平地向坡地转换喷灌水量分布计算模型研究
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摘要
针对坡地喷灌水量分布实测困难问题,以坡地喷头射程计算公式为基础,依据喷头射流方向总水量守恒原理,构建了喷灌水量分布由平地转换到坡地的计算模型,并通过试验验证了模型的正确性。利用该模型,分析了喷头布置方式、喷头间距、工作压力和坡度等对坡面喷灌水量分布的影响,结果表明,三角形布置有利于坡地单喷头水量分布的叠加,且其组合喷灌均匀度略高于方形布置;随着喷头间距的增大,组合喷灌均匀度呈下降趋势;喷头低压运行时,组合喷灌均匀度相对较低,不能满足喷灌均匀性的要求,随着喷头工作压力的增大,组合喷灌均匀度逐渐增大;在一定坡度范围内,不同坡度对水量分布和组合喷灌均匀度的影响较小。因此,在坡地喷灌系统设计时,若选用雨鸟LF1200型喷头,建议采用三角形布置,喷头间距宜为1.0~1.2倍平地喷头射程,喷头工作压力宜选用300 k Pa。
It is difficult to measure water distribution for sprinkler irrigation on sloping land. Based on the formula for calculating sprinkler range on sloping land,according to the principle of water balance along spray direction,a calculated model for transforming sprinkler water distribution from flat ground into sloping land was proposed and validated by an experiment. The effects of sprinkler layout,sprinkler spacing,operating pressure and slope on sprinkler water distribution on sloping land were analyzed by using the model. The results showed that water distribution for the sprinkler triangular arrangement was more uniform than that for square layout, and the combined sprinkler irrigation water application uniformity for the sprinkler triangular arrangement was slightly higher than that for square layout. The combined sprinkler irrigation water application uniformity was decreased with the increase of sprinkler spacing. When the sprinkler was operated at low pressure,the combined sprinkler irrigation water application uniformity was relatively low,and the low uniformity cannot meet the requirement of sprinkler irrigation uniformity. The combined sprinkler irrigation water application uniformity was increased with the increase of sprinkler pressure. The effect of slope on water distribution and the combined sprinkler irrigation water application uniformity was insignificant within a certain slope. Therefore,if the Rainbird LF1200 sprinkler was used in the sprinkler irrigation system design on sloping land,it was recommended that the sprinkler spacing should be 1. 0 ~ 1. 2 times as the spraying range on flat ground with the triangular arrangement,and the sprinkler operating pressure should be 300 k Pa.
It is difficult to measure water distribution for sprinkler irrigation on sloping land. Based on the formula for calculating sprinkler range on sloping land,according to the principle of water balance along spray direction,a calculated model for transforming sprinkler water distribution from flat ground into sloping land was proposed and validated by an experiment. The effects of sprinkler layout,sprinkler spacing,operating pressure and slope on sprinkler water distribution on sloping land were analyzed by using the model. The results showed that water distribution for the sprinkler triangular arrangement was more uniform than that for square layout, and the combined sprinkler irrigation water application uniformity for the sprinkler triangular arrangement was slightly higher than that for square layout. The combined sprinkler irrigation water application uniformity was decreased with the increase of sprinkler spacing. When the sprinkler was operated at low pressure,the combined sprinkler irrigation water application uniformity was relatively low,and the low uniformity cannot meet the requirement of sprinkler irrigation uniformity. The combined sprinkler irrigation water application uniformity was increased with the increase of sprinkler pressure. The effect of slope on water distribution and the combined sprinkler irrigation water application uniformity was insignificant within a certain slope. Therefore,if the Rainbird LF1200 sprinkler was used in the sprinkler irrigation system design on sloping land,it was recommended that the sprinkler spacing should be 1. 0 ~ 1. 2 times as the spraying range on flat ground with the triangular arrangement,and the sprinkler operating pressure should be 300 k Pa.
引文
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2韩文霆,吴普特,杨青,等.喷灌水量分布均匀性评价指标比较及研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(9):172-177.HAN Wenting,WU Pute,YANG Qing,et al.Advances and comparisons of uniformity evaluation index of sprinkle irrigation[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(9):172-177.(in Chinese)
3李小平.喷灌系统水量分布均匀度研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2005.
4朱兴业,刘俊萍,袁寿其.旋转式射流喷头结构参数及组合间距对喷洒均匀性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(6):66-72.ZHU Xingye,LIU Junping,YUAN Shouqi.Effect on spraying uniformity based on geometrical parameters and combined spacing of rotational fluidic sprinkler[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(6):66-72.(in Chinese)
5严海军,郑耀泉.两种园林地埋式喷头组合喷洒性能的模拟试验[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):84-86.YAN Haijun,ZHENG Yaoquan.Simulating sprinkler performance of two combined pop-up sprinklers[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2004,20(1):84-86.(in Chinese)
6 TARJUELO J M,MONTERO J,VALIENTE M,et al.Irrigation uniformity with medium size sprinklers part I:characterization of water distribution in no-wind conditions[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1999,42(3):665-675.
7 TARJUELO J M,MONTERO J,CARRION P A,et al.Irrigation uniformity with medium size sprinklers part II:influence of wind and other factors on water distribution[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1999,42(3):677-689.
8 MANTOVANI E C,VILLALOBOS F J,ORGAZ F,et al.Modeling the effects of sprinkler irrigation uniformity of crop yield[J].Agricultural Water Management,1995,27(3-4):243-257.
9 LI J S.Modeling crop yield as affected by uniformity of sprinkler irrigation system[J].Agricultural Water Management,1998,38(2):135-146.
10 ZHANG L,MERKLEY G P,PINTHONG K.Assessing whole-field sprinkler irrigation application uniformity[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(2):87-105.
11 MATEOS L.Assessing whole field uniformity of stationary sprinkler irrigation systems[J].Irrigation Science,1998,18(2):73-81.
12韩文霆,王玄,孙瑜.喷灌水量分布动态模拟与均匀性研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(11):159-164.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20141125&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2014.11.025.HAN Wenting,WANG Xuan,SUN Yu.Dynamic simulation for sprinker irrigation water distribution with uniformity[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(11):159-164.(in Chinese)
13刘俊萍,袁寿其,李红,等.摇臂式喷头组合喷洒均匀性的改进[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(7):107-111.LIU Junping,YUAN Shouqi,LI Hong,et al.Combination uniformity improvement of impact sprinkler[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(7):107-111.(in Chinese)
14陈学敏,陈大雕,袁达.坡地喷灌水量分布计算模型及其应用[J].水利学报,1989,20(7):12-20.CHEN Xuemin,CHEN Dadiao,YUAN Da.A model for simulating application pattern of the sprinkler on sloping land[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1989,20(7):12-20.(in Chinese)
15向清江,陈超,魏洋洋.变射程喷头在坡地喷灌中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):115-119.XIANG Qingjiang,CHEN Chao,WEI Yangyang.Application of sprinkler with variable range of spray in sloping land[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(8):115-119.(in Chinese)
16蒋定生.山丘区梯田喷灌系统中支管路最佳位置的选择[J].水利学报,1982,13(9):52-57.
17张以升,张林,朱德兰,等.基于弹道理论坡地喷灌水量分布模拟及均匀度计算[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):59-66.ZHANG Yisheng,ZHANG Lin,ZHU Delan,et al.Simulation of water distribution and calculation on water application uniformity for sprinkler irrigation on sloping land based on ballistic theory[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(13):59-66.(in Chinese)
18蒋定生,黄国俊,帅启富,等.关于坡地喷灌的试验研究[J].节水灌溉,1985(2):23-27.
19严海军,马静,王志鹏.圆形喷灌机泵注式施肥装置设计与田间试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(9):100-106.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150914&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.09.014.YAN Haijun,MA Jing,WANG Zhipeng.Design and field experiment on fertilizer injection device in center pivot irrigation system[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(9):100-106.(in Chinese)
20喷灌工程技术规范:GB/T 50085-2007[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2007.
2韩文霆,吴普特,杨青,等.喷灌水量分布均匀性评价指标比较及研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(9):172-177.HAN Wenting,WU Pute,YANG Qing,et al.Advances and comparisons of uniformity evaluation index of sprinkle irrigation[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(9):172-177.(in Chinese)
3李小平.喷灌系统水量分布均匀度研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2005.
4朱兴业,刘俊萍,袁寿其.旋转式射流喷头结构参数及组合间距对喷洒均匀性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(6):66-72.ZHU Xingye,LIU Junping,YUAN Shouqi.Effect on spraying uniformity based on geometrical parameters and combined spacing of rotational fluidic sprinkler[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(6):66-72.(in Chinese)
5严海军,郑耀泉.两种园林地埋式喷头组合喷洒性能的模拟试验[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):84-86.YAN Haijun,ZHENG Yaoquan.Simulating sprinkler performance of two combined pop-up sprinklers[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2004,20(1):84-86.(in Chinese)
6 TARJUELO J M,MONTERO J,VALIENTE M,et al.Irrigation uniformity with medium size sprinklers part I:characterization of water distribution in no-wind conditions[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1999,42(3):665-675.
7 TARJUELO J M,MONTERO J,CARRION P A,et al.Irrigation uniformity with medium size sprinklers part II:influence of wind and other factors on water distribution[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1999,42(3):677-689.
8 MANTOVANI E C,VILLALOBOS F J,ORGAZ F,et al.Modeling the effects of sprinkler irrigation uniformity of crop yield[J].Agricultural Water Management,1995,27(3-4):243-257.
9 LI J S.Modeling crop yield as affected by uniformity of sprinkler irrigation system[J].Agricultural Water Management,1998,38(2):135-146.
10 ZHANG L,MERKLEY G P,PINTHONG K.Assessing whole-field sprinkler irrigation application uniformity[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(2):87-105.
11 MATEOS L.Assessing whole field uniformity of stationary sprinkler irrigation systems[J].Irrigation Science,1998,18(2):73-81.
12韩文霆,王玄,孙瑜.喷灌水量分布动态模拟与均匀性研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(11):159-164.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20141125&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2014.11.025.HAN Wenting,WANG Xuan,SUN Yu.Dynamic simulation for sprinker irrigation water distribution with uniformity[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(11):159-164.(in Chinese)
13刘俊萍,袁寿其,李红,等.摇臂式喷头组合喷洒均匀性的改进[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(7):107-111.LIU Junping,YUAN Shouqi,LI Hong,et al.Combination uniformity improvement of impact sprinkler[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(7):107-111.(in Chinese)
14陈学敏,陈大雕,袁达.坡地喷灌水量分布计算模型及其应用[J].水利学报,1989,20(7):12-20.CHEN Xuemin,CHEN Dadiao,YUAN Da.A model for simulating application pattern of the sprinkler on sloping land[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1989,20(7):12-20.(in Chinese)
15向清江,陈超,魏洋洋.变射程喷头在坡地喷灌中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):115-119.XIANG Qingjiang,CHEN Chao,WEI Yangyang.Application of sprinkler with variable range of spray in sloping land[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(8):115-119.(in Chinese)
16蒋定生.山丘区梯田喷灌系统中支管路最佳位置的选择[J].水利学报,1982,13(9):52-57.
17张以升,张林,朱德兰,等.基于弹道理论坡地喷灌水量分布模拟及均匀度计算[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):59-66.ZHANG Yisheng,ZHANG Lin,ZHU Delan,et al.Simulation of water distribution and calculation on water application uniformity for sprinkler irrigation on sloping land based on ballistic theory[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(13):59-66.(in Chinese)
18蒋定生,黄国俊,帅启富,等.关于坡地喷灌的试验研究[J].节水灌溉,1985(2):23-27.
19严海军,马静,王志鹏.圆形喷灌机泵注式施肥装置设计与田间试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(9):100-106.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150914&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.09.014.YAN Haijun,MA Jing,WANG Zhipeng.Design and field experiment on fertilizer injection device in center pivot irrigation system[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(9):100-106.(in Chinese)
20喷灌工程技术规范:GB/T 50085-2007[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2007.