喷灌机全喷洒域与叠加域水量分布特性的静态模拟
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摘要
该文研究喷灌机喷头组合喷洒特性,针对大型平移式喷灌机Nelson R3000、O3000旋转折射式喷头,开展试验测量其单喷头水量分布并计算其喷洒均匀系数(Christiansen uniformity,CU)、分布均匀系数(distribution uniformity,DU)。用MATLAB编程模拟了2喷头和多喷头组合,针对多喷头组合,分析和区分全喷洒域和叠加域,计算2种喷头全喷洒域与叠加域的CU、DU和平均喷洒强度(mean spraying intensity,MSI),全面掌握并评价喷头水力性能。结果显示:在安装压力调节器情境下,R3000单喷头在压力150 kPa、O3000单喷头在压力200 kPa时,CU、DU值最大。2个喷头组合无法展现喷灌机喷头组合效果。R3000多喷头组合全喷洒域内,CU最大值68%,DU随喷头间距的增大逐渐上升;O3000多喷头组合CU、DU最大值分别为72%、57%。叠加域内R3000、O3000喷头CU、DU、MSI值高于全喷洒域,但达不到行喷CU≥85%的要求,可能由于计算CU、DU等的数据点多、单喷头数据不理想、常规测量方法测量点少且在叠加域内等原因。该文发现当前大型喷灌机的喷头间距组合不是CU、DU最优组合,区分了喷头喷洒组合后叠加域和全喷洒域,并分别计算叠加域和全喷洒域CU、DU和MSI,为喷灌机系统的安装设计提供了一种参考。
This paper focused on water distribution characteristics of single,double and multiple sprinklers of large-scale lateral-moving sprinkler system.An experiment was carried out to measure Nelson R3000 and O3000 single sprinkler water distribution by catch cans.The catch cans were laid in the radiation lines in 8 directions.The spacing of 2 catch cans was 0.5 m along each line.The center point was a set of sprinkler,including a sprinkling system mounted 1.8 m high.A total of 6pressures(from 50 kPa to 300 kPa) were applied in the process of measurement of a single sprinkler.Measurements included water depth,spraying radius,discharge and running time.The Christiansen uniformity(CU) and distribution uniformity(DU)of sprinklers were calculated.The superposition method with MATLAB was conducted to simulate water distribution of 2sprinklers and multiple sprinklers by single sprinkler data.Meanwhile,CU,DU and mean spraying intensity(MSI) of 2sprinklers and multiple sprinklers were obtained in MATLAB.Moreover,the overlap area(OA) and non-overlap area(NOA)were separated according to superposition principle and spraying spacing.The theory was that if one-point MSI was not 0,the point belonged to the whole spraying area.Meanwhile,the distances between the point and 2 of the sprinklers were less than spraying radius,which meant the point was in the OA.Otherwise,this point was in the NOA.The results showed the mean CU and DU of R3000 sprinkler were 68.79% and 50.82%.The CU and DU of R3000 sprinkler increased before the pressure of150 kPa,indicating that the spraying effect was best at 150 kPa.The mean CU and DU of O3000 sprinkler were 65.33% and55.69%.The CU and DU of R3000 sprinkler increased before the pressure of 200 kPa,indicating that the spraying effect was best at 200 kPa.The standard deviation of the uniformity showed that the O3000 was more stable than the R3000 at the pressure of 50-300 kPa.The water depth distribution and spraying intensity distribution at 150 kPa away from the sprinkler and showed that the R3000 had the highest water depth at about 2 and 4.5 m away from the sprinkler and the O3000 had the highest water depth at about 5-6.5 m away from the sprinkler.The spraying radius of R3000 and O3000 was 7.5 and 8.0 m,respectively.For the 2 R3000 sprinklers combinations,the CU decreased with the spacing of the 2 sprinklers increased to 4.5m,the DU was smaller than 60% when the spacing between the 2 sprinklers was 1-5.5 m,and the mean spraying intensity(MSI) decreased with the spacing increased.For the 2 O3000 sprinklers combinations,the CU decreased with the spacing of the 2 sprinklers increased to 6.5 m,the DU was about 54%-60% when the spacing between the 2 sprinklers was 1-8 m,and the MSI decreased with the spacing increased.The overlap area of the 2 sprinklers decreased but the spraying range increased with the spacing increased from 1 to 7 m.For the multiple R3000 sprinklers combinations,the CU increased when the spacing was increased from 1 m to 6 m and the maximum CU was 68% at the spacing of 6 m,and the DU increased when the spacing increased and its value was above 50% at the spacing of 6 m.For the multiple O3000 sprinklers combinations,the CU and DU were highest with 72% and 57%,respectively at the spacing of 7 m,and were lowest with 55% and 31% at the spacing of 1 m.The CU and DU in the overlap area was higher than the whole spraying area but the CU was still lower than 85%.The study provides valuable information for the design of the sprinkler system.
This paper focused on water distribution characteristics of single,double and multiple sprinklers of large-scale lateral-moving sprinkler system.An experiment was carried out to measure Nelson R3000 and O3000 single sprinkler water distribution by catch cans.The catch cans were laid in the radiation lines in 8 directions.The spacing of 2 catch cans was 0.5 m along each line.The center point was a set of sprinkler,including a sprinkling system mounted 1.8 m high.A total of 6pressures(from 50 kPa to 300 kPa) were applied in the process of measurement of a single sprinkler.Measurements included water depth,spraying radius,discharge and running time.The Christiansen uniformity(CU) and distribution uniformity(DU)of sprinklers were calculated.The superposition method with MATLAB was conducted to simulate water distribution of 2sprinklers and multiple sprinklers by single sprinkler data.Meanwhile,CU,DU and mean spraying intensity(MSI) of 2sprinklers and multiple sprinklers were obtained in MATLAB.Moreover,the overlap area(OA) and non-overlap area(NOA)were separated according to superposition principle and spraying spacing.The theory was that if one-point MSI was not 0,the point belonged to the whole spraying area.Meanwhile,the distances between the point and 2 of the sprinklers were less than spraying radius,which meant the point was in the OA.Otherwise,this point was in the NOA.The results showed the mean CU and DU of R3000 sprinkler were 68.79% and 50.82%.The CU and DU of R3000 sprinkler increased before the pressure of150 kPa,indicating that the spraying effect was best at 150 kPa.The mean CU and DU of O3000 sprinkler were 65.33% and55.69%.The CU and DU of R3000 sprinkler increased before the pressure of 200 kPa,indicating that the spraying effect was best at 200 kPa.The standard deviation of the uniformity showed that the O3000 was more stable than the R3000 at the pressure of 50-300 kPa.The water depth distribution and spraying intensity distribution at 150 kPa away from the sprinkler and showed that the R3000 had the highest water depth at about 2 and 4.5 m away from the sprinkler and the O3000 had the highest water depth at about 5-6.5 m away from the sprinkler.The spraying radius of R3000 and O3000 was 7.5 and 8.0 m,respectively.For the 2 R3000 sprinklers combinations,the CU decreased with the spacing of the 2 sprinklers increased to 4.5m,the DU was smaller than 60% when the spacing between the 2 sprinklers was 1-5.5 m,and the mean spraying intensity(MSI) decreased with the spacing increased.For the 2 O3000 sprinklers combinations,the CU decreased with the spacing of the 2 sprinklers increased to 6.5 m,the DU was about 54%-60% when the spacing between the 2 sprinklers was 1-8 m,and the MSI decreased with the spacing increased.The overlap area of the 2 sprinklers decreased but the spraying range increased with the spacing increased from 1 to 7 m.For the multiple R3000 sprinklers combinations,the CU increased when the spacing was increased from 1 m to 6 m and the maximum CU was 68% at the spacing of 6 m,and the DU increased when the spacing increased and its value was above 50% at the spacing of 6 m.For the multiple O3000 sprinklers combinations,the CU and DU were highest with 72% and 57%,respectively at the spacing of 7 m,and were lowest with 55% and 31% at the spacing of 1 m.The CU and DU in the overlap area was higher than the whole spraying area but the CU was still lower than 85%.The study provides valuable information for the design of the sprinkler system.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国水利部编.2016中国水利统计年鉴[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2016.
[2]赵伟霞,李久生,栗岩峰.大型喷灌机变量灌溉技术研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):1-7.Zhao Weixia,Li Jiusheng,Li Yanfeng.Review on variable rate irrigation with continuously moving sprinkler machines[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(13):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]金宏智,何建强,钱一超.变量技术在精准灌溉上的应用[J].节水灌溉,2003(1):1-3.Jin Hongzhi,He Jianqiang,Qian Yichao.Application of VRTin precision irrigation[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2003(1):1-3.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]韩文霆,吴普特,冯浩,等.方形喷洒域变量施水精确灌溉喷头实现理论研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003(2):105-107.Han Wenting,Wu Pute,Feng Hao,et al.Variable-rate sprinklers for precision irrigation on square area[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2003(2):105-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Haghverdi A,Leib B G,Washington-Allen R A,et al.Perspectives on delineating management zones for variable rate irrigation[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2015,117:154-167.
[6]King B A,Wall R W,Kincaid D C,et al.Field testing of a variable rate sprinkler and control system for site-specific water and nutrient application[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2005,21(5):847-853.
[7]Evans R G,La Rue J,Stone K C,et al.Adoption of sitespecific variable rate sprinkler irrigation systems[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31:871-887.
[8]O′Shaughness S A,Evett S R,Colaizzi P D,et al.Wireless sensor network effectively controls center pivot irrigation of sorghum[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2013,29(6):853-864.
[9]Haghverdi A,Leib B G,Washington-Allen R A,et al.Studying uniform and variable rate center pivot irrigation strategies with the aid of site-specific water production functions[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2016,123:327-340.
[10]Sui R,Fisher D K.Field test of a center pivot irrigation system[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2015,31(1):83-88.
[11]O’Shaughness S A,Evett S R,Colaizzi P D.Dynamic prescription maps for site-specific variable rate irrigation of cotton[J].Agriculture Water Management,2015,159:123-138.
[12]King B A,Bjorneberg D L.Evaluation of potential runoff and erosion of four center pivot irrigation sprinklers[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2011,27(1):75-85.
[13]韩文霆,吴普特,杨青,等.喷灌水量分布均匀性评价指标比较及研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(9):172-177.Han Wenting,Wu Pute,Yang Qing,et al.Advances and comparisons of uniformity evaluation index of sprinkle irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2005,21(9):172-177.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]李久生,饶敏杰.喷灌水量分布均匀性评价指标的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(4):78-82.Li Jiusheng,Rao Minjie.Evaluation methods of sprinkler water nonuniformity[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1999,15(4):78-82.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]韩文霆,王玄,孙瑜.喷灌水量分布动态模拟与均匀性研究[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(11):159-164,200.Han Wenting,Wang Xuan,Sun Yu.Dynamic simulation for sprinkler irrigation water distribution with uniformity[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(11):159-164,200.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Tarjuelo J M,Montero J,Honrubia F T,et al.Analysis of uniformity of sprinkle irrigation in a semi-arid area[J].Agricultural Water Management,1999,40(2):315-331.
[17]韩文霆,崔利华,吴普特,等.正三角形组合喷灌均匀度计算方法[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(4):99-107.Han Wenting,Cui Lihua,Wu Pute,et al.Calculation methods for irrigation uniformity with sprinklers spaced in regular triangle[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(4):99-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]韩文霆,姚小敏,朱冰钦,等.变量喷洒喷头组合喷灌试验[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):121-126,112.Han Wenting,Yao Xiaomin,Zhu Bingqin,et al.test and evaluation on variable-rate irrigation sprinkler[J]Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(7):121-126,112.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]袁寿其,朱兴业,李红,等.基于MATLAB全射流喷头组合喷灌计算模拟[J].排灌机械,2008,26(1):47-52.Yuan shouqi,Zhu Xingye,Li Hong,et al.Simulation of combined irrigation for complete fluidic sprinkler based on MATLAB[J].Drainage and Irrigation Machinery,2008,26(1):47-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]朱兴业,刘俊萍,袁寿其.旋转式射流喷头结构参数及组合间距对喷洒均匀性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(6):66-72.Zhu Xingye,Liu Junping,Yuan Shouqi.Effect on spraying uniformity based on geometrical parameters and combined spacing of rotational fluidic sprinkler[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(6):66-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Dwomoh F A,Shouqi Y,Hong L.Field performance characteristics of fluidic sprinkler[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2013,29(4):529-536.
[22]Zhu X,Yuan S,Li H,et al.Irrigation uniformity with complete fluidic sprinkler in no-wind conditions[J].Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture II,2009,2(295):909-917.
[23]严海军,郑耀泉.两种园林地埋式喷头组合喷洒性能的模拟试验[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):84-86.Yan Haijun,Zheng Yaoquan.Simulating sprinkler performance of two combined pop-up sprinklers[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(1):4-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Valín M I,Cameira M R,Teodoro P R,et al.DEPIVOT:Amodel for center-pivot design and evaluation[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2012,87:159-170.
[25]ANSI/ASAE.Procedure for Sprinkler Distribution Testing for Research Purposes[M].USA:ASAE S330,2003.
[26]巩兴晖.移动式喷灌机折射式喷头水量及动能分布规律研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.Gong Xinghui,Study on the Water and Specific Power Distribution of the Spray-plate Sprinkler used in the Moving Sprinkler Machine[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]李永冲,严海军,徐成波,等.考虑水滴运动蒸发的喷灌水量分布模拟[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):127-132.Li Yongchong,Yan Haijun,Xu Chengbo,et al.Simulation of sprinkler water distribution with droplet dynamics and evaporation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,44(7):127-132.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]Evans R G,Han S,Kroeger M W.Spatial distribution and uniformity evaluations for chemigation with center pivots[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1995,38(1):85-92.
[29]Mohamed H,Abd El-wahed M M,Lorenzini G.Harvesting water in a center pivot irrigation system:Evaluation of distribution uniformity with varying operating parameters[J].Journal of Engineering Thermoplastics,2015,24(2):143-151.
[30]Moreno M A,Medina D,Ortega J F,et al.Optimal design of center pivot systems with water supplied from wells[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,107:112-121.
[31]Ouazaa S,Latorre B,Burguete J,et al.Effect of the start-stop cycle of center-pivot towers on irrigation performance:Experiments and simulations[J].Agricultural Water Management,2015,147:163-174.
[2]赵伟霞,李久生,栗岩峰.大型喷灌机变量灌溉技术研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):1-7.Zhao Weixia,Li Jiusheng,Li Yanfeng.Review on variable rate irrigation with continuously moving sprinkler machines[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(13):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]金宏智,何建强,钱一超.变量技术在精准灌溉上的应用[J].节水灌溉,2003(1):1-3.Jin Hongzhi,He Jianqiang,Qian Yichao.Application of VRTin precision irrigation[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2003(1):1-3.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]韩文霆,吴普特,冯浩,等.方形喷洒域变量施水精确灌溉喷头实现理论研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003(2):105-107.Han Wenting,Wu Pute,Feng Hao,et al.Variable-rate sprinklers for precision irrigation on square area[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2003(2):105-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Haghverdi A,Leib B G,Washington-Allen R A,et al.Perspectives on delineating management zones for variable rate irrigation[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2015,117:154-167.
[6]King B A,Wall R W,Kincaid D C,et al.Field testing of a variable rate sprinkler and control system for site-specific water and nutrient application[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2005,21(5):847-853.
[7]Evans R G,La Rue J,Stone K C,et al.Adoption of sitespecific variable rate sprinkler irrigation systems[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31:871-887.
[8]O′Shaughness S A,Evett S R,Colaizzi P D,et al.Wireless sensor network effectively controls center pivot irrigation of sorghum[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2013,29(6):853-864.
[9]Haghverdi A,Leib B G,Washington-Allen R A,et al.Studying uniform and variable rate center pivot irrigation strategies with the aid of site-specific water production functions[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2016,123:327-340.
[10]Sui R,Fisher D K.Field test of a center pivot irrigation system[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2015,31(1):83-88.
[11]O’Shaughness S A,Evett S R,Colaizzi P D.Dynamic prescription maps for site-specific variable rate irrigation of cotton[J].Agriculture Water Management,2015,159:123-138.
[12]King B A,Bjorneberg D L.Evaluation of potential runoff and erosion of four center pivot irrigation sprinklers[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2011,27(1):75-85.
[13]韩文霆,吴普特,杨青,等.喷灌水量分布均匀性评价指标比较及研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(9):172-177.Han Wenting,Wu Pute,Yang Qing,et al.Advances and comparisons of uniformity evaluation index of sprinkle irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2005,21(9):172-177.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]李久生,饶敏杰.喷灌水量分布均匀性评价指标的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(4):78-82.Li Jiusheng,Rao Minjie.Evaluation methods of sprinkler water nonuniformity[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1999,15(4):78-82.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]韩文霆,王玄,孙瑜.喷灌水量分布动态模拟与均匀性研究[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(11):159-164,200.Han Wenting,Wang Xuan,Sun Yu.Dynamic simulation for sprinkler irrigation water distribution with uniformity[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(11):159-164,200.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Tarjuelo J M,Montero J,Honrubia F T,et al.Analysis of uniformity of sprinkle irrigation in a semi-arid area[J].Agricultural Water Management,1999,40(2):315-331.
[17]韩文霆,崔利华,吴普特,等.正三角形组合喷灌均匀度计算方法[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(4):99-107.Han Wenting,Cui Lihua,Wu Pute,et al.Calculation methods for irrigation uniformity with sprinklers spaced in regular triangle[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(4):99-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]韩文霆,姚小敏,朱冰钦,等.变量喷洒喷头组合喷灌试验[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):121-126,112.Han Wenting,Yao Xiaomin,Zhu Bingqin,et al.test and evaluation on variable-rate irrigation sprinkler[J]Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(7):121-126,112.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]袁寿其,朱兴业,李红,等.基于MATLAB全射流喷头组合喷灌计算模拟[J].排灌机械,2008,26(1):47-52.Yuan shouqi,Zhu Xingye,Li Hong,et al.Simulation of combined irrigation for complete fluidic sprinkler based on MATLAB[J].Drainage and Irrigation Machinery,2008,26(1):47-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]朱兴业,刘俊萍,袁寿其.旋转式射流喷头结构参数及组合间距对喷洒均匀性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(6):66-72.Zhu Xingye,Liu Junping,Yuan Shouqi.Effect on spraying uniformity based on geometrical parameters and combined spacing of rotational fluidic sprinkler[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(6):66-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Dwomoh F A,Shouqi Y,Hong L.Field performance characteristics of fluidic sprinkler[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2013,29(4):529-536.
[22]Zhu X,Yuan S,Li H,et al.Irrigation uniformity with complete fluidic sprinkler in no-wind conditions[J].Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture II,2009,2(295):909-917.
[23]严海军,郑耀泉.两种园林地埋式喷头组合喷洒性能的模拟试验[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):84-86.Yan Haijun,Zheng Yaoquan.Simulating sprinkler performance of two combined pop-up sprinklers[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(1):4-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Valín M I,Cameira M R,Teodoro P R,et al.DEPIVOT:Amodel for center-pivot design and evaluation[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2012,87:159-170.
[25]ANSI/ASAE.Procedure for Sprinkler Distribution Testing for Research Purposes[M].USA:ASAE S330,2003.
[26]巩兴晖.移动式喷灌机折射式喷头水量及动能分布规律研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.Gong Xinghui,Study on the Water and Specific Power Distribution of the Spray-plate Sprinkler used in the Moving Sprinkler Machine[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]李永冲,严海军,徐成波,等.考虑水滴运动蒸发的喷灌水量分布模拟[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):127-132.Li Yongchong,Yan Haijun,Xu Chengbo,et al.Simulation of sprinkler water distribution with droplet dynamics and evaporation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,44(7):127-132.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]Evans R G,Han S,Kroeger M W.Spatial distribution and uniformity evaluations for chemigation with center pivots[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1995,38(1):85-92.
[29]Mohamed H,Abd El-wahed M M,Lorenzini G.Harvesting water in a center pivot irrigation system:Evaluation of distribution uniformity with varying operating parameters[J].Journal of Engineering Thermoplastics,2015,24(2):143-151.
[30]Moreno M A,Medina D,Ortega J F,et al.Optimal design of center pivot systems with water supplied from wells[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,107:112-121.
[31]Ouazaa S,Latorre B,Burguete J,et al.Effect of the start-stop cycle of center-pivot towers on irrigation performance:Experiments and simulations[J].Agricultural Water Management,2015,147:163-174.