从全球主义到现实主义:地缘经济学的发展和新趋势
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摘要
冷战结束后,随着全球化进程的日益深入,地缘经济理论主要从三个方面阐述经济合作带来的地缘政治影响:从全球层面强调经济相互依赖替代现实政治,从区域层面强调经济一体化取代大国争霸,从国家层面强调能源等非传统安全合作对国界的消弭。在西方经历一系列的政治经济危机和中美实力逐步接近后,传统现实政治从三个层面在地缘经济学中回归:在反全球化浪潮下更加强调相对收益,在区域合作中倡导重商主义,以及现实政治的考虑超越传统安全合作。
引文
(1)Francis Fukuyama,The End of History?The National Interest,No.16,Summer,1989,pp.3-18.
(1)[美]弗朗西斯·福山:《历史的终结及最后一人》,黄胜强、许铭原译,远方出版社,1998年,第289~291页。
(2)[英]杰弗里·帕克:《地缘政治学:过去、现在和未来》,刘从德译,新华出版社,2003年,第26页。
(3)叶成城:《重新审视地缘政治学:社会科学方法论的视角》,《世界经济与政治》2015年第5期。
(4)Sanjaya Baru,Geo-economics and Strategy,Survival,Vol.54,No.3,2012,pp.47-58.
(5)关于这一维度具体的区分也可参见Mikael Wigell,Conceptualizing Regional Powers'Geo-economics Strategies:Neo-imperialism,Neo-mercantilism,Hegemony,and Liberal Institutionalism,Asia Europe Journal,Vol.14,No.2,2016,pp.135-151。
(6)Edward Luttwak,From Geopolitics to Geoeconomics:Logic of Conflict,Grammar of Commerce,The National Interest,Vol.20,No.3,1990,pp.17-23.
(7)[英]杰弗里·帕克:《地缘政治学:过去、现在和未来》,2003年,第24页;[美]索尔·科恩:《地缘政治学:国际关系的地理学》,严春松译,上海社会科学院出版社,2011年,第23页。
(1)[埃及]萨米尔·阿明:《不平等的发展》,高铦译,商务印书馆,1990年,第208页;[美]伊曼努尔·沃勒斯坦:《现代世界体系》(第一卷),罗荣渠译,高等教育出版社,2004年,第194页。
(2)Daniel Bell,Germany:The Enduring Fear,Dissent,Vol.37,No.4,1990,p.466;Edward Luttwak,From Geopolitics to Geo-economics:Logic of Conflict,pp.17-23.
(3)Sami Moisio&Anssi Paasi,From Geopolitical to Geo-economics?The Changing Political Rationalities of State Space,Geopolitics,Vol.18,No.2,2013,p.268.
(4)卢光盛:《国际关系理论中的地缘经济学》,《世界经济研究》2004年第3期,第14页。
(5)[美]保罗·克鲁格曼:《战略性贸易政策与新国际经济学》,海闻等译,中国人民大学出版社,2000年,第18~19页。
(6)Edward Luttwak,From Geopolitics to Geoeconomics:Logic of Conflict,Grammar of Commerce,1990,pp.17-23.
(7)Edward Luttwak,The Endangered American Dream:How to Stop the United States from Becoming a Third World Country and How to Win the Geo-economic Struggle for Industrial Supremacy,New York:Simon and Schuster,1993,p.45,p.118.
(8)Baru Sanjaya,Geo-economics and Strategy,Survival,Vol.54,No.3,2012,pp.47-58.
(9)Norman Angell,The Great Illusion:A Study of the Relation of Military Power to National Advantage,New York:Knickerbocker Press,1910,pp.50-67.
(10)Robert Keohane&Joseph Nye,Power and Interdependence,Boston:Longman,1977.
(1)朱锋:《关于区域主义与全球主义》,《现代国际关系》1997年第9期,第43页。
(2)[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神(上)》,张雁深译,商务印书馆,2005年;[美]贾雷德·戴蒙德:《枪炮、病菌与钢铁:人类社会的命运》,谢延光译,上海译文出版社,2006年。
(3)Paul Krugman,Increasing Returns and Economic Geography,Journal of Political Economy,Vol.99,No.3,1991,pp.483-499.
(4)Darwin Hall,Geoeconomic Time and Global Warming:Renewable Energy and Conservation Policy,International Journal of Social Economics,Vol.23,No.4/5/6,1996,p.65.
(5)Klaus S?ilen,Why the Social Sciences Should Be Based in Evolutionary Theory:The Example of Geoeconomics and Intelligence Studies,Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business,Vol.7,No.1,2017,p.6.
(6)GearóidO.Tuathail&Gerard Toal,Problematizing Geopolitics:Survey,Statesmanship And Strategy,Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,Vol.19,No.3,1994,p.261.
(7)Samuel Huntington,Why International Primacy Matters,International Security,Vol.18,No.4,1993,pp.71-72.
(1)Neil Smith,American Empire,Berkeley:University of California Press,2003,pp.457-458.
(2)[美]托马斯·弗里德曼:《世界是平的》,何帆等译,湖南科学技术出版社,2013年,第470页。
(3)Kenichi Ohmae,The End of the Nation State:The Rise of Regional Economies,London:Harper Collins,1995.
(4)Matthew Sparke,From Geopolitics to Geoeconomics:Transnational State Effects in the Borderlands,Geopolitics,Vol.3,No.2,1998,pp.62-98.
(5)Klaus Dodds,Global Geopolitics:A Critical Introduction,London:Pearson Education,2005,p.33.
(6)GearóidOTuathail,Simon Dalby&Paul Routledge,The Geopolitics Reader,London and New York:Routledge,1997,p.107.
(7)Deborah Cowen&Neil Smith,After Geopolitics?From the Geopolitical Social to Geoeconomics,Antipode,Vol.41,No.1,2009,pp.22-48.
(8)Klaus S?ilen,Geoeconomics,Bookboon,2012,p.104.
(9)Robert Mundell,A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas,The American Economic Review,Vol.4,No.51,1961,pp.657-665;Jeffrey Frankel and Andrew Rose,The Endogenity of the Optimum Currency Area Criteria,The Economic Journal,Vol.449,No.108,1998,pp.1009-1025.
(10)Richard Baldwin,The Causes of Regionalism,The World Economy,Vo.20,No.7,1997,pp.865-888.
(1)Joseph Nye,Comparing Common Markets:ARevised Neo-functionalist Model,International Organization,Vol.4,No.24,1970,pp.796-835;Joseph Nye,Comparative Regional Integration:Concept and Measurement,International Organization,No.4,Vol.22,1968,pp.855-880.
(2)Valerie Hudson,Robert Ford,David Pack&Eric Giordano,Why the Third World Matters,Why Europe Probably Won't:The Geoeconomics of Circumscribed Engagement,Journal of Strategic Studies,Vol.14,No.3,1991,pp.255-298.
(3)Adrian Smith,Imagining Geographies of the“New Europe”:Geo-economic Power and the New European Architecture of Integration,Political Geography,Vol.21,No.5,2002,pp.647-670.
(4)Renato Cruz de Castro,Whither Geoeconomics?Bureaucratic Inertia in U.S.Post-Cold War Foreign Policy toward East Asia,Asian Affairs,Vol.26,No.4,2000,p.202.
(5)Andrew Towner,The Russians,Chechens and the Black Gold:A Geo-economic Explanation for the Chechen War,in Bülent G9kay(ed.),The Politics of Caspian Oil,Basingstoke:Palgrave,2001,p.201;Paul Kellogg,The Geo-economics of the New Great Game,Contemporary Politics,Vol.9,No.1,2003,pp.75-82.
(6)Adam Stulberg,Moving beyond the Great Game:The Geoeconomics of Russia's Influence in the Caspian Energy Bonanza,Geopolitics,Vol.10,No.1,pp.19-20.
(1)Antto Vihma,Geoeconomic Analysis and the Limits of Critical Geopolitics:A New Engagement with Edward Luttwak,Geopolitics,Vol.23,No.1,2018,pp.1-21.
(2)John Morrissey,Geoeconomics in the Long War,Antipode,Vol.49,No.1,2017,pp.94-113.
(3)Robert Kaplan,The Revenge of Geography,New York:Random House,2012,pp.200-224.
(4)Robert Ross,Keeping Up with China's Plan,National Interest,April 15,2018,https://nationalinterest.org/feature/keeping-chinas-plan-25383.[2018-06-16]
(5)Edward Luttwak,The Rise of China vs.The Logic of Strategy,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2012,p.6.
(6)Ibid.,pp.46-48.
(7)Mikael Wigell,Conceptualizing Regional Powers'Geoeconomic Strategies:Neo-Imperialism,NeoMercantilism,Hegemony,and Liberal Institutionalism,pp.135-151.
(8)Antto Vihma,Geoeconomic Analysis and the Limits of Critical Geopolitics:A New Engagement with Edward Luttwak,2018,pp.1-21.对维摩的文章回应参见Sami Moisio,Towards Geopolitical Analysis of Geoeconomic Processes,Geopolitics,Vol.23,No.1,2018,pp.22-29;Matthew Sparke,Geoeconomics,Globalisation and the Limits of Economic Strategy in Statecraft:A Response to Vihma,Geopolitics,Vol.23,No.1,2018,pp.30-37;Gyula Csurgai,The Increasing Importance of Geoeconomics in Power Rivalries in the Twenty-First Century,Geopolitics,Vol.23,No.1,2018,pp.38-46。
(1)Jean-Marc Blanchard and Colin Flint,The Geopolitics of China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative,Geopolitics,Vol.22,No.2,pp.223-245.
(2)Steve Bannon,China Is an Enemy of Incalculable Power,Not a Strategic Partner and We Have to Understand That,https://www.breitbart.com/radio/2017/11/07/bannon-china-is-an-enemy-ofincalculable-power-not-a-strategic-partner-andwe-have-to-understand-that/.[2018-10-09]
(3)Mike Pence,Remarks on the Administration's Policy towards China,https://www.hudson.org/events/1610-vice-president-mike-pence-sremarks-on-the-administration-s-policytowards-china102018.[2018-10-09]
(4)Hans Kundnani,Germany as a Geo-economic Power,The Washington Quarterly,Vol.34,No.3,2011,pp.31-45.
(5)Crister Garrett,Constructing Narratives of Global Order:The Obama Presidency,TPP,TTIP,and the Contested Politics of Geoeconomics,Atlantic Studies,2018,DOI:10.1080/14788810.2018.1434107.[2018-10-09]
(6)Seung-Ook Lee,Joel Wainwright&Jim Glassman,Geopolitical Economy and the Production of Territory:The Case of US-China Geopolitical-Economic Competition in Asia,Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space,Vol.50,No.2,2018,p.428.
(7)Adrian Smith,Europe and an Interdependent World:Uneven Geo-economic and Geopolitical Developments,European Urban and Regional Studies,Vol.20,No.1,2012,pp.3-13.
(8)吴心伯:《特朗普执政与中美关系走向》,《国际问题研究》2017年第2期,第19页。
(9)Nikolas Gvosdev,Trump Unveiled These Key Geoeconomic Plans in His State of the Union,National Interest,February 1,2018,https://nationalinterest.org/feature/trump-unveiled-these-key-geoeconomicplans-his-state-the-24306.[2018-10-10]
(1)Mikael Wigell&Ana Soliz Landivar,China's Economic Statecraft in Latin America:Geostrategic Implications for the United States,in Mikael Wigell,S9ren Scholvin&Mika Aaltola(eds.),Geo-economics and Power Politics in the 21st Century:The Revival of Economic Statecraft,pp.164-175.
(2)Robert D.Blackwill,America Must Play the Geoeconomics Game,National Interest,June 20,2016,https://nationalinterest.org/feature/americamust-play-the-geoeconomics-game-16658.[2018-10-10]
(3)Mikko Huotari,Learning Geo-economics China's Experimental Path Towards Financial and Monetary Leadership,Mikael Wigell,S9ren Scholvin and Mika Aaltola(eds.),Geo-Economics and Power Politics in the 21st Century:The Revival of Economic Statecraft,New York:Routledge,2018,pp.128-144.
(4)Marcus Noland,US Trade Policy in the Trump Administration,Asian Economic Policy Review,Vol.13,2018,pp.262-278.
(5)Sparke Matthew,Geopolitical Fears,Geoeconomic Hopes,and the Responsibilities of Geography,Annals of the Association of American Geographers,Vol.97,No.2,2007,pp.338-349.
(6)Julien Mercille,The Radical Geopolitics of US Foreign Policy:Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Logics of Power,Political Geography,Vol.27,No.5,2008,pp.570-586.
(7)Stefano Guzzini,Revival of Geopolitical Thought in Europe,Academic Foresights,No.11,2014,http://www.academic-foresights.com/Geopolitical_Thought.html.[2018-10-10]
(8)Mikael Wigell&Antto Vihma,Geopolitics versus Geoeconomics:The Case of Russia's Geostrategy and Its Effects on the EU,International Affairs,Vol.92,No.3,2016,pp.612-616.
(1)Vihma Antto&Mikael Wigell,Unclear and Present Danger:Russia's Geoeconomics and the Nord StreamⅡPipeline,Global Affairs,Vol.2,No.4,2016,pp.377-388.
(2)Robert Blackwill&Jennifer Harris,War by Other Means:Geoeconomics and Statecraft,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2016,p.20.
(3)李敦瑞、李新:《地缘经济学研究综述》,《国外社会科学》2009年第1期。
(1)Edward Luttwak,From Geopolitics to Geo-economics:Logic of Conflict,Grammar of Commerce,p.22.
(1)[美]弗朗西斯·福山:《历史的终结及最后一人》,黄胜强、许铭原译,远方出版社,1998年,第289~291页。
(2)[英]杰弗里·帕克:《地缘政治学:过去、现在和未来》,刘从德译,新华出版社,2003年,第26页。
(3)叶成城:《重新审视地缘政治学:社会科学方法论的视角》,《世界经济与政治》2015年第5期。
(4)Sanjaya Baru,Geo-economics and Strategy,Survival,Vol.54,No.3,2012,pp.47-58.
(5)关于这一维度具体的区分也可参见Mikael Wigell,Conceptualizing Regional Powers'Geo-economics Strategies:Neo-imperialism,Neo-mercantilism,Hegemony,and Liberal Institutionalism,Asia Europe Journal,Vol.14,No.2,2016,pp.135-151。
(6)Edward Luttwak,From Geopolitics to Geoeconomics:Logic of Conflict,Grammar of Commerce,The National Interest,Vol.20,No.3,1990,pp.17-23.
(7)[英]杰弗里·帕克:《地缘政治学:过去、现在和未来》,2003年,第24页;[美]索尔·科恩:《地缘政治学:国际关系的地理学》,严春松译,上海社会科学院出版社,2011年,第23页。
(1)[埃及]萨米尔·阿明:《不平等的发展》,高铦译,商务印书馆,1990年,第208页;[美]伊曼努尔·沃勒斯坦:《现代世界体系》(第一卷),罗荣渠译,高等教育出版社,2004年,第194页。
(2)Daniel Bell,Germany:The Enduring Fear,Dissent,Vol.37,No.4,1990,p.466;Edward Luttwak,From Geopolitics to Geo-economics:Logic of Conflict,pp.17-23.
(3)Sami Moisio&Anssi Paasi,From Geopolitical to Geo-economics?The Changing Political Rationalities of State Space,Geopolitics,Vol.18,No.2,2013,p.268.
(4)卢光盛:《国际关系理论中的地缘经济学》,《世界经济研究》2004年第3期,第14页。
(5)[美]保罗·克鲁格曼:《战略性贸易政策与新国际经济学》,海闻等译,中国人民大学出版社,2000年,第18~19页。
(6)Edward Luttwak,From Geopolitics to Geoeconomics:Logic of Conflict,Grammar of Commerce,1990,pp.17-23.
(7)Edward Luttwak,The Endangered American Dream:How to Stop the United States from Becoming a Third World Country and How to Win the Geo-economic Struggle for Industrial Supremacy,New York:Simon and Schuster,1993,p.45,p.118.
(8)Baru Sanjaya,Geo-economics and Strategy,Survival,Vol.54,No.3,2012,pp.47-58.
(9)Norman Angell,The Great Illusion:A Study of the Relation of Military Power to National Advantage,New York:Knickerbocker Press,1910,pp.50-67.
(10)Robert Keohane&Joseph Nye,Power and Interdependence,Boston:Longman,1977.
(1)朱锋:《关于区域主义与全球主义》,《现代国际关系》1997年第9期,第43页。
(2)[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神(上)》,张雁深译,商务印书馆,2005年;[美]贾雷德·戴蒙德:《枪炮、病菌与钢铁:人类社会的命运》,谢延光译,上海译文出版社,2006年。
(3)Paul Krugman,Increasing Returns and Economic Geography,Journal of Political Economy,Vol.99,No.3,1991,pp.483-499.
(4)Darwin Hall,Geoeconomic Time and Global Warming:Renewable Energy and Conservation Policy,International Journal of Social Economics,Vol.23,No.4/5/6,1996,p.65.
(5)Klaus S?ilen,Why the Social Sciences Should Be Based in Evolutionary Theory:The Example of Geoeconomics and Intelligence Studies,Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business,Vol.7,No.1,2017,p.6.
(6)GearóidO.Tuathail&Gerard Toal,Problematizing Geopolitics:Survey,Statesmanship And Strategy,Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,Vol.19,No.3,1994,p.261.
(7)Samuel Huntington,Why International Primacy Matters,International Security,Vol.18,No.4,1993,pp.71-72.
(1)Neil Smith,American Empire,Berkeley:University of California Press,2003,pp.457-458.
(2)[美]托马斯·弗里德曼:《世界是平的》,何帆等译,湖南科学技术出版社,2013年,第470页。
(3)Kenichi Ohmae,The End of the Nation State:The Rise of Regional Economies,London:Harper Collins,1995.
(4)Matthew Sparke,From Geopolitics to Geoeconomics:Transnational State Effects in the Borderlands,Geopolitics,Vol.3,No.2,1998,pp.62-98.
(5)Klaus Dodds,Global Geopolitics:A Critical Introduction,London:Pearson Education,2005,p.33.
(6)GearóidOTuathail,Simon Dalby&Paul Routledge,The Geopolitics Reader,London and New York:Routledge,1997,p.107.
(7)Deborah Cowen&Neil Smith,After Geopolitics?From the Geopolitical Social to Geoeconomics,Antipode,Vol.41,No.1,2009,pp.22-48.
(8)Klaus S?ilen,Geoeconomics,Bookboon,2012,p.104.
(9)Robert Mundell,A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas,The American Economic Review,Vol.4,No.51,1961,pp.657-665;Jeffrey Frankel and Andrew Rose,The Endogenity of the Optimum Currency Area Criteria,The Economic Journal,Vol.449,No.108,1998,pp.1009-1025.
(10)Richard Baldwin,The Causes of Regionalism,The World Economy,Vo.20,No.7,1997,pp.865-888.
(1)Joseph Nye,Comparing Common Markets:ARevised Neo-functionalist Model,International Organization,Vol.4,No.24,1970,pp.796-835;Joseph Nye,Comparative Regional Integration:Concept and Measurement,International Organization,No.4,Vol.22,1968,pp.855-880.
(2)Valerie Hudson,Robert Ford,David Pack&Eric Giordano,Why the Third World Matters,Why Europe Probably Won't:The Geoeconomics of Circumscribed Engagement,Journal of Strategic Studies,Vol.14,No.3,1991,pp.255-298.
(3)Adrian Smith,Imagining Geographies of the“New Europe”:Geo-economic Power and the New European Architecture of Integration,Political Geography,Vol.21,No.5,2002,pp.647-670.
(4)Renato Cruz de Castro,Whither Geoeconomics?Bureaucratic Inertia in U.S.Post-Cold War Foreign Policy toward East Asia,Asian Affairs,Vol.26,No.4,2000,p.202.
(5)Andrew Towner,The Russians,Chechens and the Black Gold:A Geo-economic Explanation for the Chechen War,in Bülent G9kay(ed.),The Politics of Caspian Oil,Basingstoke:Palgrave,2001,p.201;Paul Kellogg,The Geo-economics of the New Great Game,Contemporary Politics,Vol.9,No.1,2003,pp.75-82.
(6)Adam Stulberg,Moving beyond the Great Game:The Geoeconomics of Russia's Influence in the Caspian Energy Bonanza,Geopolitics,Vol.10,No.1,pp.19-20.
(1)Antto Vihma,Geoeconomic Analysis and the Limits of Critical Geopolitics:A New Engagement with Edward Luttwak,Geopolitics,Vol.23,No.1,2018,pp.1-21.
(2)John Morrissey,Geoeconomics in the Long War,Antipode,Vol.49,No.1,2017,pp.94-113.
(3)Robert Kaplan,The Revenge of Geography,New York:Random House,2012,pp.200-224.
(4)Robert Ross,Keeping Up with China's Plan,National Interest,April 15,2018,https://nationalinterest.org/feature/keeping-chinas-plan-25383.[2018-06-16]
(5)Edward Luttwak,The Rise of China vs.The Logic of Strategy,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2012,p.6.
(6)Ibid.,pp.46-48.
(7)Mikael Wigell,Conceptualizing Regional Powers'Geoeconomic Strategies:Neo-Imperialism,NeoMercantilism,Hegemony,and Liberal Institutionalism,pp.135-151.
(8)Antto Vihma,Geoeconomic Analysis and the Limits of Critical Geopolitics:A New Engagement with Edward Luttwak,2018,pp.1-21.对维摩的文章回应参见Sami Moisio,Towards Geopolitical Analysis of Geoeconomic Processes,Geopolitics,Vol.23,No.1,2018,pp.22-29;Matthew Sparke,Geoeconomics,Globalisation and the Limits of Economic Strategy in Statecraft:A Response to Vihma,Geopolitics,Vol.23,No.1,2018,pp.30-37;Gyula Csurgai,The Increasing Importance of Geoeconomics in Power Rivalries in the Twenty-First Century,Geopolitics,Vol.23,No.1,2018,pp.38-46。
(1)Jean-Marc Blanchard and Colin Flint,The Geopolitics of China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative,Geopolitics,Vol.22,No.2,pp.223-245.
(2)Steve Bannon,China Is an Enemy of Incalculable Power,Not a Strategic Partner and We Have to Understand That,https://www.breitbart.com/radio/2017/11/07/bannon-china-is-an-enemy-ofincalculable-power-not-a-strategic-partner-andwe-have-to-understand-that/.[2018-10-09]
(3)Mike Pence,Remarks on the Administration's Policy towards China,https://www.hudson.org/events/1610-vice-president-mike-pence-sremarks-on-the-administration-s-policytowards-china102018.[2018-10-09]
(4)Hans Kundnani,Germany as a Geo-economic Power,The Washington Quarterly,Vol.34,No.3,2011,pp.31-45.
(5)Crister Garrett,Constructing Narratives of Global Order:The Obama Presidency,TPP,TTIP,and the Contested Politics of Geoeconomics,Atlantic Studies,2018,DOI:10.1080/14788810.2018.1434107.[2018-10-09]
(6)Seung-Ook Lee,Joel Wainwright&Jim Glassman,Geopolitical Economy and the Production of Territory:The Case of US-China Geopolitical-Economic Competition in Asia,Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space,Vol.50,No.2,2018,p.428.
(7)Adrian Smith,Europe and an Interdependent World:Uneven Geo-economic and Geopolitical Developments,European Urban and Regional Studies,Vol.20,No.1,2012,pp.3-13.
(8)吴心伯:《特朗普执政与中美关系走向》,《国际问题研究》2017年第2期,第19页。
(9)Nikolas Gvosdev,Trump Unveiled These Key Geoeconomic Plans in His State of the Union,National Interest,February 1,2018,https://nationalinterest.org/feature/trump-unveiled-these-key-geoeconomicplans-his-state-the-24306.[2018-10-10]
(1)Mikael Wigell&Ana Soliz Landivar,China's Economic Statecraft in Latin America:Geostrategic Implications for the United States,in Mikael Wigell,S9ren Scholvin&Mika Aaltola(eds.),Geo-economics and Power Politics in the 21st Century:The Revival of Economic Statecraft,pp.164-175.
(2)Robert D.Blackwill,America Must Play the Geoeconomics Game,National Interest,June 20,2016,https://nationalinterest.org/feature/americamust-play-the-geoeconomics-game-16658.[2018-10-10]
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