北京市三维景观格局的局地气象环境影响初探
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摘要
探明城市三维景观格局对气象条件影响的规律性,可为城市规划与可持续发展提供科学依据与决策支持。以北京为例,利用北京市2011年大比例尺测绘数据,构建能够在小区尺度上表达景观结构及空间特征、同时可以在一定程度上反映出局地能量、辐射或动力学差异的三维景观格局指数;利用北京市2011年区域自动气象站观测数据,通过在不同空间尺度上开展三维景观格局指数与温度、湿度和风速3个表征局地气象条件的主要因子的相关性分析,研究城市三维景观格局对局地气象条件的影响。结果显示:在500、1 000和2 000 m范围内,景观容积密度(LVD)、景观高度密度(LHD)和天空开阔度(SVF)指数与区域大气环境温度和风速均显著相关;在1 000 m和2 000 m范围内,景观容积密度(LVD)、景观高度密度(LHD)和景观起伏度(LHR)与区域大气环境湿度显著相关。北京城市三维景观格局对大气环境的影响效应非常显著。城市三维空间密度(LVD)越大、高度密度(LHD)越大、景观起伏度(LHR)越大的地方,区域温度越高、湿度越低、风速越低;天空开阔度越低的地方,区域温度越高、风速越低。利用三维景观格局指数评估景观格局对区域气象环境的影响具有可行性,但要注意景观格局指数在空间尺度上的适用性。同时,本文构建的三维景观格局指数可作为地表统计参数来量化表达地表非均匀性特征,为大气数值模式中地表参数化方案提供了一种有效选择。
Proving the law of urban 3 dimension(3 D) landscape pattern's impacts on meteorological conditions could provide scientific evidence and decision support for urban planning and sustainable develop. 3 D landscape indices capable to represent landscape structure and spatial feature and reflect regional difference of energy, radiance and dynamics, were proposed and built by using large scale surveying data of 2011 in Beijing in this paper. Using meteorology data obtained from local automatic observing stations in 2011, research about impacts of urban 3 D landscape pattern on regional meteorological conditions were conducted in different spatial scale through analysis of correlations between 3 D landscape indices and meteorological factors which were temperature, humidity and wind speed and typically represented local meteorological conditions. The results showed that: in range of500 m, 1 000 m and 2 000 m, landscape volume density(LVD), landscape height density(LHD) and sky view factor were significantly correlated with local atmosphere temperature and wind speed, while in the range of 1 000 m and 2 000 m, LVD, LHD and landscape height range(LHR) were significantly correlated with local atmosphere humidity. 3 D urban landscape pattern had significant effects on atmospheric environment. Regions with higher urban 3 D landscape volume density(LVD), or higher landscape height density(LHD), or higher landscape height range(LHR) suffered from higher temperature, lower humidity and wind speed. It is feasible to assess landscape's impacts on local meteorological conditions by using 3 D landscape indices, but it is necessary to be cautious about their utility for spatial scale. Also, it is viable for representing land surface's heterogeneous characteristics by using the 3 D landscape indices proposed in this paper as land surface statistic parameters, which could provide an effective option for parameterization schemes of atmospheric numerical simulation.
Proving the law of urban 3 dimension(3 D) landscape pattern's impacts on meteorological conditions could provide scientific evidence and decision support for urban planning and sustainable develop. 3 D landscape indices capable to represent landscape structure and spatial feature and reflect regional difference of energy, radiance and dynamics, were proposed and built by using large scale surveying data of 2011 in Beijing in this paper. Using meteorology data obtained from local automatic observing stations in 2011, research about impacts of urban 3 D landscape pattern on regional meteorological conditions were conducted in different spatial scale through analysis of correlations between 3 D landscape indices and meteorological factors which were temperature, humidity and wind speed and typically represented local meteorological conditions. The results showed that: in range of500 m, 1 000 m and 2 000 m, landscape volume density(LVD), landscape height density(LHD) and sky view factor were significantly correlated with local atmosphere temperature and wind speed, while in the range of 1 000 m and 2 000 m, LVD, LHD and landscape height range(LHR) were significantly correlated with local atmosphere humidity. 3 D urban landscape pattern had significant effects on atmospheric environment. Regions with higher urban 3 D landscape volume density(LVD), or higher landscape height density(LHD), or higher landscape height range(LHR) suffered from higher temperature, lower humidity and wind speed. It is feasible to assess landscape's impacts on local meteorological conditions by using 3 D landscape indices, but it is necessary to be cautious about their utility for spatial scale. Also, it is viable for representing land surface's heterogeneous characteristics by using the 3 D landscape indices proposed in this paper as land surface statistic parameters, which could provide an effective option for parameterization schemes of atmospheric numerical simulation.
引文
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CHEN L,NG E,AN X,et al.,2012.Sky view factor analysis of street canyons and its implications for daytime intra-urban air temperature differentials in high-rise,high-density urban areas of Hong Kong:a GIS-based simulation approach[J].International Journal of Climatology,32(1):121-136.
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HAO P Y,NIU Z,ZHAN Y L,et al.,2016.Spatiotemporal changes of urban impervious surface area and land surface temperature in Beijing from 1990 to 2014[J].GIScience&Remote Sensing,53(1):63-84.
JUMBA A,DRAGI?EVI?S,2016.Spatial indices for measuring three-dimensional patterns in a voxel-based space[J].Journal of Geographical Systems,18(3):183-204.
KOKALJ?,ZAK?EK K,O?TIR K,2011.Application of sky-view factor for the visualisation of historic landscape features in lidar-derived relief models[J].Antiquity,85(327):263-273.
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段春锋,2009.中国地面风速变化及其影响因子的研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学.DUAN C F,2009.Research on wind speed variation and its impacting factors[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology.
杜吴鹏,房小怡,黄宏涛,等,2017.北京近年地表风速和大气混合层厚度变化特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,40(6):149-156.DU W P,FAGN X Y,HUANG H T,et al.,2017.Variation characteristics of surface wind speed and atmospheric mixing layer height in recent years[J].Environmental Science&Technology,40(6):149-156.
葛亚宁,徐新良,李静,等,2016.北京城市建筑密度分布对热岛效应的影响研究[J].地球信息科学学报,18(12):1698-1706.GE Y N,XU X L,LI J,et al.,2016.Study on the influence of urban building density on the heat island effect in Beijing[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,18(12):1698-1706.
洪雯,王毅勇,2010.非均匀下垫面大气边界层研究进展[J].南京信息工程大学学报(自然科学版),2(2):155-161.HONG W,WANG Y Y,2010.Review of researches on atmospheric boundary layer over heterogeneous underlying surface[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology(Natural Science Edition),2(2):155-161.
栾桂杰,李湉湉,殷鹏,等,2015.2010年北京市高温热浪对居民死亡的影响[J].环境卫生学杂志,5(6):525-529.LUAN G J,LI T T,YIN P,et al.,2015.Heat wave impact on mortality in Beijing in 2010[J].Journal of Environmental Hygiene,5(6):525-529.
刘振鑫,2014.应用城市冠层模式与WRF模式耦合研究城市化效应[D].北京:北京大学.LIU Z X,2014.Assessing the urbanization effects by applying an Urban Canopy Model and coupling it with Weather Research and Forecasting[D].Beijing:Peking University.
史兵,汪新,赵冬,2017.天空开阔度对城市住宅小区热环境影响的数值模拟[J].应用力学学报,34(6):1181-1186,1227.SHI B,WANG X,ZHAO D,2017.Numerical simulation of the effects of sky-view factor on thermal environment in urban residential districts[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics,34(6):1181-1186,1227.
王柏林,张鑫,张帆,等,2017.GB/T 33703-2017,自动气象站观测规范[S].中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局中国国家标准化管理委员会.WANG B L,ZHANG X,ZHANG F,et al.,2017.GB/T 33703-2017,Specifications observating for automatic weather station[M].General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,National standardization Administration of China.
武鹏飞,王茂军,张学霞,2009.基于归一化建筑指数的北京市城市热岛效应分布特征[J].生态环境学报,18(4):1325-1331.WU P F,WANG M J,ZHANG X X,2009.Distribution of urban heat island effects based on normalized difference built-up index in Beijing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,18(4):1325-1331.
晏海,曾凤,董丽,2017.北京城市局地空气温度时空变化特征分析[J].生态环境学报,26(5):816-823.YAN H,ZENG F,DONG L,2017.Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of urban local microclimate in Beijing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(5):816-823.
阳文锐,2015.北京城市景观格局时空变化及驱动力[J].生态学报,35(13):4357-4366.YANG W R,2015.Spatiotemporal change and driving forces of urban landscape pattern in Beijing[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,35(13):4357-4366.
张小飞,王仰麟,李正国,等,2007.三维城市景观生态研究[J].生态学报,34(7):2972-2982.ZHANG X F,WANG Y L,LI Z G,et al.,2007.Preliminary theory of three-dimensional urban landscape ecology[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,34(7):2972-2982.
CHEN L,NG E,AN X,et al.,2012.Sky view factor analysis of street canyons and its implications for daytime intra-urban air temperature differentials in high-rise,high-density urban areas of Hong Kong:a GIS-based simulation approach[J].International Journal of Climatology,32(1):121-136.
GIORGI F,1997.An Approach for the Representation of Surface Heterogeneity in Land Surface Models.Part I:Theoretical Framework[J].Monthly Weather Review,125(8):1885-1900.
GRIMM N B,FAETH S H,GOLUBIEWSKI N E,et al.,2008.Global change and the ecology of cities[J].science,319(5864):756-760.
HAO P Y,NIU Z,ZHAN Y L,et al.,2016.Spatiotemporal changes of urban impervious surface area and land surface temperature in Beijing from 1990 to 2014[J].GIScience&Remote Sensing,53(1):63-84.
JUMBA A,DRAGI?EVI?S,2016.Spatial indices for measuring three-dimensional patterns in a voxel-based space[J].Journal of Geographical Systems,18(3):183-204.
KOKALJ?,ZAK?EK K,O?TIR K,2011.Application of sky-view factor for the visualisation of historic landscape features in lidar-derived relief models[J].Antiquity,85(327):263-273.
OKE T R,1987.Boundary layer climates[J].Earth Science Reviews,27(3):265-265.
PETRAS V,NEWCOMB D J,MITASOVA H,2017.Generalized 3Dfragmentation index derived from lidar point clouds[J].Open Geospatial Data,Software and Standards,2(1):9-13.
WEINSTOERFFER J,GIRARDIN P,2000.Assessment of the contribution of land use pattern and intensity to landscape quality:use of a landscape indicator[J].Ecological Modelling,130(1-3):95-109.
WU Q,GUO F X,LI H Q,et al.,2017.Measuring landscape pattern in three dimensional space[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,167:49-59.
段春锋,2009.中国地面风速变化及其影响因子的研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学.DUAN C F,2009.Research on wind speed variation and its impacting factors[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology.
杜吴鹏,房小怡,黄宏涛,等,2017.北京近年地表风速和大气混合层厚度变化特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,40(6):149-156.DU W P,FAGN X Y,HUANG H T,et al.,2017.Variation characteristics of surface wind speed and atmospheric mixing layer height in recent years[J].Environmental Science&Technology,40(6):149-156.
葛亚宁,徐新良,李静,等,2016.北京城市建筑密度分布对热岛效应的影响研究[J].地球信息科学学报,18(12):1698-1706.GE Y N,XU X L,LI J,et al.,2016.Study on the influence of urban building density on the heat island effect in Beijing[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,18(12):1698-1706.
洪雯,王毅勇,2010.非均匀下垫面大气边界层研究进展[J].南京信息工程大学学报(自然科学版),2(2):155-161.HONG W,WANG Y Y,2010.Review of researches on atmospheric boundary layer over heterogeneous underlying surface[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology(Natural Science Edition),2(2):155-161.
栾桂杰,李湉湉,殷鹏,等,2015.2010年北京市高温热浪对居民死亡的影响[J].环境卫生学杂志,5(6):525-529.LUAN G J,LI T T,YIN P,et al.,2015.Heat wave impact on mortality in Beijing in 2010[J].Journal of Environmental Hygiene,5(6):525-529.
刘振鑫,2014.应用城市冠层模式与WRF模式耦合研究城市化效应[D].北京:北京大学.LIU Z X,2014.Assessing the urbanization effects by applying an Urban Canopy Model and coupling it with Weather Research and Forecasting[D].Beijing:Peking University.
史兵,汪新,赵冬,2017.天空开阔度对城市住宅小区热环境影响的数值模拟[J].应用力学学报,34(6):1181-1186,1227.SHI B,WANG X,ZHAO D,2017.Numerical simulation of the effects of sky-view factor on thermal environment in urban residential districts[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics,34(6):1181-1186,1227.
王柏林,张鑫,张帆,等,2017.GB/T 33703-2017,自动气象站观测规范[S].中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局中国国家标准化管理委员会.WANG B L,ZHANG X,ZHANG F,et al.,2017.GB/T 33703-2017,Specifications observating for automatic weather station[M].General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,National standardization Administration of China.
武鹏飞,王茂军,张学霞,2009.基于归一化建筑指数的北京市城市热岛效应分布特征[J].生态环境学报,18(4):1325-1331.WU P F,WANG M J,ZHANG X X,2009.Distribution of urban heat island effects based on normalized difference built-up index in Beijing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,18(4):1325-1331.
晏海,曾凤,董丽,2017.北京城市局地空气温度时空变化特征分析[J].生态环境学报,26(5):816-823.YAN H,ZENG F,DONG L,2017.Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of urban local microclimate in Beijing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(5):816-823.
阳文锐,2015.北京城市景观格局时空变化及驱动力[J].生态学报,35(13):4357-4366.YANG W R,2015.Spatiotemporal change and driving forces of urban landscape pattern in Beijing[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,35(13):4357-4366.
张小飞,王仰麟,李正国,等,2007.三维城市景观生态研究[J].生态学报,34(7):2972-2982.ZHANG X F,WANG Y L,LI Z G,et al.,2007.Preliminary theory of three-dimensional urban landscape ecology[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,34(7):2972-2982.