河北省井灌区灌溉用水与耗能变化规律研究
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摘要
开展农业灌溉节水、节能研究既是支撑区域农业可持续发展必然要求,也是支撑国家节能减排承诺的具体实践。受农业节水、地下水位下降的影响,河北省井灌区灌溉用水和灌溉耗能之间关系复杂,分析了1980-2015年河北省井灌区灌溉用水、灌溉耗能、地下水位变化等规律,得出以下结论:(1)地下水埋深与提取单方水耗电量呈幂函数关系,地下水埋深越大,地下水位下降带来灌溉能耗的增加幅度越来越大;(2)由于地下水位下降,每度电可开采水量从1980年的8m~3减少到2015年的0.9m~3,相比1980年2015年灌溉水量减少了13亿m~3,但是灌溉能耗增加了131亿kW·h。(3)1997年后由于灌溉水量减少而降低的能耗不足以弥补地下水位下降增加的能耗,由此导致1998-2015年每公顷灌溉能耗额外损失为20 850kW·h。本研究对指导河北省农业灌溉水-能关系协调发展提供有益的参考。
To carry out the research of water saving and energy saving for agricultural irrigation is a necessary requirement of supporting the sustainable development of regional agriculture and a concrete practice to support China′s promise on energy conservation and emission reduction.In the well irrigation areas of Hebei Province,the relationship between irrigation water and irrigation energy consumption is complex due to the impact of agricultural water-saving and the drop of groundwater level.This paper analyzes the changing patterns of the irrigation water,irrigation energy consumption,and groundwater level in the well irrigation areas of Hebei Province from 1980 to 2015,and then draws the following conclusions:(1)The groundwater depth and the power consumption for extracting a cubic meter of water has a power function relation;as the groundwater depth increases,the increase amplitude of irrigation energy consumption caused by drop of groundwater level will gradually expand;(2)Due to the drop of groundwater level,the amount of water that can be extracted per kilowatt-hour decreased from 8 m~3 in 1980 to 0.9 m~3 in 2015.Compared with the situation in 1980,the amount of irrigation water decreased by 1.3 billion m~3,but irrigation energy consumption increased by 13.1 billion kW·h in 2015.(3)After 1997,the reduction in energy consumption as a result of agricultural water-saving was not enough to make up for the increased energy consumption caused by the drop of groundwater level,resulting in an additional loss of 20 850 kW·h of irrigation energy consumption per hm~2 per year.This study provides a useful reference for guiding the development of agricultural irrigation water in Hebei province.
To carry out the research of water saving and energy saving for agricultural irrigation is a necessary requirement of supporting the sustainable development of regional agriculture and a concrete practice to support China′s promise on energy conservation and emission reduction.In the well irrigation areas of Hebei Province,the relationship between irrigation water and irrigation energy consumption is complex due to the impact of agricultural water-saving and the drop of groundwater level.This paper analyzes the changing patterns of the irrigation water,irrigation energy consumption,and groundwater level in the well irrigation areas of Hebei Province from 1980 to 2015,and then draws the following conclusions:(1)The groundwater depth and the power consumption for extracting a cubic meter of water has a power function relation;as the groundwater depth increases,the increase amplitude of irrigation energy consumption caused by drop of groundwater level will gradually expand;(2)Due to the drop of groundwater level,the amount of water that can be extracted per kilowatt-hour decreased from 8 m~3 in 1980 to 0.9 m~3 in 2015.Compared with the situation in 1980,the amount of irrigation water decreased by 1.3 billion m~3,but irrigation energy consumption increased by 13.1 billion kW·h in 2015.(3)After 1997,the reduction in energy consumption as a result of agricultural water-saving was not enough to make up for the increased energy consumption caused by the drop of groundwater level,resulting in an additional loss of 20 850 kW·h of irrigation energy consumption per hm~2 per year.This study provides a useful reference for guiding the development of agricultural irrigation water in Hebei province.
引文
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[12]陈占寿,乔爱芳.几种水文序列变异点诊断方法的性能比较[J].青海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014(3):1-5.(CHEN Z S,QIAO A F Comparison on the performance of several hydrological time series change point testing methods[J].Journal of Qinghai Normal University,2014(3):1-5.(in Chinese))DOI:10.16229/j.cnki.issn1001-7542.2014.03.004.
[13]胡彩虹,王艺璇,管新建,等.基于双累积曲线法的径流变化成因分析[J].水资源研究,2012,01(4):204-210.(HU C H,WANG Y X,GUAN X J,et al.The causes of runoff variation based on double cumulative curve analysis method[J].Journal of Water Resources Research.2012,01(4):204-210.(in Chinese))DOI:10.12677/JWRR.2012.14028.
[14]王秀兰,王海宁,刘佳,等.天然年径流系列一致性检验与修正方法[J].水科学与工程技术,2017(6):62-65.(WANG X L,WANG H N,LIU J,et al.The methods of consistency test and correction for natural annual runoff series[J].Water Sciences and Engineering Technology.2017(6):62-65.2017(6):62-65.(in Chinese))
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[16]穆兴民,张秀勤,高鹏,等.双累积曲线方法理论及在水文气象领域应用中应注意的问题[J].水文,2010(4):47-51.(MU X M,ZHANG X Q,GAO P et al,The theory of double cumulative curve method and the problems that should be paid attention to in the application of hydrometeorology[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2010(4):47-51.(in Chinese))
[17]苑文昌,李会民.河北省节水灌溉技术介绍[J].灌溉排水,1989(1):33-37.(YUAN WC,LI H M.Introduction of watersaving irrigation technology in HEBEI province[J].Irrigation and drainage,1989(1):33-37.(in Chinese))
[18]张金杰.河北省农业灌溉用水状况及其节水对策[J].海河水利,1988(5):12-16.(ZHANG J J.The water situation of agricultural irrigation in HEBEI province and its water-saving countermeasures[J].Haihe Water Resource.1988(5):12-16.(in Chinese))
[19]孙雪峰,杨志娟.计算区域农田灌溉水有效利用系数的新方法[J].水科学与工程技术,2012(s1):109-111.(SUN X F,YANG Z J.New method of calculating area farmland irrigation water effective utilization coefficient[J].Water Sciences and Engineering Technology.2012(s1):109-111.(in Chinese))
[20]徐学飞,胡学祥.农田灌溉水有效利用系数测算和主要作物需水量试验方案设计与实施[J].水资源研究,2017(4):407-414.(XU X F,HU X X.Design an implementation of irrigation water effective utilization coefficient and major crop water requirement[J].Journal of Water Resources Research.2017(4):407-414.(in Chinese))
[21]张英华,张琪,徐学欣,等.适宜微喷灌灌水频率及氮肥量提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率[J].农业工程学报,2016(5):88-95.(ZHANG Y H,ZHANG Q,XU X X.Optimal irrigation frequency and nitrogen application rate improving yield formation and water utilization in winter wheat under miro-sprinking condition[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering.2016(5):88-95.(in Chinese))
[22]张素瑜,王和洲,杨明达,等.水分与玉米秸秆还田对小麦根系生长和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(13):2484-2496.(ZHANG S Y,WANG H Z,YANG M D,et al.Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on root growth and water use efficiency of wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica.2016,49(13):2484-2496.(in Chinese))
[23]李静,连少伟,谢磊.河北省井灌区小型农田水利项目监测评价探讨[J].南水北调与水利科技,2012(a02):191-192.(LI J,LIAN S W,XIE L.monioting and evaluation of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy projects for well irrigation areas in HEBEI province[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology 2012(a02):191-192.(in Chinese))
[24]刘晓敏,张喜英,王慧军.太行山前平原区小麦玉米农艺节水技术集成模式综合评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2011(2):421-428.(LIU X M,ZHANG X Y,WANG H J.A comprehensive evaluation of wheat/maize agronomic water-saving modes in the piedmont plain region of the Mount Taihang[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture.2011(2):421-428.(in Chinese))
[25]杨柳,陈喜,章树安,等.基于地表-地下水文过程模拟的农业灌溉开采量估算[J].南水北调与水利科技,2016(1):54-58.(YANG L,CHEN X,ZHANG S A,Estimation of groundwater withdrawal for agricultural irrigation based on surfacegroundwater hydrological simulation[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology 2016(1):54-58(in Chinese))DOI:10.13476/j.cnki.nsbdqk.2016.01.009.
[26]王剑永.“以电折水”方法研究与应用[J].中国水利,2017(11):34-35.(WANG J Y.Research and application of the method of"electric-water"[J].China Water Resources.2017(11):34-35.(in Chinese))
[2]李国正,胡韶磊,张凤泉,等.井灌区节水改造项目规划实施方案可行性分析[J].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8(2):120-123.(LI G Z,HU S L,ZHANG F Q,et al.Feasibility analysis on the implementation scheme of water-saving rehabilitation program in well irrigation region[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology.2010,8(2):120-123.(in Chinese))
[3]王金平,王玉真.井灌区不同灌溉方式的耗能分析[J].中国农村水利水电,2001(S1):10-11.(WANG J P,WANG Y Z.The energy consumption analysis of different irrigation methods in the well irrigated area[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower.2001(S1):10-11.(in Chinese))
[4]CHENG L I,WANG Y,QIU G Y.Water and energy consumption by agriculture in the Minqin Oasis Region[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12(8):1330-1340.
[5]朱永霞,赵勇,王建华.衡水市地下水超采区农业灌溉耗能分析[J].水电能源科学,2016(8):165-168.(ZHU Y X,ZHAO Y,WANG J H,et al.Energy consumption analysis of agricultural irrigation in the area of groundwater over-exploitation[J].Water Resources and Power 2016(8):165-168.(in Chinese))
[6]章数语,王建华,翟家齐,等.海河北系1956年-2012年降水时序演变特征[J].南水北调与水利科技,2016(3):36-42.(ZHANG S Y,WANG J H,ZHAI J Q,et al.,Characteristics analysis of time serial of rainfall in the northern part of Haihe River Basin from 1956to 2012[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology.2016(3):36-42(in Chinese))DOI:10.13476/j.cnki.nsbdqk.2016.03.007.
[7]许月卿,李双成,蔡运龙.基于小波分析的河北平原降水变化规律研究[J].中国科学,2004,34(12):1176-1183.(XU Y Q,LI S C,CAI Y L.Study on precipitation change of HEBEI plain based on wavelet analysis[J].Science in China.2004,34(12):1176-1183.(in Chinese))
[8]沈彦俊,刘昌明.华北平原典型井灌区农田水循环过程研究回顾[J].中国生态农业学报,2011(5):1004-1010.(SHEN Y J,LIU C M.Agro-ecosystems water cycles of the typical irrigated farmland in the North China Plain.Chinese[J].Journal of EcoAgriculture 2011(5):1004-1010.(in Chinese))
[9]袁再健,谢栌乐,张秉文,等.河北平原农田净灌溉耗水研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,2015,13(4):780-784.(YUAN Z J,XIE L L,ZHANG B W.Agricultural irrigation water net consumption in the Hebei Plain[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology 2015,13(4):780-784.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13476/j.cnki.nsbdqk.2015.04.038.
[10]王文青.全面小康社会目标下河北农村电力消费研究[D].华北电力大学(河北),2005.(WANG W Q.Under the goal of the comprehensive well-off society,the rural electric power dissipation in hebei province[D].North China Electric Power University.2005.(in Chinese))
[11]刘佳,马振峰,范广洲,等.多种均一性检验方法比较研究[J].气象,2012(9):1121-1128.(LIU J,MA Z F,FAN G Z.Research on the comparison of different homegeneity test methonds[J].Meteorological Monthly.2012(9):1121-1128.(in Chinese))
[12]陈占寿,乔爱芳.几种水文序列变异点诊断方法的性能比较[J].青海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014(3):1-5.(CHEN Z S,QIAO A F Comparison on the performance of several hydrological time series change point testing methods[J].Journal of Qinghai Normal University,2014(3):1-5.(in Chinese))DOI:10.16229/j.cnki.issn1001-7542.2014.03.004.
[13]胡彩虹,王艺璇,管新建,等.基于双累积曲线法的径流变化成因分析[J].水资源研究,2012,01(4):204-210.(HU C H,WANG Y X,GUAN X J,et al.The causes of runoff variation based on double cumulative curve analysis method[J].Journal of Water Resources Research.2012,01(4):204-210.(in Chinese))DOI:10.12677/JWRR.2012.14028.
[14]王秀兰,王海宁,刘佳,等.天然年径流系列一致性检验与修正方法[J].水科学与工程技术,2017(6):62-65.(WANG X L,WANG H N,LIU J,et al.The methods of consistency test and correction for natural annual runoff series[J].Water Sciences and Engineering Technology.2017(6):62-65.2017(6):62-65.(in Chinese))
[15]张乾,包为民,杨小强,等.基于统计学与新安江模型相结合的土地利用变化引起的径流响应分析方法[J].水电能源科学,2015(7):12-15.(ZHANG Q,BAO W M,YANG X Q,et al.Land us change in response to runoff based on combination statistics with xinganjiang model[J].Water Resources and Power.2015(7):12-15.(in Chinese))
[16]穆兴民,张秀勤,高鹏,等.双累积曲线方法理论及在水文气象领域应用中应注意的问题[J].水文,2010(4):47-51.(MU X M,ZHANG X Q,GAO P et al,The theory of double cumulative curve method and the problems that should be paid attention to in the application of hydrometeorology[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2010(4):47-51.(in Chinese))
[17]苑文昌,李会民.河北省节水灌溉技术介绍[J].灌溉排水,1989(1):33-37.(YUAN WC,LI H M.Introduction of watersaving irrigation technology in HEBEI province[J].Irrigation and drainage,1989(1):33-37.(in Chinese))
[18]张金杰.河北省农业灌溉用水状况及其节水对策[J].海河水利,1988(5):12-16.(ZHANG J J.The water situation of agricultural irrigation in HEBEI province and its water-saving countermeasures[J].Haihe Water Resource.1988(5):12-16.(in Chinese))
[19]孙雪峰,杨志娟.计算区域农田灌溉水有效利用系数的新方法[J].水科学与工程技术,2012(s1):109-111.(SUN X F,YANG Z J.New method of calculating area farmland irrigation water effective utilization coefficient[J].Water Sciences and Engineering Technology.2012(s1):109-111.(in Chinese))
[20]徐学飞,胡学祥.农田灌溉水有效利用系数测算和主要作物需水量试验方案设计与实施[J].水资源研究,2017(4):407-414.(XU X F,HU X X.Design an implementation of irrigation water effective utilization coefficient and major crop water requirement[J].Journal of Water Resources Research.2017(4):407-414.(in Chinese))
[21]张英华,张琪,徐学欣,等.适宜微喷灌灌水频率及氮肥量提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率[J].农业工程学报,2016(5):88-95.(ZHANG Y H,ZHANG Q,XU X X.Optimal irrigation frequency and nitrogen application rate improving yield formation and water utilization in winter wheat under miro-sprinking condition[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering.2016(5):88-95.(in Chinese))
[22]张素瑜,王和洲,杨明达,等.水分与玉米秸秆还田对小麦根系生长和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(13):2484-2496.(ZHANG S Y,WANG H Z,YANG M D,et al.Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on root growth and water use efficiency of wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica.2016,49(13):2484-2496.(in Chinese))
[23]李静,连少伟,谢磊.河北省井灌区小型农田水利项目监测评价探讨[J].南水北调与水利科技,2012(a02):191-192.(LI J,LIAN S W,XIE L.monioting and evaluation of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy projects for well irrigation areas in HEBEI province[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology 2012(a02):191-192.(in Chinese))
[24]刘晓敏,张喜英,王慧军.太行山前平原区小麦玉米农艺节水技术集成模式综合评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2011(2):421-428.(LIU X M,ZHANG X Y,WANG H J.A comprehensive evaluation of wheat/maize agronomic water-saving modes in the piedmont plain region of the Mount Taihang[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture.2011(2):421-428.(in Chinese))
[25]杨柳,陈喜,章树安,等.基于地表-地下水文过程模拟的农业灌溉开采量估算[J].南水北调与水利科技,2016(1):54-58.(YANG L,CHEN X,ZHANG S A,Estimation of groundwater withdrawal for agricultural irrigation based on surfacegroundwater hydrological simulation[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology 2016(1):54-58(in Chinese))DOI:10.13476/j.cnki.nsbdqk.2016.01.009.
[26]王剑永.“以电折水”方法研究与应用[J].中国水利,2017(11):34-35.(WANG J Y.Research and application of the method of"electric-water"[J].China Water Resources.2017(11):34-35.(in Chinese))