7.0级地震对九寨沟核心景观和水化学影响
|
摘要
2017年发生里氏7.0级地震,九寨沟景区位于此次地震的核心区域,受损严重。对景区现场踏勘和珍珠滩、镜海、诺日朗和火花海4处地表水主要离子的取样分析,初步得出景观受损情况及水化学变化:地震对部分景观造成破坏,钙华坝体开裂及崩塌,火花海最为严重;震后地表水水化学主要受Ca~(2+)和HCO~-_3的影响,地震和降雨加速了矿物溶解,导致Ca~(2+)和HCO~-_3浓度高于往年;受钙华沉积的影响,Ca~(2+)和HCO~-_3浓度随海拔降低而降低,受降水量减少的影响,Ca~(2+)和HCO~-_3浓度随时间下降,2018年3月份HCO~-_3浓度上升,与光合作用、CO_2溶解量及水温等因素相关;震后4处景观地表水SIC值>0,利于钙华沉积。水化学结果说明此次地震增加了水体Ca~(2+)和HCO~-_3浓度,如及时实施人工干预,受损景观可以实现恢复。
There was an earthquake with magnitude of 7.0 occurred in 8 th August, 2017. The Jiuzhaigou scenic spot is located in the vicinity of epicenter area which was seriously damaged. After the earthquake, the research group carried out surveys of the scenic spot and collected samples in the surface water of Pearl Shoal, Mirror Lake, Nuorilang Waterfull and Sparking Lake. Through the analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and correlation of main ions in the surface water, the damage of the scenic spot landscape and the change of hydrochemical characteristics were preliminarily assessed. Results demonstrated that this earthquake caused the damage including cracking and collapse to some core landscapes in Jiuzhaigou valley, among which the Sparking Lake was the worst damaged. Hydrochemistry of surface water after earthquakes was related to the change of Ca~(2+) and HCO~-_3 concentrations, both ions were higher than historical data with increasing mineral dissolution caused by earthquake and precipitation. The concentration of Ca~(2+) and HCO~-_3 decreased with decreasing altitude due to the influence of travertine depositions.The concentration of Ca~(2+) decreased with time which were related to the precipitation decreases, and the concentration of HCO~-_3 decreased first and then increased with time, it was deduced that CO_2 dissolution in water has rose. After the earthquake,the SIc value in surface runoff of 4 landscapes was more than 0,which was easy to travertine deposition. The hydrochemical results show that the earthquake increased the concentration of Ca~(2+) and HCO~-_3 in the water, if the artificial intervention is implemented in time, the damaged landscape could be restored.
There was an earthquake with magnitude of 7.0 occurred in 8 th August, 2017. The Jiuzhaigou scenic spot is located in the vicinity of epicenter area which was seriously damaged. After the earthquake, the research group carried out surveys of the scenic spot and collected samples in the surface water of Pearl Shoal, Mirror Lake, Nuorilang Waterfull and Sparking Lake. Through the analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and correlation of main ions in the surface water, the damage of the scenic spot landscape and the change of hydrochemical characteristics were preliminarily assessed. Results demonstrated that this earthquake caused the damage including cracking and collapse to some core landscapes in Jiuzhaigou valley, among which the Sparking Lake was the worst damaged. Hydrochemistry of surface water after earthquakes was related to the change of Ca~(2+) and HCO~-_3 concentrations, both ions were higher than historical data with increasing mineral dissolution caused by earthquake and precipitation. The concentration of Ca~(2+) and HCO~-_3 decreased with decreasing altitude due to the influence of travertine depositions.The concentration of Ca~(2+) decreased with time which were related to the precipitation decreases, and the concentration of HCO~-_3 decreased first and then increased with time, it was deduced that CO_2 dissolution in water has rose. After the earthquake,the SIc value in surface runoff of 4 landscapes was more than 0,which was easy to travertine deposition. The hydrochemical results show that the earthquake increased the concentration of Ca~(2+) and HCO~-_3 in the water, if the artificial intervention is implemented in time, the damaged landscape could be restored.
引文
[1] 四川省人民政府.“8.8”九寨沟地震致25死525伤人员搜救工作基本结束[EB/OL].http://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/12771/2017/8/14/10430678.shtml,2017.
[2] International Union for Conservation of Nature.2017 Conservation Outlook of world heritage [EB/OL].https://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/67732,2017.
[3] ZHAO B,WANG Y,LUO Y,et al.Landslides and dam damage resulting from the Jiuzhaigou earthquake (8 August 2017),Sichuan,China[J].Royal Society Open Science,2018,5(3):171418.
[4] 张瑞英,何政伟.四川九寨沟景观形成演化趋势分析及评价[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2007(1):54-58.
[5] 周绪纶,刘民生.九寨沟早期钙华体的岩溶作用与湖瀑景观的形成[J].四川地质学报,2012,32(3):333-338.
[6] 晏浩,刘再华,邓贵平,等.四川九寨沟景区钙华起源初探[J].中国岩溶,2013,32(1):15-22.
[7] 刘再华,田友萍,安德军,等.世界自然遗产:四川黄龙钙华景观的形成与演化[J].地球学报,2009,30(6):841-847.
[8] 杨俊义.九寨沟黄龙地区景观钙华的特征与成因探讨[D].成都:成都理工大学,2004.
[9] Liu L.Factors Affecting Tufa Degradation in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve,Sichuan,China[J].Water,2017,9(9):702.
[10] Florsheim J L,Ustin S L,Tang Y,et al.Basin-scale and travertine dam-scale controls on fluvial travertine,Jiuzhaigou,southwestern China[J].Geomorphology,2013:180-181.
[11] XueQiao,Jie Du,Stefano Lugli,et al.Are climate warming and enhanced atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen threatening tufa landscapes in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve,Sichuan,China?[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,562:724-731.
[12] 甘建军.九寨沟核心景区水循环系统研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2007.
[13] 苏君博.九寨沟水文地球化学特征及对景观演化影响研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2005.
[14] 刘再华,王海静,刘彦,等.5·12汶川地震对黄龙世界遗产地源泉水文地球化学的影响:高分辨率和高精度的水文地球化学监测证据[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(3):248-252.
[15] Shi Zejin,Shi Zeming,Yin Guan,et al.Travertine deposits,deep thermal metamorphism and tectonic activity in the Longmenshan tectonic region,southwestern China[J].Tectonophysics,2014,633:156-163.
[16] 刘再华,何师意,袁道先,等.土壤中的CO2及其对岩溶作用的驱动[J].水文地质工程地质,1998(4):44-47.
[17] 陈崇瑛,刘再华.喀斯特地表水生生态系统生物碳泵的碳汇和水环境改善效应[J].科学通报,2017(30):38-48.
[18] Capezzuoli E,Gandin A,Pedley M.Decoding tufa and travertine (fresh water carbonates) in the sedimentary record:The state of the art[J].Sedimentology,2014,61(1):1-21.
[19] Allan Pentecost.The quaternary travertine deposits of Europe and Asia Minor[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1995,14(10):1005-1028.
[20] Gradzinski M.Factors controlling growth of modern tufa:results of a field experiment[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,2010,336(1):143-191.
[21] Grootjans A,Bulte M,Wolejko L,et al.Prospects of damaged calcareous spring systems in temperate Europe:Can we restore travertine-marl deposition?[J].Folia Geobotanica,2015,50(1):1-11.
[22] Cantonati M,Segadelli S,Ogata K,et al.A global review on ambient Limestone-Precipitating Springs (LPS):Hydrogeological setting,ecology,and conservation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,568:624-637.
[23] 四川省人民政府.关于印发“8·8”九寨沟地震灾后恢复重建总体规划的通知[EB/OL].http://zcwj.sc.gov.cn/xxgk/NewT.aspx?i=20171107204220-231536-00-000,2017.
[24] 四川省测绘地理信息局.九寨沟7.0级地震地理信息发布平台[EB/OL].http://www.scgis.net/scgcyj/html/globe.html,2017.
[2] International Union for Conservation of Nature.2017 Conservation Outlook of world heritage [EB/OL].https://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/67732,2017.
[3] ZHAO B,WANG Y,LUO Y,et al.Landslides and dam damage resulting from the Jiuzhaigou earthquake (8 August 2017),Sichuan,China[J].Royal Society Open Science,2018,5(3):171418.
[4] 张瑞英,何政伟.四川九寨沟景观形成演化趋势分析及评价[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2007(1):54-58.
[5] 周绪纶,刘民生.九寨沟早期钙华体的岩溶作用与湖瀑景观的形成[J].四川地质学报,2012,32(3):333-338.
[6] 晏浩,刘再华,邓贵平,等.四川九寨沟景区钙华起源初探[J].中国岩溶,2013,32(1):15-22.
[7] 刘再华,田友萍,安德军,等.世界自然遗产:四川黄龙钙华景观的形成与演化[J].地球学报,2009,30(6):841-847.
[8] 杨俊义.九寨沟黄龙地区景观钙华的特征与成因探讨[D].成都:成都理工大学,2004.
[9] Liu L.Factors Affecting Tufa Degradation in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve,Sichuan,China[J].Water,2017,9(9):702.
[10] Florsheim J L,Ustin S L,Tang Y,et al.Basin-scale and travertine dam-scale controls on fluvial travertine,Jiuzhaigou,southwestern China[J].Geomorphology,2013:180-181.
[11] XueQiao,Jie Du,Stefano Lugli,et al.Are climate warming and enhanced atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen threatening tufa landscapes in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve,Sichuan,China?[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,562:724-731.
[12] 甘建军.九寨沟核心景区水循环系统研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2007.
[13] 苏君博.九寨沟水文地球化学特征及对景观演化影响研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2005.
[14] 刘再华,王海静,刘彦,等.5·12汶川地震对黄龙世界遗产地源泉水文地球化学的影响:高分辨率和高精度的水文地球化学监测证据[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(3):248-252.
[15] Shi Zejin,Shi Zeming,Yin Guan,et al.Travertine deposits,deep thermal metamorphism and tectonic activity in the Longmenshan tectonic region,southwestern China[J].Tectonophysics,2014,633:156-163.
[16] 刘再华,何师意,袁道先,等.土壤中的CO2及其对岩溶作用的驱动[J].水文地质工程地质,1998(4):44-47.
[17] 陈崇瑛,刘再华.喀斯特地表水生生态系统生物碳泵的碳汇和水环境改善效应[J].科学通报,2017(30):38-48.
[18] Capezzuoli E,Gandin A,Pedley M.Decoding tufa and travertine (fresh water carbonates) in the sedimentary record:The state of the art[J].Sedimentology,2014,61(1):1-21.
[19] Allan Pentecost.The quaternary travertine deposits of Europe and Asia Minor[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1995,14(10):1005-1028.
[20] Gradzinski M.Factors controlling growth of modern tufa:results of a field experiment[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,2010,336(1):143-191.
[21] Grootjans A,Bulte M,Wolejko L,et al.Prospects of damaged calcareous spring systems in temperate Europe:Can we restore travertine-marl deposition?[J].Folia Geobotanica,2015,50(1):1-11.
[22] Cantonati M,Segadelli S,Ogata K,et al.A global review on ambient Limestone-Precipitating Springs (LPS):Hydrogeological setting,ecology,and conservation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,568:624-637.
[23] 四川省人民政府.关于印发“8·8”九寨沟地震灾后恢复重建总体规划的通知[EB/OL].http://zcwj.sc.gov.cn/xxgk/NewT.aspx?i=20171107204220-231536-00-000,2017.
[24] 四川省测绘地理信息局.九寨沟7.0级地震地理信息发布平台[EB/OL].http://www.scgis.net/scgcyj/html/globe.html,2017.