孔子学院的跨文化误读及汉字繁简之争
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摘要
孔子学院在全球快速发展的同时也引起了广泛的跨文化误读,对于孔子学院简体汉字的教学,国外学者提出了一系列的质疑和批评。孔子学院教授简体字的跨文化误读现象实为跨文化冲突的一种表现形式。跨文化误读现象是制约孔子学院发展的关键因素,正确认识并积极寻求消解的渠道、努力创造和谐的外部环境是孔子学院发展的应有之义。外媒、学者对于相关语言政策及中文繁简体汉字使用和教学情况缺乏了解,曲解孔子学院汉字教学。为避免跨文化误读的升级,应消除信息差,主动发声,宣传相关语言政策及教学情况,增进相互理解。应从师资培训、教学方法、对外合作上进行规划与改革,以解决繁简汉字争议的问题。
The rapid development of Confucius Institutes(CI)worldwide arouses various intercultural misinterpretations,which include the misunderstandings and criticisms on teaching simplified Chinese characters at CI.The misinterpretations of the character-teaching in CI can be read as a form of cultural conflict.According to C.Stephan &Stephan's integrated threat theory,four antecedent conditions followed by identity threats may cause severe consequences.As intercultural misinterpretation is one of the key factors restricting the development of the CI,the CI ought to face the controversy calmly and actively seek ways to eliminate the misinterpretations and the negative impact so as to gain a healthier external environment for the further development.This study tries to clarify the related language policies and facts about Chinese-character-teaching issues in response to the misunderstandings by the foreign media and scholars so as to avoid the escalation of cross-cultural misreading and increase mutual understanding,and indicates that reforming traditional teaching approaches,improving the teacher training program,and cooperating with other agencies may help to ease the dispute.
The rapid development of Confucius Institutes(CI)worldwide arouses various intercultural misinterpretations,which include the misunderstandings and criticisms on teaching simplified Chinese characters at CI.The misinterpretations of the character-teaching in CI can be read as a form of cultural conflict.According to C.Stephan &Stephan's integrated threat theory,four antecedent conditions followed by identity threats may cause severe consequences.As intercultural misinterpretation is one of the key factors restricting the development of the CI,the CI ought to face the controversy calmly and actively seek ways to eliminate the misinterpretations and the negative impact so as to gain a healthier external environment for the further development.This study tries to clarify the related language policies and facts about Chinese-character-teaching issues in response to the misunderstandings by the foreign media and scholars so as to avoid the escalation of cross-cultural misreading and increase mutual understanding,and indicates that reforming traditional teaching approaches,improving the teacher training program,and cooperating with other agencies may help to ease the dispute.
引文
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[9] 刘程,安然.意识形态下的新闻图式:英国主流媒体对孔子学院的“选择性误读”[J].新闻界,2014(6):32-39.
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[13] Geoffrey York.Beijing uses Confucius to Lead Charm Offensive[N].The Globe and Mail,9 September,2005.
[14] Ding,Sheng and Robert A.Saunders,Talking up China:An Analysis of China’s Rising Cultural Power and Global Promotion of the Chinese Language[J].East Asia.2006,23(2):21.
[15] Churchman,Michael,CI and Controlling Chinese Languages[J/OL].[2018-02-28].China Heritage Quarterly 26,The Australian National University,2011.http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/articles.php?%20searchterm=026_confucius.inc&issue=026.
[16] 汪惠迪.《人民日报》海外版由繁改简意义重大[J].语文建设,1992(11):38-39.
[17] 代小琳.2008年后联合国使用的中文一律用简体字[EB/OL].[2006-03-23].http://www.jiantizi.com/news/14.htm.
[18] 何洪泽,张楠伊.联合国废汉字繁体真相调查:早不用繁体字了[EB/OL].[2018-02-22].中国经济网.
[19] Lee,Seok Hwai.Taiwan:Quest to Be More Chinese than the Chinese[N].The Straits Times(Singapore),2011-05-03.
[20] 黄伯荣,廖旭东.现代汉语[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:236-241.
[21] 刘程,安然.传播中华文明:孔子学院与“台湾书院”殊途同归[J].国际汉语教育,2012(1):90.
[22] 金立鑫.试论汉语国际推广的国家策略和学科策略[J].华东师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2006,38(4):97-103.
[2] 李加军.外宣翻译中的译员文化认知——以跨文化传播中的受众解读效果为视角[J].江苏大学学报:社会科学版,2009:21.
[3] 李加军.跨文化的对话:误读与化解路径——以孔子学院为例[J].学术探索,2011(2).
[4] Stephan,C.,& Stephan W.Cognition and Affect in Cross-cultural Relations.In W.B.Gudykunst (Ed.),Cross-cultural and Intercultural Communication[C].Thousand Oaks,2003:111-126.
[5] Stephan,W.Reducing Prejudice and Stereotyping in Schools[M].New York:Teachers College Press/Columbia University,1999:92.
[6] Gudykunst,W.B.Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory:Current Status.In R.Wiseman(Ed.),Intercultural Communication Theory[C].Thousand Oaks,1995:5-58.
[7] 安然.海内外对孔子学院研究的现状分析[J].学术研究,2014(11):129-136,160.
[8] 张心.孔子学院跨文化误读的理性思考[J].齐鲁学刊,2017(1):30-35.
[9] 刘程,安然.意识形态下的新闻图式:英国主流媒体对孔子学院的“选择性误读”[J].新闻界,2014(6):32-39.
[10] 马艳艳,何国蕊,何国忠.评析孔子学院在美国的发展及遇到的问题[J].中国社会科学院研究生院学报,2016(2):140-144.
[11] 孔子学院章程[EB/OL].[2018-02-13].http://www.hanban.edu.cn/confuciousinstitutes/node7537.htm.
[12] 规范汉字[EB/OL].[2018-02-12].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97.
[13] Geoffrey York.Beijing uses Confucius to Lead Charm Offensive[N].The Globe and Mail,9 September,2005.
[14] Ding,Sheng and Robert A.Saunders,Talking up China:An Analysis of China’s Rising Cultural Power and Global Promotion of the Chinese Language[J].East Asia.2006,23(2):21.
[15] Churchman,Michael,CI and Controlling Chinese Languages[J/OL].[2018-02-28].China Heritage Quarterly 26,The Australian National University,2011.http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/articles.php?%20searchterm=026_confucius.inc&issue=026.
[16] 汪惠迪.《人民日报》海外版由繁改简意义重大[J].语文建设,1992(11):38-39.
[17] 代小琳.2008年后联合国使用的中文一律用简体字[EB/OL].[2006-03-23].http://www.jiantizi.com/news/14.htm.
[18] 何洪泽,张楠伊.联合国废汉字繁体真相调查:早不用繁体字了[EB/OL].[2018-02-22].中国经济网.
[19] Lee,Seok Hwai.Taiwan:Quest to Be More Chinese than the Chinese[N].The Straits Times(Singapore),2011-05-03.
[20] 黄伯荣,廖旭东.现代汉语[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:236-241.
[21] 刘程,安然.传播中华文明:孔子学院与“台湾书院”殊途同归[J].国际汉语教育,2012(1):90.
[22] 金立鑫.试论汉语国际推广的国家策略和学科策略[J].华东师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2006,38(4):97-103.