地磁场与动物感磁
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摘要
地球上生物的起源和演化都在地球磁场的重要保护中进行.在长期的演化过程中,动物具有了感磁能力以适应地磁场环境,从而帮助动物能够更好地完成其生理活动.揭示地磁场变化与生物圈演化之间的联系,理解现在、过去和未来地磁场变化的生物学效应是生物地磁学研究的主要目标.已有研究发现,许多动物可利用地磁场信息进行定向和导航;地磁场是维持地球生物正常的生理活动和生长发育必不可少的环境因子.本文围绕地磁场与动物地磁导航以及地磁场减弱对动物的可能影响两个方面进行评述.主要阐述动物地磁导航研究在行为学、神经生理学、生物磁学等方面的进展和有关动物感磁机理的3种假说:电磁感应假说、基于磁铁矿感磁假说和基于自由基感磁假说.讨论地磁场变化(磁场强度降低)引起动物生理活动和生长发育异常等多方面的生物学效应,并提出磁场变化引起生物学效应的3种可能途径:磁性金属途径、自由基途径和骨架蛋白途径.细胞内的磁性物质、自由基产物或骨架蛋白可能是动物响应磁场的中介物,它们引起生物体不同水平上的效应.随着现代多学科交叉融合和新实验技术的应用,可以预见在不久的将来人们可以更加准确地在分子水平上解析出动物响应地磁场变化的作用机理.
The geomagnetic field(GMF) maintains the Earth's long-term habitability for living organisms by preventing the radiation of solar wind and the oxygen and water ions escape. Understanding the biological effects of present, past and future changes of geomagnetic field is the main goal of biogeomagnetic research. As a nature element of Earth habitability environment, the role of geomagnetic field for all living organisms on the earth has recently attracted the attention of geophysicists and biologists. The intensity, declination and inclination of the GMF have provided reliable navigational reference information for animal orientation or migration. Many animals are able to perceive the geomagnetic field for orientation and navigation. Meanwhile, the presence of geomagnetic field is an essential environmental condition for the growth and development of living organisms on Earth. An increasing body of evidence suggests that once the GMF is weakened or deprived, it can cause a variety of negative biological responses. For example, long-term geomagnetic field shielding may lead to the emergence of abnormal embryonic development in Xenopus. Here we review the recent progresses made on the animals' geomagnetic navigation and the biological effects of the geomagnetic field. Three major magnetoreception mechanisms and their corresponding evidences are discussed:(1) Electromagnetic induction, which hypothesizes the production of voltage across an electrical conductor moving through a static magnetic field, referring to elasmobranch fish(sharks, skates, and rays) in particular;(2) Magnetic-particle-based magnetoreception, which hypothesizes the intracellular biomineralized magnetic crystals act as compass needles; and(3) Radical-pair-based magnetoreception, which hypothesizes the quantum mechanics of electron spins could form the basis of a magnetic compass sense. Biological responses of animals in the weakened geomagnetic field and possible pathways to the biological effects are also discussed: Metal ions pathway, radical pair pathway and cytoskeleton pathway. The first two pathways are further extension of the animal magnetoreception mechanisms. The metal ions pathway hypothesizes a weak magnetic field causes the change of concentration/magnetic moment of metal ions in cells, which transiently activates the channel leading to cation influx and membrane depolarization. The radical pairs pathway hypothesizes the spin state of free electrons in radical pairs in cells depends on the change of the local magnetic field. For example, the changes of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in cells by hypomagnetic field exposure may induce the damage of mitochondrial membrane and apoptosis. The cytoskeleton pathway indicates the actin cytoskeleton probably as a mediator responds to the change of geomagnetic field. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of magnetic sense in animals still remain much unclear, the multidisciplinary collaborative approach involving geophysics, chemistry and biology will bring the exciting breakthrough times in this field.
The geomagnetic field(GMF) maintains the Earth's long-term habitability for living organisms by preventing the radiation of solar wind and the oxygen and water ions escape. Understanding the biological effects of present, past and future changes of geomagnetic field is the main goal of biogeomagnetic research. As a nature element of Earth habitability environment, the role of geomagnetic field for all living organisms on the earth has recently attracted the attention of geophysicists and biologists. The intensity, declination and inclination of the GMF have provided reliable navigational reference information for animal orientation or migration. Many animals are able to perceive the geomagnetic field for orientation and navigation. Meanwhile, the presence of geomagnetic field is an essential environmental condition for the growth and development of living organisms on Earth. An increasing body of evidence suggests that once the GMF is weakened or deprived, it can cause a variety of negative biological responses. For example, long-term geomagnetic field shielding may lead to the emergence of abnormal embryonic development in Xenopus. Here we review the recent progresses made on the animals' geomagnetic navigation and the biological effects of the geomagnetic field. Three major magnetoreception mechanisms and their corresponding evidences are discussed:(1) Electromagnetic induction, which hypothesizes the production of voltage across an electrical conductor moving through a static magnetic field, referring to elasmobranch fish(sharks, skates, and rays) in particular;(2) Magnetic-particle-based magnetoreception, which hypothesizes the intracellular biomineralized magnetic crystals act as compass needles; and(3) Radical-pair-based magnetoreception, which hypothesizes the quantum mechanics of electron spins could form the basis of a magnetic compass sense. Biological responses of animals in the weakened geomagnetic field and possible pathways to the biological effects are also discussed: Metal ions pathway, radical pair pathway and cytoskeleton pathway. The first two pathways are further extension of the animal magnetoreception mechanisms. The metal ions pathway hypothesizes a weak magnetic field causes the change of concentration/magnetic moment of metal ions in cells, which transiently activates the channel leading to cation influx and membrane depolarization. The radical pairs pathway hypothesizes the spin state of free electrons in radical pairs in cells depends on the change of the local magnetic field. For example, the changes of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in cells by hypomagnetic field exposure may induce the damage of mitochondrial membrane and apoptosis. The cytoskeleton pathway indicates the actin cytoskeleton probably as a mediator responds to the change of geomagnetic field. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of magnetic sense in animals still remain much unclear, the multidisciplinary collaborative approach involving geophysics, chemistry and biology will bring the exciting breakthrough times in this field.
引文
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16 Wiltschko W,Wiltschko R.Magnetic orientation and magnetoreception in birds and other animals.J Comp Physiol A,2005,191:675-693
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19 Wiltschko W,Wiltschko R.Magnetic compass of European robins.Science,1972,176:62-64
20 Wiltschko W,Wiltschko R.Migratory orientation of European robins is affected by the wavelength of light as well as by a magnetic pulse.J Comp Physiol A,1995,177:363-369
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22 Boles L C,Lohmann K J.True navigation and magnetic map in spiny lobsters.Nature,2003,421:60-63
23 Mouritsen H.Long-distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals.Nature,2018,558:50-59
24 Lohmann K J,Willows A O D.Lunar-modulated geomagnetic orientation by a marine mollusk.Science,1987,235:331-334
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