Shuangbutou Village quay,Gouqu Village,Dapang Village,and end at the Pingjiatuan Village. Its influencing length is up to 8. 7 kilometers and extends to the NEE direction. The houses,walls and pavements along the fissures have been damaged to varying degree. The affected objects exhibit tensile deformation.(2) Under the influence of tectonics,the thickness of the Quaternary sedimentary strata is different in two sides of the fissures. The difference in regional sedimentary environment leads to the heterogeneity of stratum lithology. Both of them are the important geological background for the formation of the fissures.(3) Nanyuan-Tongxian fault zone,conceals in the lower part of the ground fissure turn out to be a tensional fracture. Although moving under the ground,it provides the geological conditions for the accumulation and transmission of stress for the formation of the fissures.(4) The long-term and excessive exploitation of groundwater resources has changed the stable environment of the soil,and caused the horizontal and vertical deformation of the soil. The two kinds of deformations altogether caused the ground fissure. The superimposed effects of extensional deformation basement,buried fracture and groundwater overexploitation are the causes of horizontally or vertically compression of soils. The tensile stress concentrated zone is formed near the fault zone in the unsaturated zone. When the stress reaches the tensile strength of the soil,a blind crack is formed. The blind crack is extended to the surface due to rain erosion or of phreatic water table going up and developed to geological cracks and beads-like collapses.
In recent years,the occurrence of geological fracture disaster has increased at the Beijing Plain. The geological crack disaster accelerates soil erosion and impacts negatively on infrastructure construction in the area.This paper aims to analyze the generation of geological cracks and reduce the potential losses of economy and property. With geological survey,InSAR monitoring,trenching and drilling methods,the spatial characteristics ofground fissures at Shongzhuang Village are investigated. The factors responsible for the ground fissures and the occurrence mechanism are analyzed based on geological structure,lithology and land subsidence. The conclusions are as follows.(1) The ground fissures at Songzhuang Viallge are sourced at Xiaozhong River,extend along the way through the Shuangbutou Village quay,Gouqu Village,Dapang Village,and end at the Pingjiatuan Village. Its influencing length is up to 8. 7 kilometers and extends to the NEE direction. The houses,walls and pavements along the fissures have been damaged to varying degree. The affected objects exhibit tensile deformation.(2) Under the influence of tectonics,the thickness of the Quaternary sedimentary strata is different in two sides of the fissures. The difference in regional sedimentary environment leads to the heterogeneity of stratum lithology. Both of them are the important geological background for the formation of the fissures.(3) Nanyuan-Tongxian fault zone,conceals in the lower part of the ground fissure turn out to be a tensional fracture. Although moving under the ground,it provides the geological conditions for the accumulation and transmission of stress for the formation of the fissures.(4) The long-term and excessive exploitation of groundwater resources has changed the stable environment of the soil,and caused the horizontal and vertical deformation of the soil. The two kinds of deformations altogether caused the ground fissure. The superimposed effects of extensional deformation basement,buried fracture and groundwater overexploitation are the causes of horizontally or vertically compression of soils. The tensile stress concentrated zone is formed near the fault zone in the unsaturated zone. When the stress reaches the tensile strength of the soil,a blind crack is formed. The blind crack is extended to the surface due to rain erosion or of phreatic water table going up and developed to geological cracks and beads-like collapses.
引文
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Liu F C,Qi H W,Peng J B,et al.2016.Characters of the Ground fissures developing in Beijing[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,24(6):1269-1277.
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Ma X J,Yang X D,Jia G X.2015.Genesis analysis of fault creep type ground fissures in the Hebei plain[J].Geological Survey of China,2(8):48-54.
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Xu J S.2012.Study on the formation mechanism of ground fissures in North China Epicontinental basion[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University.
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Zhang S M,Liu X D,Ren J J,et al.2005.Quaternary activities of northern segment of the Shunyi-Liangxiang fault[J].Earthquake Research in China,21(1):84-92.
Zhao C Y,Zhang Q,Ding X L,et al.2009.Insar based evaluation of land subsidence and ground fissure evolution at Xi'an[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,17(3):389-393.
Zhao C Y,Zhang Q,Zhang J.2011.Deformation monitoring of ground fissure with sar inter-ferometry in Qingxu,Shanxi province[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,19(1):70-75.
Zhao L,Liu J R,Wang R,et al.2017.Distribution characteristics and causes analysis of Songzhuang ground fissures in Beijing[J].Shanghai Land&Resources,38(2):35-38.
Zhao Z H.2006.Discussion on the distribution characteristics and genetic type of the land carck in Beijing[J].Journal of Geological Hazard and Environment Preservation,17(3):75-78.
北京市地质矿产勘查开发局.2008.北京地质灾害[M].北京:中国大地出版社.
地震考古组.1977.北京市地震地质会战研究成果汇编(1)北京地区历史地震资料年表长编[R].北京:北京市地震地质会战办公室.
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郭慧,王鑫.2017.河北隆尧现今地裂缝与1966年邢台地震关系[J]华北地震科学,35(1):10-16.
刘方翠,祁生文,彭建兵,等.2016.北京市地裂缝分布与发育规律[J].工程地质学报,24(6):1269-1277.
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任妹娟,任政委.2014.华北平原地裂缝勘查技术方法研究[J].科技创新与生产力,(7):40-42.
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Burbey T J.2002.The influence of faults in basin-fill deposits on land subsidence,Las Vegas Valley,Nevada,USA[J].Hydrogeology Journal,10(5):525-538.
Chen X X,Luo Z J,Zhou S.2014.Influences of soil hydraulic and mechanical parameters on land subsidence and ground fissures caused by groundwater exploitation[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,Ser.B,26(1):155-164.
Earthquake Archaeology Team.1977.Compilation of research works on earthquake geology in Beijing(1)Beijing area of historical earthquake data of long series[R].Beijing:Beijing Earthquake Geology Office.
Feng L B.2011.The study on formation mechanism and prevention countermeasures of ground fissures in the future science and technology city of Beijing[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University.
Guo H,Wang X.2017.Relationship between the present-day ground fissure in Heibei Longyao and the 1966 Xingtai Earthquake[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,35(1):10-16.
Holzer T L,Pampeyan E H.1981.Earth fissures and localized differential subsidence[J].Water Resources Research,17(1):223-227.
Jachens R C,Holzer T L.1982.Differential compaction mechanism for earth fissures near Casa Grande,Arizona[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,93(10):998-1012.
Liu M K,Jia S M,Chen Z Z,et al.2014.Study of the activity and impact of the Gaoliying ground fissure on the Beijing plain[J].Shanghai Land&Resources,35(4):53-57.
LüF L,Ma X J,Shao C Q,et al.2014.The distribution and causes of ground fissures on the Hebei plain[J].Shanghai Land&Resources,35(4):49-52.
Liu F C,Qi H W,Peng J B,et al.2016.Characters of the Ground fissures developing in Beijing[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,24(6):1269-1277.
Ma C.2011.The study of ground fissures formation causes in Gaoliying,Beijing[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing).
Ma X J,Yang X D,Jia G X.2015.Genesis analysis of fault creep type ground fissures in the Hebei plain[J].Geological Survey of China,2(8):48-54.
Ou Z Y,Wang J J,Zhang Y C,et al.2008.Fissured clay in Shandong section of eastern route of the South-to-North water diversion[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science and Technology,6(1):85-91.
Peng J B,Xu J S,Ma R Y,et al.2016.Characteristics and mechanism of the Longyao ground fissure on North China Plain,China[J].Engineering Geology,214:136-146.
Qiao J W,Xue S Z,Peng J B,et al.2015.Analysis for mechanism of guochang earth fissures in linfen basin[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,23(4):769-777.
Qu F,Zhang Q,Lu Z.2014.Land subsidence and ground fissures in Xi'an,China 2005-2012 revealed by multi-band InSAR time series analysis[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,155:366-376.
Ren M J,Ren Z W.2014.Study on technical methods of ground fissure in North China Plain[J].Sci-Tech Innovation and Productivity,(7):40-42.
Wang L M,Xu J,Huang X M,et al.1990.An analysis on the tectonic activities in Beijing down-warped basin[J].Earthquake Research in China,6(2):25-36.
Wang J M.2000.Theory and application of ground fissures and their disasters[M].Xi'an:Shanxi Science and Technology Press.
Wang Q,Zhang Z P,Ma Z P.2002.GPS database and velocity field of contemporary tectonic deformation in continental China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,9(2):415-429.
Wang S J.2002.Coupling of earth's endogenic and exogenic geological proceses and origins on serious geological disasters[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,10(2):115-117.
Wei W S.2008.Atlas of urban geology in Beijing[M].Beijing:China Land Press.
Wang Z C,Zhang Y.2012.Advances of research on the earth fissure induced by groundwater over-exploitation[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,39(2):88-93.
Xie F R,Cui X F,Zhao J T,et al.2004.Regional division of the recent tectonic stress field in China and adjacent areas[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,47(4):654-662.
Xu J S,Peng J B,Ma X J,et al.2012.Characteristic and mechanism analysis of ground fissures in Longyao,Xingtai[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,20(2):160-169.
Xue S Z.2016.Study on the symbiotic mechanism ground fissure and fault[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University.
Xu J S.2012.Study on the formation mechanism of ground fissures in North China Epicontinental basion[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University.
Yang T,Gong H L,Zhao W J,et al.2010.Distribution characteristics and cause analysis of ground fissures in Shunyi district of Beijing[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,19(6):100-106.
Yu T L.1994.Stress field and plate motions in eastern area of China[J].Journal of Seismology,(2):13-17,86.
Zhang Q,Zhao C Y,Ding X L,et al.2009.Research on recent characteristics of spatio-temporal evolution and mechanism of Xi'an land subsidence and ground fissure by using GPS and InSARtechniques[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1214-1222.
Zhang S M,Liu X D,Ren J J,et al.2005.Quaternary activities of northern segment of the Shunyi-Liangxiang fault[J].Earthquake Research in China,21(1):84-92.
Zhao C Y,Zhang Q,Ding X L,et al.2009.Insar based evaluation of land subsidence and ground fissure evolution at Xi'an[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,17(3):389-393.
Zhao C Y,Zhang Q,Zhang J.2011.Deformation monitoring of ground fissure with sar inter-ferometry in Qingxu,Shanxi province[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,19(1):70-75.
Zhao L,Liu J R,Wang R,et al.2017.Distribution characteristics and causes analysis of Songzhuang ground fissures in Beijing[J].Shanghai Land&Resources,38(2):35-38.
Zhao Z H.2006.Discussion on the distribution characteristics and genetic type of the land carck in Beijing[J].Journal of Geological Hazard and Environment Preservation,17(3):75-78.
北京市地质矿产勘查开发局.2008.北京地质灾害[M].北京:中国大地出版社.
地震考古组.1977.北京市地震地质会战研究成果汇编(1)北京地区历史地震资料年表长编[R].北京:北京市地震地质会战办公室.
冯利斌.2011.北京未来科技城地裂缝成因机理及其防治对策研究[D].西安:长安大学.
郭慧,王鑫.2017.河北隆尧现今地裂缝与1966年邢台地震关系[J]华北地震科学,35(1):10-16.
刘方翠,祁生文,彭建兵,等.2016.北京市地裂缝分布与发育规律[J].工程地质学报,24(6):1269-1277.
刘明坤,贾三满,陈柘舟,等.2014.北京平原区高丽营地裂缝带活动性及灾害特征研究[J].上海国土资源,35(4):53-57.
吕凤兰,马学军,邵长庆,等.2014.河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因分析[J].上海国土资源,(4):49-52.
马超.2011.北京高丽营地裂缝成因研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京).
马学军,杨旭东,贾国欣.2015.河北平原断层蠕滑地裂缝成因分析[J].中国地质调查,2(8):48-54.
欧钊元,王金建,张玉群,等.2008.南水北调东线山东境内裂隙黏土研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,6(1):85-91.
乔建伟,薛守中,彭建兵,等.2015.临汾盆地果场地裂缝成因机理分析[J].工程地质学报,769-777.
任妹娟,任政委.2014.华北平原地裂缝勘查技术方法研究[J].科技创新与生产力,(7):40-42.
汪良谋,徐杰,黄秀铭,等.1990.北京拗陷构造活动性分析[J].中国地震,6(2):25-36.
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