基于外部效应分析机井密度对地下水位的影响
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摘要
农用机井的迅猛发展使地下水灌溉在我国的粮食生产中发挥了重要作用,但同时也使地下水面临超采严重和水位下降的严峻形势。为了可持续地利用地下水资源,政府需采取必要措施。鉴于地下水使用中存在的外部效应,合理控制机井密度可能是值得政府考虑的重要举措之一。然而,现有文献对机井密度与地下水位之间的关系仍缺乏实证分析。本研究以兰考县为案例研究区,结合有关部门的机井普查数据和研究小组搜集的农户调研数据,利用空间分析和计量模型分析,发现机井密度与地下水位之间具有显著的关系。具体而言,当某一机井100 m半径范围内的机井数目每增加一眼,该机井的水位显著下降约15 cm;机井密度对水位的边际影响随半径范围的扩大而下降。研究建议:政府在今后应采取有关措施控制机井密度,加强地下水取水许可证制度建设等配套措施。
Rapid expansions of wells for irrigation water have led to severe groundwater depletion, posing serious challenge to future's food security in China. Finding solutions is critical for sustainable use of groundwater in China. As groundwater is a typical pool resource and its use gives rise to externalities, controlling well density could be a plausible solution.However, little empirical evidence is available in existing literature in China to analyze the relationship between well density and water tables. This paper therefore aims to fill in some of the gaps in existing literature using Lankao county in Henan province as a case study area.Based on household survey data and well census data, the paper conducts spatial analysis and econometric analysis to examine the relationship. It finds that there is a significant relationship between well density and groundwater tables. Specifically, for each increase in the number of surrounding wells within a radius of 100 m, the water table significantly decreases by 15 cm at a 5% significance level. Moreover, the marginal effect of well density on water table decreases significantly when the radius becomes larger and larger. Based on the findings, the paper emphasizes the importance of the government to control well density and develops a groundwater water permit system for sustainable management of groundwater in China.
Rapid expansions of wells for irrigation water have led to severe groundwater depletion, posing serious challenge to future's food security in China. Finding solutions is critical for sustainable use of groundwater in China. As groundwater is a typical pool resource and its use gives rise to externalities, controlling well density could be a plausible solution.However, little empirical evidence is available in existing literature in China to analyze the relationship between well density and water tables. This paper therefore aims to fill in some of the gaps in existing literature using Lankao county in Henan province as a case study area.Based on household survey data and well census data, the paper conducts spatial analysis and econometric analysis to examine the relationship. It finds that there is a significant relationship between well density and groundwater tables. Specifically, for each increase in the number of surrounding wells within a radius of 100 m, the water table significantly decreases by 15 cm at a 5% significance level. Moreover, the marginal effect of well density on water table decreases significantly when the radius becomes larger and larger. Based on the findings, the paper emphasizes the importance of the government to control well density and develops a groundwater water permit system for sustainable management of groundwater in China.
引文
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[6]王金霞,李玉敏.地下水埋深变动对农业生产影响的实证研究.人民黄河,2014,36(2):71-74.[WANG J X,LI Y M.Empirical study on the impact of groundwater depth change on agricultural production.Yellow River,2014,36(2):71-74.]
[7]李玉敏,王金霞.农村水资源短缺:现状,趋势及其对作物种植结构的影响:基于全国10个省调查数据的实证分析.自然资源学报,2009,24(2):200-208.[LI Y M,WANG J X.Situation,trend and its impacts on cropping pattern of water shortage in the rural areas:Empirical analysis based on ten provinces'field survey in China.Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(2):200-208.]
[8]国务院新闻办公室.河北举行地下水超采综合治理试点工作新闻发布会.http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/gssxwfbh/xwfbh/hebei/Document/1563445/1563445.htm,2017.[The Press Office of the State Council.Hebei held a press conference on the trial of comprehensive treatment of groundwater overextraction.http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/gssxwfbh/xwfbh/hebei/Document/1563445/1563445.htm,2017.]
[9]GISSER M,SANCHEZ D A.Competition versus optimal control in groundwater pumping.Water Resources Research,1980,16(4):638-642.
[10]PROVENCHER B,BURT O.The externalities associated with the common property exploitation of groundwater.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1993,24(2):139-158.
[11]GONZALEZ A S.Ground water externalities.Developments in Water Science,1989,39:361-371.
[12]OSTROM E,GARDNER R,WALKER J.Rules,Games,and Common-Pool Resources.Michigan:University of Michigan Press,1994.
[13]GISSER M.Groundwater:Focusing on the real issue.The Journal of Political Economy,1983,91:1001-1027.
[14]ALLEN R C,GISSER M.Competition versus optimal control in groundwater pumping when demand is nonlinear.Water Resources Research,1984,20(7):752-756.
[15]RUBIO S J,CASINO B.Competitive versus efficient extraction of a common property resource:The groundwater case.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,2001,25(8):1117-1137.
[16]KATIC P G,GRAFTON R Q.Economic and spatial modelling of groundwater extraction.Hydrogeology Journal,2012,20(5):831-834.
[17]BRILL T C,BURNESS H S.Planning versus competitive rates of groundwater pumping.Water Resources Research,1994,30(6):1873-1880.
[18]GARDNER R,MOORE M R,WALKER J M.Governing a groundwater commons:A strategic and laboratory analysis of western water law.Economic Inquiry,1997,35(2):218-234.
[19]SAAK A E,PETERSON J M.Groundwater use under incomplete information.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2007,54(2):214-228.
[20]PFEIFFER L,LIN C Y C.Incentive-based groundwater conservation programs:Pperverse consequences?.Agricultural and Resource Economics Update,2009,12(6):1-4.
[21]PFEIFFER L,LIN C Y C.Groundwater pumping and spatial externalities in agriculture.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2012,64(1):16-30.
[22]HUANG Q,WANG J X,ROZELLE S,et al.The effects of well management and the nature of the aquifer on groundwater resources.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2013,95(1):94-116.
[23]王红雨,全达人.井灌区规划中最佳井距的确定方法.宁夏农学院学报,1995,16(3):27-32.[WANG H Y,QUAN DR.A method to determine optimal well-spacing in well-irrigation area planning.Journal of Ningxia Agricultural College,1995,16(3):27-32.]
[24]南忠仁,李易麟.干旱区绿洲打井与地下水位变化研究:以民勤县和张掖地区为例//2006中国科协年会,2006.[NAN Z R,LI Y L.Study on the change of wells and groundwater table in the arid area:Taking Minqin county and Zhangye area as an example//2006 The Annual Meeting of the Chinese Association of Science and Technology,2006.]
[25]陈玺,陈德华,王昭.我国北方地区开采地下水发展农业的几点意见.地球学报,2007,28(3):309-314.[CHEN X,CHEN D H,WANG Z.Some opinions on the groundwater exploitation for agricultural production in Northern China.Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2007,28(3):309-314.]
[26]郭亮.农村私人打井现象泛滥的原因,危害及对策分析.中国水利,2015,(12):52-54.[GUO L.The causes,hazards and measures of private wells in rural areas.China Water Resources,2015,(12):52-54.]
[27]仝长水,靳孟贵,王献坤,等.黄河故道兰考段地下水水化学特征.工程勘察,2011,39(12):36-41.[TONG C S,JINM G,WANG X K,et al.The groundwater hydrochemical characteristics in Lankao section of the Yellow River.Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,2011,39(12):36-41.]
[28]兰考县人民政府.http://www.lankao.gov.cn/viewCmsCac.do?cacId=ff8080813a8c6683013a8c6c79e40017.[The People's Government of Lankao County.http://www.lankao.gov.cn/viewCmsCac.docacId=ff8080813a8c6683013a8c6c79e40017.]
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