渝东北黑色页岩元素迁移特征及化学风化程度
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摘要
黑色页岩是富含有机质和硫化矿物的特殊沉积岩,但人们对其风化过程的元素活动性及矿物风化机制关注较少.为探讨不同地形位置的黑色页岩化学风化过程,采集了渝东北城口某山脊(A)、近山顶(B)和沟谷(C)的下寒武统水井沱组黑色页岩风化剖面岩样,利用XRD、XRF和化学分析手段对采集样品的矿物成分、主量元素进行测定分析.元素和矿物的质量迁移系数(τ)和质量迁移通量(M_(j,flux))的计算结果表明,黑色页岩风化过程中Ca、Mg和Na元素具有明显的贫化现象,近地表处存在Al元素的富集现象;矿物成分方面,黄铁矿和有机质氧化后形成的酸性水环境,造成方解石、白云石、斜长石等不稳定矿物溶解,并生成含水石膏、铁质氧化物、黏土矿物等次生矿物.不同赋存位置的黑色页岩风化程度有所差异,Na/K-CIA、K/Ca*-Al/Na、A-CN-K和A-CNK-FM图解显示:A剖面处于脱Ca过程的初级风化阶段,B剖面处于脱Ca、Na初期的初等-中等风化阶段,C剖面已发生脱Ca、Na过程,并伴随脱Si作用的中等-强烈风化阶段,结合不同风化指数(如:CIA、CIW、PIA、MWPI等),得出各剖面的化学风化强弱程度依次为C>B>A.
Black shales are special sedimentary rocks that contain significant amounts of organic matter and sulfide minerals;whereas,less is known about the elemental mobility and weathering mechanism in black shales during chemical weathering.For understanding the chemical weathering processes of black shale in different geographic locations,a number of Shuijingtuo Formation black shale samples were collected from three weathering profiles,namely,profile A(mid-ridge),profile B(near mountaintop),and profile C(valley)at Chengkou County,northeastern Chongqing Province in this study.The major element concentration,mineral composition,and bulk density of each sample were analyzed by XRF,XRD and chemical analysis methods.The results of geochemical analysis indicate that these weathering profiles were significantly depleted of Ca,Mg and Na in all samples but enriched in Al on the surface weathering zone by calculated mass transfer coefficient(τ)and mass transfer flux(M_(j,flux))in all samples.From the perspective of mineralogy,the calcite,dolomite and plagioclase were dissolved in acid solution produced from pyrite and organic matter,and the illite,gypsum and Feoxides were formed during chemical weathering process.From the graphical representations of Na/K-CIA,K/Ca*-Al/Na,A-CN-K,and A-CNK-FM show that profile A is located in the weak chemical weathering stage of Ca removal.Profile B has reached the weak tomoderate chemical weathering stage and being initial stage of Ca and Na removal.Profile C has undergone the early stage of Ca and Na removal,and reached the Si removal(desilication)stage of moderate to strong chemical weathering.Different chemical weathering indexes of CIA,CIW,PIA,and MWPI were calculated in three profiles,showing that the chemical weathering sequence in all profiles is C>B>A.
Black shales are special sedimentary rocks that contain significant amounts of organic matter and sulfide minerals;whereas,less is known about the elemental mobility and weathering mechanism in black shales during chemical weathering.For understanding the chemical weathering processes of black shale in different geographic locations,a number of Shuijingtuo Formation black shale samples were collected from three weathering profiles,namely,profile A(mid-ridge),profile B(near mountaintop),and profile C(valley)at Chengkou County,northeastern Chongqing Province in this study.The major element concentration,mineral composition,and bulk density of each sample were analyzed by XRF,XRD and chemical analysis methods.The results of geochemical analysis indicate that these weathering profiles were significantly depleted of Ca,Mg and Na in all samples but enriched in Al on the surface weathering zone by calculated mass transfer coefficient(τ)and mass transfer flux(M_(j,flux))in all samples.From the perspective of mineralogy,the calcite,dolomite and plagioclase were dissolved in acid solution produced from pyrite and organic matter,and the illite,gypsum and Feoxides were formed during chemical weathering process.From the graphical representations of Na/K-CIA,K/Ca*-Al/Na,A-CN-K,and A-CNK-FM show that profile A is located in the weak chemical weathering stage of Ca removal.Profile B has reached the weak tomoderate chemical weathering stage and being initial stage of Ca and Na removal.Profile C has undergone the early stage of Ca and Na removal,and reached the Si removal(desilication)stage of moderate to strong chemical weathering.Different chemical weathering indexes of CIA,CIW,PIA,and MWPI were calculated in three profiles,showing that the chemical weathering sequence in all profiles is C>B>A.
引文
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Gromet,L.P.,Dymek,R.F.,Haskin,L.A.,et al.,1984.The"North American Shale Composite":Its Compilation,Major and Trace Element Characteristics.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,48(12):2469-2482.doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90298-9
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Jaffe,L.A.,Peucker-Ehrenbrink,B.,Petsch,S.T.,2002.Mobility of Rhenium,Platinum Group Elements and Organic Carbon during Black Shale Weathering.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,198(3-4):339-353.dio:10.016/S0012-821X(02)00526-5
Jiang,M.R.,Zhang,J.,Liu,W.H.,et al.,2015.AlterationMineralization and Element Migration Features of Nihe Iron Deposit in Lujiang,Anhui Province.Earth Science,40(6):1034-1051(in Chinese with English abstract).
Jin,L.,Ravella,R.,Ketchum,B.,et al.,2010.Mineral Weathering and Elemental Transport during Hillslope Evolution at the Susquehanna/Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,74:3369-3691.doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.036
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Liao,X.,Wu,X.Y.,Zhu,B.L.,2013.Chemical Weathering Characteristics of Cambrian Black Shale in Northern Guangxi,China.Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),44(12):4980-4987(in Chinese with English abstract).
MacLean,W.H.,1990.Mass Change Calculations in Altered Rock Series.Mineralium Deposita,25(1):44-49.doi:10.1007/BF03326382
Maulana,A.,Yonezu,K.,Watanabe,K.,2014.Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements(REE)in the Weathered Crusts from the Granitic Rocks in Sulawesi Island,Indoesia.Journal of Earth Science,25(3):460-472.doi:10.1007/s12583-014-00449-z
McLennan,S.M.,1993.Weathering and Global Denudation.Journal of Geology,101(2):295-303.doi:10.1086/648222
Nesbitt,H.W.,Young,G.M.,1982.Early Proterozoic Climates and Plate Motions Inferred from Major Element Chemistry of Lutites.Nature,299(5885):715-717.doi:10.1038/299715a0
Nesbitt,H.W.,Young,G.M.,1984.Prediction of Some Weathering Trends of Plutonic and Volcanic Rocks Based on Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,48(7):1523-1534.doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84):90408-3
Peng,B.,Piestrzynski,A.,Pieczonka,J.,et al.,2007.Mineralogical and Geochemical Constraints on Environmental Impacts from Waste Rock at Taojiang Mn-Ore Deposit,Central Hunan,China.Environmental Geology,52(7):1277-1296.doi:10.1007/s00254-006-0567-8
Peng,B.,Song,Z.L.,Tu,X.L.,et al.,2004.Release of Heavy Metals during Weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales in Western Hunan,China.Environmental Geology,45(8):1137-1147.doi:0.1007/s00254-004-0974-7
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