清代拉达克与新疆之间的交通路线研究
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摘要
本文利用《乾隆内府舆图》,结合清代其他汉文文献及军事地形图,勾勒出了叶尔羌经喀喇昆山山口至拉达克列城之间的交通路线。通过分析中西文的地名调查资料,从地名的历史沿革、地名的语言学演变过程,寻求交通路线沿途中地名定位的依据,从而得到相对精准的地名定位信息,并给出在Google Earth上的参考坐标。
Using the historical and military documents of the Qing dynasty like China Map of Qianlong Period of the Qing Dynasty,this paper outlines the route connecting Yarkand in Xinjiang with Leh in Ladakh via the Karakourum Pass. It gives a historical and linguistic analysis of the placenames in Chinese and Western languages and confirms the evidences of locating these placenames along this route before giving some fairly accurate location information as well as the reference coordinates on Google Earth.
Using the historical and military documents of the Qing dynasty like China Map of Qianlong Period of the Qing Dynasty,this paper outlines the route connecting Yarkand in Xinjiang with Leh in Ladakh via the Karakourum Pass. It gives a historical and linguistic analysis of the placenames in Chinese and Western languages and confirms the evidences of locating these placenames along this route before giving some fairly accurate location information as well as the reference coordinates on Google Earth.
引文
[1]汪前进,刘若芳.清廷三大实测全图集·乾隆十三排图:九排西四[M].北京:外文出版社,2007.
[2]新疆图[Z].湖北崇文书局刊刻.1864.
[3]勘界公牍[A].李之勤.西域史地三种资料校注[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2012.
[4]刘宗唐.踏勘列城-叶城国际驿路及试运纪实[A].新疆文史资料:第24辑[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,1992.
[5]殷晴.古代于阗的南北交通[J].历史研究,1992(3).
[6]陆水林.新疆经喀喇昆仑山口至列城道初探[J].中国藏学,2011(S1).
[7]朱晨辉.大博弈时代南疆与英属印度的通道研究[D].南京大学学位论文,2014.
[8]钟兴麒.西域地名考录[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社,2008.
[9][清]佚名.皮山县乡土志[A].马大正,黄国政,苏凤兰,等.新疆乡土志稿[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2010.
[10]钟兴麒,等.西域图志校注[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2002.
[11][清]王树枏,等.新疆图志[M].朱玉麒,等整理.上海:上海古籍出版社,2015.
[12]新疆维吾尔自治区地图册[M].北京:星球出版社,2014.
[13]和田地区地名图志[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2009.
[14]新疆四道志[M].台北:台湾成文出版社,1968.
[15][清]徐松.钦定新疆识略[A].续修四库全书·史部地理类:第732册[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1995.
[16][清]和宁.回疆通志[A].中国西北文献丛书(第一辑)·西北稀见方志文献:第59卷[M].兰州:兰州古籍书店,1990.
[17]刘景宪.西域地理图说注[M].阮明道编,汉文笺注,满文译注.延吉:延边大学出版社,1992.
[18]新疆通志:第81卷·文物志[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2007.
[19]新疆维吾尔自治区地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,2009.
[20]岑仲勉.汉书西域传地理校释[M].北京:中华书局,1982.
[21]Gazeteer of Kashmir and Ladak,together with Routes in the Territories of The Maharaja of Jamu and Kashmir[Z].complied for political and military reference under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch、Calcutta,1890.
[22]Thomas Tomson.Suceessful Journey to the Karakorum Pass,in central Asia[J].The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London,Vol 19(1849).
[23]G.W.Hayward.Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar,and Exporation of the Sources of the Yarkand River[Z].1870.
[24]Meer Izzut-oollah.Travel in Central Asia,in the years 1812-13.translated by Captain Henderson.attached to the Foreign office of the Government of India.Calcutta:1872.
[25][英]扬哈斯本.帕米尔历险记[M].任宜勇,译.乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2000.
(1)现藏于美国国会图书馆,索取号码B182.51,C1864。
(1)该系列地图由军事委员会军令部陆地测量总局1935年编绘,1936年制版。
(2)该系列地图由中华人民共和国国家测绘总局1957年编绘,1959年版。
(1)清《新疆地舆全图》现藏于台北“国家图书馆”(原“国立中央图书馆”)。
(1)China And Kashmīr&Jammu India and adjacent Countries Sheet No.51 Yārkand,Publised under the directior of Colonel C.H.D.Ryder.C.B.C.I.E.O.E.Surveryor General of India Administrative,1923.
(1)Chineses Turkistan and Kansu from Surveys made during the expelorations of sir Auel Stein,K.C.I.E,1900-01,1906-08,1913-15,Khotan,Sanju Survey of India No.51.S.E,Khotan,Sanju,Published under the direction of Colonel C.H.D.Ryder,C.I.E,D.S.O.RE,Offg.SurveyorI ndia,Scale 1:500000 or 1.014 inches to 8 Miles.
(1)Geo.J.W.Hayward,Sketch Map of Eastern Turkistan showing the hydrocraphy of the Pamir to the East the true courses of the Yarkand and Karakash river with all the routes from Ladkh across the Karakoram and adjacent ranges,published for the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,London,1870.
(2)Map of the route from Leh to Yarkand&Kashghar,Perpared from Mr.Shaws data&native information in the Office of Col.Lumsden,C.BQuartermaster Gen of the Army of India.1871.
(3)Map of Central Asis to accompany the paper Capt.H.Trotter R.E,on the Geographical Results of Sir T.D.Forsyths Mission to Kashghar,1873-74,Natural Scale,1-2,000,000,1inch=31.6miles.
(1)India and Pakistan 1:250000,NI-43-8,Leh,Prepareed by the Army Map Service(LU),Corps of Engineers,U.S.Army,Washington,D.C.Compiled in 1953.Edition1-AMS.
(2)参谋本部制图局:《五十万分之一中国路图·列城图幅》,1918年编纂并制印。
(1)底图为H.Trotter R.E,Map of Central Asia,to accompany the Paper on the Geographical Results of Sir T.D.Forsyth's Mission to Kashghar,1873-74,Published for the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,by J.Murray,Albermarle street,1878.
[2]新疆图[Z].湖北崇文书局刊刻.1864.
[3]勘界公牍[A].李之勤.西域史地三种资料校注[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2012.
[4]刘宗唐.踏勘列城-叶城国际驿路及试运纪实[A].新疆文史资料:第24辑[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,1992.
[5]殷晴.古代于阗的南北交通[J].历史研究,1992(3).
[6]陆水林.新疆经喀喇昆仑山口至列城道初探[J].中国藏学,2011(S1).
[7]朱晨辉.大博弈时代南疆与英属印度的通道研究[D].南京大学学位论文,2014.
[8]钟兴麒.西域地名考录[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社,2008.
[9][清]佚名.皮山县乡土志[A].马大正,黄国政,苏凤兰,等.新疆乡土志稿[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2010.
[10]钟兴麒,等.西域图志校注[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2002.
[11][清]王树枏,等.新疆图志[M].朱玉麒,等整理.上海:上海古籍出版社,2015.
[12]新疆维吾尔自治区地图册[M].北京:星球出版社,2014.
[13]和田地区地名图志[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2009.
[14]新疆四道志[M].台北:台湾成文出版社,1968.
[15][清]徐松.钦定新疆识略[A].续修四库全书·史部地理类:第732册[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1995.
[16][清]和宁.回疆通志[A].中国西北文献丛书(第一辑)·西北稀见方志文献:第59卷[M].兰州:兰州古籍书店,1990.
[17]刘景宪.西域地理图说注[M].阮明道编,汉文笺注,满文译注.延吉:延边大学出版社,1992.
[18]新疆通志:第81卷·文物志[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2007.
[19]新疆维吾尔自治区地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,2009.
[20]岑仲勉.汉书西域传地理校释[M].北京:中华书局,1982.
[21]Gazeteer of Kashmir and Ladak,together with Routes in the Territories of The Maharaja of Jamu and Kashmir[Z].complied for political and military reference under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch、Calcutta,1890.
[22]Thomas Tomson.Suceessful Journey to the Karakorum Pass,in central Asia[J].The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London,Vol 19(1849).
[23]G.W.Hayward.Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar,and Exporation of the Sources of the Yarkand River[Z].1870.
[24]Meer Izzut-oollah.Travel in Central Asia,in the years 1812-13.translated by Captain Henderson.attached to the Foreign office of the Government of India.Calcutta:1872.
[25][英]扬哈斯本.帕米尔历险记[M].任宜勇,译.乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2000.
(1)现藏于美国国会图书馆,索取号码B182.51,C1864。
(1)该系列地图由军事委员会军令部陆地测量总局1935年编绘,1936年制版。
(2)该系列地图由中华人民共和国国家测绘总局1957年编绘,1959年版。
(1)清《新疆地舆全图》现藏于台北“国家图书馆”(原“国立中央图书馆”)。
(1)China And Kashmīr&Jammu India and adjacent Countries Sheet No.51 Yārkand,Publised under the directior of Colonel C.H.D.Ryder.C.B.C.I.E.O.E.Surveryor General of India Administrative,1923.
(1)Chineses Turkistan and Kansu from Surveys made during the expelorations of sir Auel Stein,K.C.I.E,1900-01,1906-08,1913-15,Khotan,Sanju Survey of India No.51.S.E,Khotan,Sanju,Published under the direction of Colonel C.H.D.Ryder,C.I.E,D.S.O.RE,Offg.SurveyorI ndia,Scale 1:500000 or 1.014 inches to 8 Miles.
(1)Geo.J.W.Hayward,Sketch Map of Eastern Turkistan showing the hydrocraphy of the Pamir to the East the true courses of the Yarkand and Karakash river with all the routes from Ladkh across the Karakoram and adjacent ranges,published for the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,London,1870.
(2)Map of the route from Leh to Yarkand&Kashghar,Perpared from Mr.Shaws data&native information in the Office of Col.Lumsden,C.BQuartermaster Gen of the Army of India.1871.
(3)Map of Central Asis to accompany the paper Capt.H.Trotter R.E,on the Geographical Results of Sir T.D.Forsyths Mission to Kashghar,1873-74,Natural Scale,1-2,000,000,1inch=31.6miles.
(1)India and Pakistan 1:250000,NI-43-8,Leh,Prepareed by the Army Map Service(LU),Corps of Engineers,U.S.Army,Washington,D.C.Compiled in 1953.Edition1-AMS.
(2)参谋本部制图局:《五十万分之一中国路图·列城图幅》,1918年编纂并制印。
(1)底图为H.Trotter R.E,Map of Central Asia,to accompany the Paper on the Geographical Results of Sir T.D.Forsyth's Mission to Kashghar,1873-74,Published for the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,by J.Murray,Albermarle street,1878.