湄公河航道的地缘政治经济学:困境与出路
|
摘要
湄公河航道是连接中国与下湄公河国家的"黄金水道"、"战略通道"和"环境走廊"。尽管中国与下湄公河国家分别在航运经济、航运安全、航道整治等三大领域的合作日益深入并取得一定成效,但在航道建设过程中却始终存在着政治互信不足、安全隐患潜伏等地缘政治经济问题;现在又面临航运经济没落,湄公河委员会《战略计划(2016-2020)》对航运通道建设力度的加强,以及缅甸欲考虑成为湄公河委员会正式成员国等地缘政治经济新困境,这给中国在中南半岛的澜沧江—湄公河合作机制建设、该地区河上互联互通的打造与水资源合作的深入带来极大的挑战。未来中国与下湄公河国家要通过设立湄公河新航运通道的服务目标,设定涵盖战略、经济、安全、环境的航道建设内容;发挥中央政府、地方政府、公司、研究机构等不同行为体在航道建设的作用;形成与原有的航道自有开发内容的融合关系;把握好与湄公河委员会、域外国家与国际组织的地缘政治经济竞合关系,以及形成"以经促政"、"以经促情"的航道升级方式等多种途径来全面升级湄公河航运通道。
Meikong waterway is the "golden waterway", "strategic passage", and "environmental corridor"linking China and the countries in the lower reaches of Meiking River. Although China and the countries in the lower reaches of Meikong River have been expanding cooperation in shipping economy, security, and regulation,and have attained some achievements, there exist geo-political and geo-economical problems such as lack of mutual political confidence and latent hazards in security. Besides, currently, we are confronted with the recession in shipping economy, the Strategies of the Mekong River Commission(2016—2020) step up the construction of the shipping connection, and Burma is considering to become a member state of the Meikong River Commission. These changes pose a huge challenge for China to implement Lantsang-Mekong Cooperation Initiative on Indo-China Peninsula, establish interconnection on Meikong River, and further cooperation in water resources in this region. In the future, China and the countries in the lower reaches of Meikong River should focus on the following aspects:specify the content of the construction of the new shipping waterway including strategies, economy, security, and environment through setting the service goal of the new shipping waterway; bring into play the roles of the central governments, local governments, corporations, and research institutions in the construction of the new shipping waterway; integrate the construction of the new shipping waterway into Meikong's former waterway development projects; balance the geo-political and geo-economical competition-cooperation relations among the Mekong River Commission, countries outside the region, and international organizations; to upgrade the shipping waterway of Meikong River in various ways such as "promoting politics through economy", and "promoting emotions through economy".
Meikong waterway is the "golden waterway", "strategic passage", and "environmental corridor"linking China and the countries in the lower reaches of Meiking River. Although China and the countries in the lower reaches of Meikong River have been expanding cooperation in shipping economy, security, and regulation,and have attained some achievements, there exist geo-political and geo-economical problems such as lack of mutual political confidence and latent hazards in security. Besides, currently, we are confronted with the recession in shipping economy, the Strategies of the Mekong River Commission(2016—2020) step up the construction of the shipping connection, and Burma is considering to become a member state of the Meikong River Commission. These changes pose a huge challenge for China to implement Lantsang-Mekong Cooperation Initiative on Indo-China Peninsula, establish interconnection on Meikong River, and further cooperation in water resources in this region. In the future, China and the countries in the lower reaches of Meikong River should focus on the following aspects:specify the content of the construction of the new shipping waterway including strategies, economy, security, and environment through setting the service goal of the new shipping waterway; bring into play the roles of the central governments, local governments, corporations, and research institutions in the construction of the new shipping waterway; integrate the construction of the new shipping waterway into Meikong's former waterway development projects; balance the geo-political and geo-economical competition-cooperation relations among the Mekong River Commission, countries outside the region, and international organizations; to upgrade the shipping waterway of Meikong River in various ways such as "promoting politics through economy", and "promoting emotions through economy".
引文
[1]澜沧江—湄公河国际航运简介[DB/OL].中新网.2011-10-19.http://www.yn.chinanews.com/pub/special/2011/1019/5519.html.
[2]中老缅泰湄公河流域执法安全合作会议在京举行[DB/OL].新华网.2011-10-31,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-10/31/c_111136559.htm.
[3]中老缅泰四国执法部门再次开展湄公河联合巡逻执法行动[DB/OL].新华网,2012-03-28,http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2012-03/28/c_111713957.htm.
[4]《湄公河行动》热映湄公河惨案5周年祭:这5年中国警方做什么[DB/OL].观察者,2016-10-05,http://www.guancha.cn/Neighbors/2016_10_05_376195.shtml.
[5]湄公河流域执法安全合作部长级会议在京举行[DB/OL].中华人民共和国公安部,2015-10-24-,http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2256936/n4938148/c5110506/content.html.
[6]上湄公河航道改善工程[DB/OL].中华人民共和国交通运输部,2005-06-28-,http://www.moc.gov.cn/2006/06jiaoto ngcj/ganghang/200606/t20060613_37739.html.
[7]中老缅泰共商澜沧江—湄公河航道二期整治[DB/OL].中华人民共和国交通运输部,2015-09-28,http://zizhan.mot.gov.cn/zhuzhan/jiaotongxinwen/xinwenredian/201509xinwen/201509/t20150927_1881883.html.
[8]中老缅泰澜沧江—湄公河航道二期整治工程前期工作启动会在景洪召开[DB/OL].中国网,2016-04-28,http://zgsc.china.com.cn/tt/2016-04-28/494210.html.
[9]张励,卢光盛,伊恩·乔治·贝尔德.中国在澜沧江—湄公河跨界水资源合作中的信任危机与互信建设[J].印度洋经济体研究,2016,(2).
[10][泰]约瑟·桑塔松巴(Yos Santasombat).中国在东南亚崛起的影响[R].在美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校东南亚研究中心学术论坛讲座.2016-04-08.
[11]包广将.湄公河安全合作中的信任元素与中国的战略选择[J].亚非纵横,2014,(3):37-38.
[12]湄公河血案5年:航运没落几近黄昏船员被遣散[DB/OL].搜狐新闻,2016-11-07日,http://news.sohu.com/20161107/n472452497.shtml;云南景洪港获批年进口200万吨冻肉待冷库投用后航运盛景或重现[DB/OL].云南网,2016-10-31,http://sj.yunnan.cn/article-society-2016-10-31-4597246_2.html.
[13]Mekong River Commission,Strategic Plan 2016-2020.http://www.mrcmekeng.orp./assets/Publications/strategies-workp rog/MRC-stratigic-Plan-2016-2020.pdf.March.
[14]Myanmar to consider becoming full member of Mekong River Commission:president,Mekong Eye,27 October2016,https://www.mekongeye.com/2016/10/31/myanmarto-consider-becoming-full-member-of-mekong-rivercommission-president/.
[15]Myanmar to consider becoming full member of Mekong River Commission,says President U Htin Kyaw,News Crab,October 27,2016,http://www.newscrab.com/myanmar-to-consider-becoming-full-member-ofmekong-river-commission-says-president-u-htin-kyaw/.
[16]张励,卢光盛.从应急补水看澜湄合作机制下的跨境水资源合作[J].国际展望,2016,(5):104-105.
[17]张励,卢光盛.论“一带一路”框架下澜沧江一湄公河“跨界水公共产品”的供给[A].复旦国际关系评论第十六辑[M].上海人民出版社,2015.
(1)澜沧江-湄公河:澜沧江-湄公河发源于中国青海省唐古拉山脉岗果日峰的扎曲,在越南南部胡志明市(西贡)南面入太平洋的南海。全长约4900公里,流域总面积81万平方公里,是世界第六大河、亚洲第三大河、东南亚第一大河,被称为“东方的多瑙河”。本文简称湄公河。
(2)澜沧江-湄公河合作机制是于2015年11月12日由中国、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、越南六国共同建立的区域合作机制。
[2]中老缅泰湄公河流域执法安全合作会议在京举行[DB/OL].新华网.2011-10-31,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-10/31/c_111136559.htm.
[3]中老缅泰四国执法部门再次开展湄公河联合巡逻执法行动[DB/OL].新华网,2012-03-28,http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2012-03/28/c_111713957.htm.
[4]《湄公河行动》热映湄公河惨案5周年祭:这5年中国警方做什么[DB/OL].观察者,2016-10-05,http://www.guancha.cn/Neighbors/2016_10_05_376195.shtml.
[5]湄公河流域执法安全合作部长级会议在京举行[DB/OL].中华人民共和国公安部,2015-10-24-,http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2256936/n4938148/c5110506/content.html.
[6]上湄公河航道改善工程[DB/OL].中华人民共和国交通运输部,2005-06-28-,http://www.moc.gov.cn/2006/06jiaoto ngcj/ganghang/200606/t20060613_37739.html.
[7]中老缅泰共商澜沧江—湄公河航道二期整治[DB/OL].中华人民共和国交通运输部,2015-09-28,http://zizhan.mot.gov.cn/zhuzhan/jiaotongxinwen/xinwenredian/201509xinwen/201509/t20150927_1881883.html.
[8]中老缅泰澜沧江—湄公河航道二期整治工程前期工作启动会在景洪召开[DB/OL].中国网,2016-04-28,http://zgsc.china.com.cn/tt/2016-04-28/494210.html.
[9]张励,卢光盛,伊恩·乔治·贝尔德.中国在澜沧江—湄公河跨界水资源合作中的信任危机与互信建设[J].印度洋经济体研究,2016,(2).
[10][泰]约瑟·桑塔松巴(Yos Santasombat).中国在东南亚崛起的影响[R].在美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校东南亚研究中心学术论坛讲座.2016-04-08.
[11]包广将.湄公河安全合作中的信任元素与中国的战略选择[J].亚非纵横,2014,(3):37-38.
[12]湄公河血案5年:航运没落几近黄昏船员被遣散[DB/OL].搜狐新闻,2016-11-07日,http://news.sohu.com/20161107/n472452497.shtml;云南景洪港获批年进口200万吨冻肉待冷库投用后航运盛景或重现[DB/OL].云南网,2016-10-31,http://sj.yunnan.cn/article-society-2016-10-31-4597246_2.html.
[13]Mekong River Commission,Strategic Plan 2016-2020.http://www.mrcmekeng.orp./assets/Publications/strategies-workp rog/MRC-stratigic-Plan-2016-2020.pdf.March.
[14]Myanmar to consider becoming full member of Mekong River Commission:president,Mekong Eye,27 October2016,https://www.mekongeye.com/2016/10/31/myanmarto-consider-becoming-full-member-of-mekong-rivercommission-president/.
[15]Myanmar to consider becoming full member of Mekong River Commission,says President U Htin Kyaw,News Crab,October 27,2016,http://www.newscrab.com/myanmar-to-consider-becoming-full-member-ofmekong-river-commission-says-president-u-htin-kyaw/.
[16]张励,卢光盛.从应急补水看澜湄合作机制下的跨境水资源合作[J].国际展望,2016,(5):104-105.
[17]张励,卢光盛.论“一带一路”框架下澜沧江一湄公河“跨界水公共产品”的供给[A].复旦国际关系评论第十六辑[M].上海人民出版社,2015.
(1)澜沧江-湄公河:澜沧江-湄公河发源于中国青海省唐古拉山脉岗果日峰的扎曲,在越南南部胡志明市(西贡)南面入太平洋的南海。全长约4900公里,流域总面积81万平方公里,是世界第六大河、亚洲第三大河、东南亚第一大河,被称为“东方的多瑙河”。本文简称湄公河。
(2)澜沧江-湄公河合作机制是于2015年11月12日由中国、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、越南六国共同建立的区域合作机制。