西安市地表灰尘中重金属污染水平与健康风险评价
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摘要
在西安市三环内采集58个地表灰尘样品,分析了其中重金属含量,利用单因子污染指数法和污染负荷指数法对西安市地表灰尘中重金属污染进行了评价,应用美国环境保护部(US EPA)人体暴露风险评价模型对人群暴露地表灰尘中重金属的健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,地表灰尘中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、As、Co和Mn的平均含量分别为231.0、145.4、59.4、213.0、48.7、9.8、12.6和417.0 mg kg~(-1),其中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni的含量是陕西省土壤元素背景值的1.7~6.8倍。地表灰尘中Zn、Cr和Pb达到了重度污染,Cu处于中度污染,Ni、Co、As和Mn为轻度或无污染。人群暴露地表灰尘中重金属的主要途径是手-口直接摄入,且儿童大于成人。西安市及其不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属的非致癌风险均低于风险阈值,8种重金属不存在明显非致癌危害。Cr、Co、As和Ni的致癌风险在可接受范围内。
Surface dust samples were collected from fifty eight sampling sites in Xi'an City, NW China. The contents of heavy metal in all samples were analyzed. Single pollution index and pollution load index were used to evaluate the pollution level of heavy metals and the health risk of human exposure to heavy metals was assessed by the health risk assessment models recommended by the United States Environmental Production Agency(US EPA). The results showed that the average concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Co and Mn were 231.0, 145.4, 59.4, 213.0, 48.7,9.8, 12.6 and 417.0 mg kg~(-1), respectively. Among the studies on heavy metals, the mean values of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni were all higher than soil element background values in Shaanxi, which were more than 1.7-6.8 times. In the surface dust, Zn, Cr and Pb were up to severe pollution, Cu belonged to moderate pollution, Ni, Co, As and Mn presented slight or no pollution. The main pathway of human exposure to heavy metals from surface dust was the direct ingestion via hand and mouth activities. Meanwhile, the exposure dose of children was higher than that of adults. The Non-cancer risk of human exposure to heavy metals from surface dust were lower than the risk threshold in Xi'an City and its different areas, and the studied eight heavy metals had no significant non-carcinogenic hazard to human health.The cancer risk of Cr, Co, As and Ni was in the acceptable range.
Surface dust samples were collected from fifty eight sampling sites in Xi'an City, NW China. The contents of heavy metal in all samples were analyzed. Single pollution index and pollution load index were used to evaluate the pollution level of heavy metals and the health risk of human exposure to heavy metals was assessed by the health risk assessment models recommended by the United States Environmental Production Agency(US EPA). The results showed that the average concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Co and Mn were 231.0, 145.4, 59.4, 213.0, 48.7,9.8, 12.6 and 417.0 mg kg~(-1), respectively. Among the studies on heavy metals, the mean values of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni were all higher than soil element background values in Shaanxi, which were more than 1.7-6.8 times. In the surface dust, Zn, Cr and Pb were up to severe pollution, Cu belonged to moderate pollution, Ni, Co, As and Mn presented slight or no pollution. The main pathway of human exposure to heavy metals from surface dust was the direct ingestion via hand and mouth activities. Meanwhile, the exposure dose of children was higher than that of adults. The Non-cancer risk of human exposure to heavy metals from surface dust were lower than the risk threshold in Xi'an City and its different areas, and the studied eight heavy metals had no significant non-carcinogenic hazard to human health.The cancer risk of Cr, Co, As and Ni was in the acceptable range.
引文
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[20]王兰化,李明明,张莺,等.华北地区某蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].地球学报,2014,35(2):191-196.
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[27]刘敏,林玉君,曾锋,等.城区湖泊表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的组成与分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(8):1377-1383.
[28]李如忠,周爱佳,童芳,等.合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(9):2661-2668.
[29]US EPA.Exposure factors handbook[S].Washington,DC:Office of Research and Development,1997:130-134.
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[31]FERREIRA-BAPTISTA L,DE MIGUEL E.Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda,Angola:a tropical urban environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39:4501-4512.
[32]US EPA.Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites[R].Washington,DC:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,2002.
[33]HAN YONGMING,DU PEIXUAN,CAO JUNJI,et al.Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of xi’an Central China[J].Science of The Total Environment,2006,355(1-3):176-186.
[34]李萍,薛粟尹,王胜利.兰州市大气降尘重金属污染评价及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1021-1028.
[35]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.上海地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(5):548-554.
[36]唐荣莉,马克明,张育新,等.北京城市道路灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(8):2006-2015.
[2]HAN L H,ZHUANG G S,CHENG S Y,et al.Characteristics of re-suspended road dust and its impact on the atmospheric environment in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41:7485-7499.
[3]方凤满,林跃胜,王海东,等.城市地表灰尘中重金属的来源、暴露特征及其环境效应[J].生态学报,2011,31(23):7301-7309.
[4]王兴明,董众兵,刘桂建,等.Zn,Pb,Cd,Cu在淮南新庄孜煤矿矸石山附近土壤和作物中分布特征[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2012,42(1):17-25.
[5]杨忠平,王雷,翟航,等.长春市城区近地表灰尘重金属健康风险评价[J].中国环境学,2015,35(4):1247-1255.
[6]曹治国,余刚,吕香英,等.北京市典型室内外灰尘中重金属的粒径和季节变异特征及人体暴露评估[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1272-1278.
[7]PRAVEENA S M,MUTALIB N S A,ARIS A Z.Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from primary school(Sri Serdang,Malaysia):estimation of the health risks[J].Environmental Forensics,2015,16(3):257-263.
[8]LU X W,ZHANG X L,LI L Y,et al.Assessment of metals pollution and health risk in dust from nursery schools in Xi’an,China[J].Environmental Research,2014,128:27-34.
[9]PAN Y P,WANG Y S.Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of trace elements at 10 sites in Northern China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physic,2015,15(2):951-972.
[10]CROSBY C J,FULLEN M A,BOOTH C A,et al.A dynamic approach to urban road deposited Sediment pollution monitoring(Marylebone Road,London,UK)[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2014,105:10-20.
[11]APETI D A,HARTWELL IS.Baseline assessment of heavy metal concentrations in surficial sediment from Kachemak Bay,Alaska[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2015,187:4106-4106.
[12]黄益宗,郝晓伟,雷鸣,等.重金属污染土壤修复技术及其修复实践[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(3):409-417.
[13]刘世梁,郭旭东,姚喜军,等.草原煤矿开采区土壤重金属污染分布特征及影响因子[J].安全与环境学报,2016,16(3):320-325.
[14]武家园,方凤满,林跃胜,等.淮南市校园灰尘重金属污染特征及生物有效性[J].环境化学,2016,35(7):1346-1353.
[15]朱兰保,盛蒂,戚晓明,等.蚌埠市地表灰尘重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(3):242-246.
[16]黄丽,卢新卫,罗大成,等.西安城市公园灰尘重金属污染情况以及健康风险评价[J].城市环境与城市生态,2010,23(1):17-20.
[17]常玉玉,卢新卫,陈颢,等.西安市幼儿园灰尘重金属含量及健康风险[J].陕西师范大学学报,2013,4(41):102-104.
[18]陈秀端,卢新卫,赵彩凤,等.西安市二环内表层土壤重金属空间分布特征[J].地理学报,2011,66(9):1281-1288.
[19]王利军,卢新卫,荆淇,等.宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染研究[J].环境科学学报,2012,31(2):325-330.
[20]王兰化,李明明,张莺,等.华北地区某蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].地球学报,2014,35(2):191-196.
[21]国家环境保护局,中国环境监测总站.中国土壤背景值险[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[22]范拴喜,甘卓亭,李美娟,等.土壤重金属污染评价方法进展[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(17):310-315.
[23]US EPA.Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites[M].Washington:Office of Soild Waste and Emergency Response,US Environmental Protection Agency,2001,4-24.
[24]US EPA.Risk assessment guidance for superfund,Vol.I:Human health evaluation manual[R].Washington,DC:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,1989.
[25]US EPA.Soil Screening Guidance:Technical Background Document.Washington:Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,US Environmental Protection Agency,1996.(EPA/540/R-95/128)
[26]US EPA.Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites[R].Washington,DC:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,2002.
[27]刘敏,林玉君,曾锋,等.城区湖泊表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的组成与分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(8):1377-1383.
[28]李如忠,周爱佳,童芳,等.合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(9):2661-2668.
[29]US EPA.Exposure factors handbook[S].Washington,DC:Office of Research and Development,1997:130-134.
[30]US EPA.Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund,Vol.I:Human Health Evaluation Manual[R].Washington,DC:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,1989:15-28.
[31]FERREIRA-BAPTISTA L,DE MIGUEL E.Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda,Angola:a tropical urban environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39:4501-4512.
[32]US EPA.Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites[R].Washington,DC:Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,2002.
[33]HAN YONGMING,DU PEIXUAN,CAO JUNJI,et al.Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of xi’an Central China[J].Science of The Total Environment,2006,355(1-3):176-186.
[34]李萍,薛粟尹,王胜利.兰州市大气降尘重金属污染评价及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1021-1028.
[35]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.上海地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(5):548-554.
[36]唐荣莉,马克明,张育新,等.北京城市道路灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(8):2006-2015.