黔西南煤矿区村寨公路边地表灰尘有害元素风险评价
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摘要
为了解煤矿区周边地表灰尘有害元素(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Ni)污染状况,采集黔西南典型煤矿区地表灰尘36份,采用美国TCLP(toxicity characteristic leaching procedure)法提取有害元素并运用内梅罗综合污染指数法及H?kanson潜在生态风险指数法对其生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:TCLP法提取的灰尘有害元素含量占元素总量质量百分比为1.73%~21.12%;内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果为:Pb重度污染,As中度污染,Cr和Cu轻度污染,Cd和Zn处于警戒级,Ni属于安全级。潜在生态风险指数(Ei)结果表明:Cd达到强生态风险等级,As达到中等水平,其他有害元素均处于轻微生态风险水平;而综合潜在生态风险指数RI值为321.85,已达到强潜在生态风险等级。同时,利用SBET(simple bioaccessibility extraction test)法提取了灰尘样品中有害元素生物可给性含量,采用美国环保署人体暴露风险评价法对灰尘有害元素经口腔摄入造成的健康风险进行了评估。结果显示:灰尘中有害元素生物可给性含量平均值为7.32%~31.06%。人体健康风险评价结果显示:儿童及成人的灰尘有害元素致癌风险指数(TCR)分别为5.91×10~(-5)和2.15×10~(-5);对人体产生可耐受的潜在致癌风险(HQ)除As外,均不构成明显风险。儿童及成人的总非致癌风险指数(HI)分别为1.30和0.16,这对儿童会产生潜在的非致癌危害。综上,研究区村寨公路边地表灰尘中Pb、As、Cd造成危害的风险大,需引起有关部门高度关注。
To evaluate the pollution of harmful elements(Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb and Ni)from road dust in vicinity of the coal mining area near rural area in southwest Guizhou Province,China,36 dust samples in rural roads were collected.The leaching contents of harmful elements were quantitatively extracted by the method of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP).Nemerow comprehensive pollution index(P) and Hkanson index were subsequently calculated to assess the ecological risk.The results showed that the TCLP leaching contents of the total harmful elements were in the range of 1.73%-21.12%.Nemerow comprehensive pollution index(P) results indicated that Pb was at heavy pollution level,As at moderate pollution level,Cr and Cu at mild pollution level,Cd and Zn at the alert level,and Ni at safety level.The potential ecological risk index(Ei) results manifested that Cd achieved strong ecological risk level,As was at the medium level,and other elements belonged to the slight ecological risk level.The total potential ecological risk index(RI) value reached 321.85,which indicated a strong potential of ecological risk.Furthermore,the SBET(simple bio-accessibility extraction test) method was used to evaluate bio-accessibility of harmful elements in the road dust samples,and human exposure risk assessment method adopted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) was used to estimate their health risk after oral intake.The results showed that the average bioavailability of harmful elements in dust were in the range of 7.32%-31.06%.For human health,total carcinogenic risk(TCR) indexes for children and adults were 5.91×10(-5) and 2.15×10~(-5),respectively.The potential non-carcinogenic risk(HQ) index of the human body was not significant except for As.The total non-carcinogenic risk(HI) indexes of the harmful elements in road dusts for children and adults were 1.30 and 0.16,respectively,which may pose a potential non-carcinogenic hazard to children.In conclusion,the risk level of Pb,As and Cd in road dusts in rural areas investigated by this study was significant,and should be highly concerned.
To evaluate the pollution of harmful elements(Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb and Ni)from road dust in vicinity of the coal mining area near rural area in southwest Guizhou Province,China,36 dust samples in rural roads were collected.The leaching contents of harmful elements were quantitatively extracted by the method of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP).Nemerow comprehensive pollution index(P) and Hkanson index were subsequently calculated to assess the ecological risk.The results showed that the TCLP leaching contents of the total harmful elements were in the range of 1.73%-21.12%.Nemerow comprehensive pollution index(P) results indicated that Pb was at heavy pollution level,As at moderate pollution level,Cr and Cu at mild pollution level,Cd and Zn at the alert level,and Ni at safety level.The potential ecological risk index(Ei) results manifested that Cd achieved strong ecological risk level,As was at the medium level,and other elements belonged to the slight ecological risk level.The total potential ecological risk index(RI) value reached 321.85,which indicated a strong potential of ecological risk.Furthermore,the SBET(simple bio-accessibility extraction test) method was used to evaluate bio-accessibility of harmful elements in the road dust samples,and human exposure risk assessment method adopted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) was used to estimate their health risk after oral intake.The results showed that the average bioavailability of harmful elements in dust were in the range of 7.32%-31.06%.For human health,total carcinogenic risk(TCR) indexes for children and adults were 5.91×10(-5) and 2.15×10~(-5),respectively.The potential non-carcinogenic risk(HQ) index of the human body was not significant except for As.The total non-carcinogenic risk(HI) indexes of the harmful elements in road dusts for children and adults were 1.30 and 0.16,respectively,which may pose a potential non-carcinogenic hazard to children.In conclusion,the risk level of Pb,As and Cd in road dusts in rural areas investigated by this study was significant,and should be highly concerned.
引文
陈轶楠,马建华.2016.河南省某市驾校地表灰尘重金属污染及健康风险评价.环境科学学报,36(8):3017-3026.
方晓波,史坚,廖欣峰,等.2015.临安市雷竹林土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价.应用生态学报,26(6):1883-1891.
李继宁,侯红,魏源,等.2013.株洲市农田土壤重金属生物可给性及其人体健康风险评估.环境科学研究,26(10):1139-1146.
李继宁.2014.土壤-空心菜系统中重金属生物有效性及其人体健康风险评估研究(硕士学位论文).北京:中国环境科学研究院.
李俊海,张双菊,聂爱国.2012.黔西南高砷煤形成特殊性研究.贵州大学学报:自然版,29(2):54-57.
李良忠,胡国成,张丽娟,等.2015.矿区家庭灰尘中重金属污染及其潜在生态风险.中国环境科学,35(4):1230-1238.
李晓燕.2013.季节变化对贵阳市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的影响.环境科学,34(6):2407-2415.
刘婷,祝亚男,杨仕江,等.2009.黔西南酸性高砷煤矿废水的净化机理及治理对策的探讨.贵州大学学报,26(2):128-142.
刘春早,黄益宗,雷鸣,等.2011.重金属污染评价方法(TCLP)评价资江流域土壤重金属生态风险.环境化学,30(9):1582-1589.
刘春早,黄益宗,雷鸣,等.2012.湘江流域土壤重金属污染及其生态环境风险评价.环境科学,33(1):260-265.
刘丹丹,缪德仁,刘菲.2009.不同提取方法对土壤中活性部分重金属提取能力的对比研究.安徽农业科学,(35):17613-17615.
刘文政,李存雄,秦樊鑫,等.2015.高砷煤矿区土壤重金属污染及潜在的生态风险.贵州农业科学,43(7):181-185.
庞文品,秦樊鑫,吕亚超,等.2016.贵州兴仁煤矿区农田土壤重金属化学形态及风险评估.应用生态学报,27(5):1468-1478.
裴廷权.2006.贵州兴仁县煤矿区砷的表生地球化学初步研究(硕士学位论文).贵阳:贵州大学.
孙叶芳,谢正苗,徐建明,等.2005.TCLP法评价矿区土壤重金属的生态环境风险.环境科学,26(3):152-156.
陶秀珍.2008.兴仁高砷煤矿区水环境中砷的自然净化机理(硕士学位论文).贵阳:贵州大学.
王晓云,马建华,侯千,等.2011.开封市幼儿园地表灰尘重金属积累及健康风险.环境科学学报,31(3):583-593.
吴攀,裴廷权,冯丽娟,等.2006.贵州兴仁煤矿区土壤表土与沉积物中砷的环境调查研究.地球与环境,34(4):31-35.
吴攀.2013.贵州高砷煤矿区环境中砷的地球化学.贵阳:贵州科技出版社.
武家园,方凤满,林跃胜,等.2016.淮南市校园灰尘重金属污染特征及生物有效性.环境化学,35(7):1346-1353.
张舒婷,李晓燕,陈思民,等.2015.贵阳市不同空间高度灰尘和重金属沉降通量.中国环境科学,35(6):1630-1637.
Lu X,Pan H,Wang Y.2017.Pollution evaluation and source analysis of heavy metal in roadway dust from a resourcetyped industrial city in Northwest China.Atmospheric Pollution Research,8:587-595.
Qin FX,Wei CF,Zhong SQ,et al.2016.Soil heavy metal(loid)s and risk assessment in vicinity of a coal mining area from southwest Guizhou.China.Journal of Central South University,29:2205-2213.
Rout TK,Ebhin Masto R,Padhy PK,et al.2015.Heavy metals in dusts from commercial and residential areas of Jharia coal mining town.Environmental Earth Sciences,73:347-359.
Stark SC,Snape I,Graham NJ,et al.2008.Assessment of metal contamination using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP)during remediation of a waste disposal site in Antarctica.Journal of Environmental Monitoring,10:60-70.
Tang CY,Wu P,Tao XZ,et al.2016.The basin acidification affected by AMD:A case study in Xingren county,Guizhou,China.Carsologica Sinica,27:1468-1478.
Tang Z,Chai M,Cheng J,et al.2017.Contamination and health risks of heavy metals in street dust from a coal-mining city in eastern China.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,138:83-91.
Wang JH,Li SW,Cui XY,et al.2016.Bioaccessibility,sources and health risk assessment of trace metals in urban park dust in Nanjing,Southeast China.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,128:161-170.
Yu BB,Wang Y,Zhou QX.2014.Human health risk assessment based on toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and simple bioaccessibility extraction test of toxic metals in urban street dust of Tianjin,China.PLo S One,9:e92459.
方晓波,史坚,廖欣峰,等.2015.临安市雷竹林土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价.应用生态学报,26(6):1883-1891.
李继宁,侯红,魏源,等.2013.株洲市农田土壤重金属生物可给性及其人体健康风险评估.环境科学研究,26(10):1139-1146.
李继宁.2014.土壤-空心菜系统中重金属生物有效性及其人体健康风险评估研究(硕士学位论文).北京:中国环境科学研究院.
李俊海,张双菊,聂爱国.2012.黔西南高砷煤形成特殊性研究.贵州大学学报:自然版,29(2):54-57.
李良忠,胡国成,张丽娟,等.2015.矿区家庭灰尘中重金属污染及其潜在生态风险.中国环境科学,35(4):1230-1238.
李晓燕.2013.季节变化对贵阳市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的影响.环境科学,34(6):2407-2415.
刘婷,祝亚男,杨仕江,等.2009.黔西南酸性高砷煤矿废水的净化机理及治理对策的探讨.贵州大学学报,26(2):128-142.
刘春早,黄益宗,雷鸣,等.2011.重金属污染评价方法(TCLP)评价资江流域土壤重金属生态风险.环境化学,30(9):1582-1589.
刘春早,黄益宗,雷鸣,等.2012.湘江流域土壤重金属污染及其生态环境风险评价.环境科学,33(1):260-265.
刘丹丹,缪德仁,刘菲.2009.不同提取方法对土壤中活性部分重金属提取能力的对比研究.安徽农业科学,(35):17613-17615.
刘文政,李存雄,秦樊鑫,等.2015.高砷煤矿区土壤重金属污染及潜在的生态风险.贵州农业科学,43(7):181-185.
庞文品,秦樊鑫,吕亚超,等.2016.贵州兴仁煤矿区农田土壤重金属化学形态及风险评估.应用生态学报,27(5):1468-1478.
裴廷权.2006.贵州兴仁县煤矿区砷的表生地球化学初步研究(硕士学位论文).贵阳:贵州大学.
孙叶芳,谢正苗,徐建明,等.2005.TCLP法评价矿区土壤重金属的生态环境风险.环境科学,26(3):152-156.
陶秀珍.2008.兴仁高砷煤矿区水环境中砷的自然净化机理(硕士学位论文).贵阳:贵州大学.
王晓云,马建华,侯千,等.2011.开封市幼儿园地表灰尘重金属积累及健康风险.环境科学学报,31(3):583-593.
吴攀,裴廷权,冯丽娟,等.2006.贵州兴仁煤矿区土壤表土与沉积物中砷的环境调查研究.地球与环境,34(4):31-35.
吴攀.2013.贵州高砷煤矿区环境中砷的地球化学.贵阳:贵州科技出版社.
武家园,方凤满,林跃胜,等.2016.淮南市校园灰尘重金属污染特征及生物有效性.环境化学,35(7):1346-1353.
张舒婷,李晓燕,陈思民,等.2015.贵阳市不同空间高度灰尘和重金属沉降通量.中国环境科学,35(6):1630-1637.
Lu X,Pan H,Wang Y.2017.Pollution evaluation and source analysis of heavy metal in roadway dust from a resourcetyped industrial city in Northwest China.Atmospheric Pollution Research,8:587-595.
Qin FX,Wei CF,Zhong SQ,et al.2016.Soil heavy metal(loid)s and risk assessment in vicinity of a coal mining area from southwest Guizhou.China.Journal of Central South University,29:2205-2213.
Rout TK,Ebhin Masto R,Padhy PK,et al.2015.Heavy metals in dusts from commercial and residential areas of Jharia coal mining town.Environmental Earth Sciences,73:347-359.
Stark SC,Snape I,Graham NJ,et al.2008.Assessment of metal contamination using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP)during remediation of a waste disposal site in Antarctica.Journal of Environmental Monitoring,10:60-70.
Tang CY,Wu P,Tao XZ,et al.2016.The basin acidification affected by AMD:A case study in Xingren county,Guizhou,China.Carsologica Sinica,27:1468-1478.
Tang Z,Chai M,Cheng J,et al.2017.Contamination and health risks of heavy metals in street dust from a coal-mining city in eastern China.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,138:83-91.
Wang JH,Li SW,Cui XY,et al.2016.Bioaccessibility,sources and health risk assessment of trace metals in urban park dust in Nanjing,Southeast China.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,128:161-170.
Yu BB,Wang Y,Zhou QX.2014.Human health risk assessment based on toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and simple bioaccessibility extraction test of toxic metals in urban street dust of Tianjin,China.PLo S One,9:e92459.