YSU边界层参数化方案中不同地形订正方法对地面风速及温度模拟的影响
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摘要
为了修正中尺度气象模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)对低层风速模拟的系统性误差,有学者在新版本WRF模式的YSU(Yonsei University)边界层参数化方案中加入了两个地形订正方法:Jiménez方法和UW(University of Washington method)方法.本文利用这两个地形订正方法,选取了两个时间段,对北京地区的地面气象要素以及气象要素垂直廓线进行了个例模拟研究,模拟结果和观测数据的比对表明在北京地区:是否采用地形订正,对地面温度的模拟几乎没有影响;采用地形订正后,模式对地面风速的模拟有明显的改进,两种方法对风速模拟的差别主要体现在山/丘陵地区;Jiménez方法在山/丘陵地区的模拟风速明显偏大,而采用UW方法进行订正后,模拟的风速减小,更接近观测值;两种方法在山谷地区对风速均有一定的过度订正.通过分析气象要素的垂直廓线发现,不同地形订正方法主要影响的是2000m以下的低层风速.总体而言,UW地形订正方法在北京地区更为适用,采用UW方法后,模拟得到的地面气象要素的各项统计参数基本达到了统计基准值.
In previous work,two methods of topographic correction have been added into the parameterization scheme for the Yonsei University(YSU)boundary layer of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model,which aims to reduce the errors of the model caused in simulation of low-layer wind speed.Using a case study,this work attempted to analyze the applicability of these two different methods in the simulation of meteorological factors over Beijing during two periods.The performance of WRF was evaluated against observation data with statistics.The results show that the impact,whether terrain correction is done or not,on the surface temperature simulation is little.The surface wind speed simulated by two methods is improved obviously,and the difference is mainly manifested by the surface wind at hills andmountaintops.The UW(University of Washington)method can simulate wind speed better than the Jiménez method,which is more approximate to observation data.However,wind speed in valleys is over corrected by both UW and Jiménez methods.Analysis of the vertical profile of meteorological factors indicates that different methods mainly affect the low-layer wind speed simulation under 2000 m.On the whole,the UW method is a more appropriate choice,since the statistical parameters of surface meteorological factors simulated by the UW method can largely meet the statistical benchmarks.
In previous work,two methods of topographic correction have been added into the parameterization scheme for the Yonsei University(YSU)boundary layer of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model,which aims to reduce the errors of the model caused in simulation of low-layer wind speed.Using a case study,this work attempted to analyze the applicability of these two different methods in the simulation of meteorological factors over Beijing during two periods.The performance of WRF was evaluated against observation data with statistics.The results show that the impact,whether terrain correction is done or not,on the surface temperature simulation is little.The surface wind speed simulated by two methods is improved obviously,and the difference is mainly manifested by the surface wind at hills andmountaintops.The UW(University of Washington)method can simulate wind speed better than the Jiménez method,which is more approximate to observation data.However,wind speed in valleys is over corrected by both UW and Jiménez methods.Analysis of the vertical profile of meteorological factors indicates that different methods mainly affect the low-layer wind speed simulation under 2000 m.On the whole,the UW method is a more appropriate choice,since the statistical parameters of surface meteorological factors simulated by the UW method can largely meet the statistical benchmarks.
引文
Arino O,Bicheron P,Frédéric A,et al.2008.GLOBCOVER:the most detailed portrait of earth.ESA Bulletin-European Space Agency,136:24-31.
Bontemps S,Defourney P,Van Bogaert P,et al.2010.GLOBCOVER2009:products description and validation report.Accessed January20,2012.http:∥www.gscloud.cn/userfiles/file/GLOBCOVER2009_Validation_Report_2_2.pdf.
Chen F,Dudhia J.2001.Coupling an advanced land surfacehydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system.Part I:Model implementation and sensitivity.Monthly Weather Review,129(4):569-585.
Cheng W Y Y,Steenburgh W J.2005.Evaluation of surface sensible weather forecasts by the WRF and the Eta Models over the western United States.Weather and Forecasting,20(5):812-821.
Darby L S.2005.Cluster analysis of surface winds in Houston,Texas,and the impact of wind patterns on ozone.Journal of Applied Meteorology,44(12):1788-1806.
Dudhia J.1989.Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,46(20):3077-3107.
Emery C A,Tai E,Yarwood G.2001.Enhanced meteorological modeling and performance evaluation for two Texas ozone episodes.Prepared for the Texas Near Non-Attainment Areas through the Alamo Area Council of Governments,by ENVIRONInternational Corp,Novato,CA.
García-Bustamante E,González-Rouco J F,Jiménez P A,et al.2009.A comparison of methodologies for monthly wind energy estimation.Wind Energy,12(7):640-659.
Georgelin M,Bougeault P,Black T,et al.2000.The second COMPARE exercise:A model intercomparison using a case of a typical mesoscale orographic flow,the PYREX IOP3.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,126(564):991-1029.
Guo H,Xu M,Hu Q.2011.Changes in near-surface wind speed in China:1969-2005.International Journal of Climatology,31(3):349-358.
Hong S Y,Pan H L.1996.Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a Medium-Range Forecast Model.Monthly Weather Review,124(10):2322-2339.
Hong S Y,Dudhia J,Chen S H.2004.A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation.Monthly Weather Review,132(1):103-120.
Hong S Y,Noh Y,Dudhia J.2006.A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes.Monthly Weather Review,134(9):2318-2341.
Jiménez P A,González-Rouco J F,Montávez J P,et al.2009.Climatology of wind patterns in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula.International Journal of Climatology,29(4):501-525.
Jiménez P A,González-Rouco J F,Garcia-Bustamante E,et al.2010.Surface wind regionalization over complex terrain:Evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution WRF simulation.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,49(2):268-287.
Jiménez P A,Dudhia J.2012.Improving the representation of resolved and unresolved topographic effects on surface wind in the WRF Model.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,51(2):300-316.
Jimenez P A,Dudhia J.2013.On the ability of the WRF model to reproduce the surface wind direction over complex terrain.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,52(7):1610-1617.
Kain J S.2004.The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update.Journal of Applied Meteorology,43(1):170-181.
Klink K.2002.Trends and interannual variability of wind speed distributions in Minnesota.Journal of Climate,15(22):3311-3317.
Kusaka H,Kondo H,Kikegawa Y,et al.2001.A simple singlelayer urban canopy model for atmospheric models:Comparison with multi-layer and slab models.Boundary-Layer Meteorology,101(3):329-358.
Kusaka H,Kimura F.2004.Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model:Impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized case.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,82(1):67-80.
Mass C,Ovens D.2010.WRF model physics:Problems,solutions,and a new paradigm for progress.∥Preprints,2010 WRFUsers′Workshop,Boulder,CO,NCAR.
Mass C,Ovens D.2011.Fixing WRF′s high speed wind bias:Anew subgrid scale drag parameterization and the role of detailed verification.∥Preprints,24th Conf.on Weather and Forecasting/20thConf.on Numerical Weather Prediction,Seattle,WA,Amer.Meteor.Soc.,9B.6.
Mass C.2012.Improved subgrid drag of hyper PBL/vertical resolution?Dealing with the stable PBL problems in WRF.WRF users′workshop,Boulder,CO.
Milton S F,Wilson C A.1996.The impact of parameterized subgrid-scale orographic forcing on systematic errors in a global NWP model.Monthly Weather Review,124(9):2023-2045.
Mlawer E J,Taubman S J,Brown P D,et al.1997.Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM,a validated correlated-k model for the longwave.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,102(D14):16663-16682.
Rife D L,Davis C A,Liu Y B,et al.2004.Predictability of lowlevel winds by mesoscale meteorological models.Monthly WeatherReview,132(11):2553-2569.
Rontu L.2006.A study on parametrization of orography-related momentum fluxes in a synoptic-scale NWP model.Tellus A,58(1):69-81.
Roux G,Liu Y B,Monache L D,et al.2009.Verification of high resolution WRF-RTFDDA surface forecasts over mountains and plains.10th WRF users′workshop,20-23.
Shimada S,Ohsawa T,Chikaoka S,et al.2011.Accuracy of the wind speed profile in the lower PBL as simulated by the WRFmodel.Sola,7:109-112.
Skamarock W C,Klemp J B,Dudhia J,et al.2008.A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3.NCAR Tech.Rep.TN-4751STR,113pp.
Stull R B.1988.An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology.Netherlands:Springer.
Whiteman C D.2000.Mountain Meteorology:Fundamentals and Applications.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Willmott C J,Ackleson S G,Davis R E,et al.1985.Statistics for the evaluation and comparison of models.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,90(C5):8995-9005.
Yang G,Liu S H,Zhu R,et al.2011.Numerical simulation of features of boundary-layer over Poyang Lake area.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(4):896-908,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.003.
Zhang B H,Liu S H,Liu H P,et al.2012.The effect of MYJ and YSU schemes on simulation of boundary layer meteorological factors of WRF.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),55(7):2239-2248,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.07.010.
杨罡,刘树华,朱蓉等.2011.鄱阳湖地区大气边界层特征的数值模拟.地球物理学报,54(4):896-908,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.003.
张碧辉,刘树华,Liu H P等.2012.MYJ和YSU方案对WRF边界层气象要素模拟的影响.地球物理学报,55(7):2239-2248,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.07.010.
Bontemps S,Defourney P,Van Bogaert P,et al.2010.GLOBCOVER2009:products description and validation report.Accessed January20,2012.http:∥www.gscloud.cn/userfiles/file/GLOBCOVER2009_Validation_Report_2_2.pdf.
Chen F,Dudhia J.2001.Coupling an advanced land surfacehydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system.Part I:Model implementation and sensitivity.Monthly Weather Review,129(4):569-585.
Cheng W Y Y,Steenburgh W J.2005.Evaluation of surface sensible weather forecasts by the WRF and the Eta Models over the western United States.Weather and Forecasting,20(5):812-821.
Darby L S.2005.Cluster analysis of surface winds in Houston,Texas,and the impact of wind patterns on ozone.Journal of Applied Meteorology,44(12):1788-1806.
Dudhia J.1989.Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,46(20):3077-3107.
Emery C A,Tai E,Yarwood G.2001.Enhanced meteorological modeling and performance evaluation for two Texas ozone episodes.Prepared for the Texas Near Non-Attainment Areas through the Alamo Area Council of Governments,by ENVIRONInternational Corp,Novato,CA.
García-Bustamante E,González-Rouco J F,Jiménez P A,et al.2009.A comparison of methodologies for monthly wind energy estimation.Wind Energy,12(7):640-659.
Georgelin M,Bougeault P,Black T,et al.2000.The second COMPARE exercise:A model intercomparison using a case of a typical mesoscale orographic flow,the PYREX IOP3.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,126(564):991-1029.
Guo H,Xu M,Hu Q.2011.Changes in near-surface wind speed in China:1969-2005.International Journal of Climatology,31(3):349-358.
Hong S Y,Pan H L.1996.Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a Medium-Range Forecast Model.Monthly Weather Review,124(10):2322-2339.
Hong S Y,Dudhia J,Chen S H.2004.A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation.Monthly Weather Review,132(1):103-120.
Hong S Y,Noh Y,Dudhia J.2006.A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes.Monthly Weather Review,134(9):2318-2341.
Jiménez P A,González-Rouco J F,Montávez J P,et al.2009.Climatology of wind patterns in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula.International Journal of Climatology,29(4):501-525.
Jiménez P A,González-Rouco J F,Garcia-Bustamante E,et al.2010.Surface wind regionalization over complex terrain:Evaluation and analysis of a high-resolution WRF simulation.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,49(2):268-287.
Jiménez P A,Dudhia J.2012.Improving the representation of resolved and unresolved topographic effects on surface wind in the WRF Model.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,51(2):300-316.
Jimenez P A,Dudhia J.2013.On the ability of the WRF model to reproduce the surface wind direction over complex terrain.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,52(7):1610-1617.
Kain J S.2004.The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update.Journal of Applied Meteorology,43(1):170-181.
Klink K.2002.Trends and interannual variability of wind speed distributions in Minnesota.Journal of Climate,15(22):3311-3317.
Kusaka H,Kondo H,Kikegawa Y,et al.2001.A simple singlelayer urban canopy model for atmospheric models:Comparison with multi-layer and slab models.Boundary-Layer Meteorology,101(3):329-358.
Kusaka H,Kimura F.2004.Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model:Impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized case.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,82(1):67-80.
Mass C,Ovens D.2010.WRF model physics:Problems,solutions,and a new paradigm for progress.∥Preprints,2010 WRFUsers′Workshop,Boulder,CO,NCAR.
Mass C,Ovens D.2011.Fixing WRF′s high speed wind bias:Anew subgrid scale drag parameterization and the role of detailed verification.∥Preprints,24th Conf.on Weather and Forecasting/20thConf.on Numerical Weather Prediction,Seattle,WA,Amer.Meteor.Soc.,9B.6.
Mass C.2012.Improved subgrid drag of hyper PBL/vertical resolution?Dealing with the stable PBL problems in WRF.WRF users′workshop,Boulder,CO.
Milton S F,Wilson C A.1996.The impact of parameterized subgrid-scale orographic forcing on systematic errors in a global NWP model.Monthly Weather Review,124(9):2023-2045.
Mlawer E J,Taubman S J,Brown P D,et al.1997.Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM,a validated correlated-k model for the longwave.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,102(D14):16663-16682.
Rife D L,Davis C A,Liu Y B,et al.2004.Predictability of lowlevel winds by mesoscale meteorological models.Monthly WeatherReview,132(11):2553-2569.
Rontu L.2006.A study on parametrization of orography-related momentum fluxes in a synoptic-scale NWP model.Tellus A,58(1):69-81.
Roux G,Liu Y B,Monache L D,et al.2009.Verification of high resolution WRF-RTFDDA surface forecasts over mountains and plains.10th WRF users′workshop,20-23.
Shimada S,Ohsawa T,Chikaoka S,et al.2011.Accuracy of the wind speed profile in the lower PBL as simulated by the WRFmodel.Sola,7:109-112.
Skamarock W C,Klemp J B,Dudhia J,et al.2008.A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3.NCAR Tech.Rep.TN-4751STR,113pp.
Stull R B.1988.An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology.Netherlands:Springer.
Whiteman C D.2000.Mountain Meteorology:Fundamentals and Applications.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Willmott C J,Ackleson S G,Davis R E,et al.1985.Statistics for the evaluation and comparison of models.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,90(C5):8995-9005.
Yang G,Liu S H,Zhu R,et al.2011.Numerical simulation of features of boundary-layer over Poyang Lake area.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(4):896-908,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.003.
Zhang B H,Liu S H,Liu H P,et al.2012.The effect of MYJ and YSU schemes on simulation of boundary layer meteorological factors of WRF.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),55(7):2239-2248,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.07.010.
杨罡,刘树华,朱蓉等.2011.鄱阳湖地区大气边界层特征的数值模拟.地球物理学报,54(4):896-908,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.003.
张碧辉,刘树华,Liu H P等.2012.MYJ和YSU方案对WRF边界层气象要素模拟的影响.地球物理学报,55(7):2239-2248,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.07.010.