基于地表能量平衡的厦门岛城市功能区人为热排放分析
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摘要
人为热排放不仅是城市热岛形成的重要因子,而且是与能源消耗密切相关的指标,对其大小和变化特征进行分析有利于减缓城市热岛与节能减排。本文以厦门岛为研究区,利用2009年多时相的Landsat TM影像和地表能量平衡模型反演出不同季节的人为热排放,在此基础上结合IKONOS影像解译的城市功能区,分析不同类型城市功能区人为热排放的时空变化特征。结果表明:不同类型城市功能区的人为热排放均在夏季达到最大,春季最小;工业区的人为热排放一直高于其他类型的城市功能区;工业区人为热排放高值区主要集中厦门岛西部传统的重点工业区,交通区人为热排放高值区的空间分布与厦门岛"三纵四横"的交通干线分布格局相吻合,居住区人为热排放高值区主要集中在旧城区,商业及公共设施区人为热排放高值区主要集中在单体建筑大的商圈和公共设施;总体上厦门岛西部的人为热排放比东部要高。这种时空分布的差异性与用地类型、人口数量与经济发展程度密切相关,而且建筑物的密度、高度和下垫面的材料通过影响其他地表通量来改变人为热排放的大小。通过分析不同城市功能区人为热排放的时空变化特征,可以从更微观的角度理解城市热环境和能源利用现状,为促进城市可持续发展提供理论依据。
Anthropogenic heat discharge not only constitutes the cause of urban heat island(UHI) formation, but also is an important indicator related to energy consumption. It is important to analysis the magnitude and variation of anthropogenic heat discharge in order to mitigate UHI effect and improve energy efficiency. This paper examined the spatio-temporal variation of anthropogenic heat discharge in the Xiamen Island, China using Landsat TM data and meteorological data. First, the anthropogenic heat discharge was estimated with a remote sensing-based surface energy balance model. Then, the urban functional regions derived from IKONOS data were combined with the anthropogenic heat discharge. The results indicate that the anthropogenic heat discharge in different types of urban functional regions reaches the maximum in summer and the minimum in spring. The anthropogenic heat discharge of industrial area was higher than those in the other regions for all seasons. The high anthropogenic heat discharge occurred in the old industrial bases in the west of Xiamen Island. In traffic area, high anthropogenic heat discharge was observed in the Changan Road, Jiahe Road, Chenggong Avenue,Xianyue Road, North Hubin Road-Lvling Road, South Hubin Road-East Lianqian Road. In residential area, high anthropogenic heat discharge was observed in the old town. The high anthropogenic heat discharge occurred in the large single buildings in commercial and public area. Overall, the anthropogenic heat discharge in the western part of Xiamen Island was higher than that in the east. The differences of spatial and seasonal distribution were closely related to land cover types, population and the degree of economic development.Moreover, the density and height of the buildings and materials of land cover change the amount of anthropogenic heat discharge by affecting other surface fluxes. This paper brings a more microscopic perspective by analyzing the spatio-temporal variation of anthropogenic heat discharge in different urban functional regions to study urban thermal environment and energy utilization, as well as to provide a theoretical basis for promoting urban sustainable development.
Anthropogenic heat discharge not only constitutes the cause of urban heat island(UHI) formation, but also is an important indicator related to energy consumption. It is important to analysis the magnitude and variation of anthropogenic heat discharge in order to mitigate UHI effect and improve energy efficiency. This paper examined the spatio-temporal variation of anthropogenic heat discharge in the Xiamen Island, China using Landsat TM data and meteorological data. First, the anthropogenic heat discharge was estimated with a remote sensing-based surface energy balance model. Then, the urban functional regions derived from IKONOS data were combined with the anthropogenic heat discharge. The results indicate that the anthropogenic heat discharge in different types of urban functional regions reaches the maximum in summer and the minimum in spring. The anthropogenic heat discharge of industrial area was higher than those in the other regions for all seasons. The high anthropogenic heat discharge occurred in the old industrial bases in the west of Xiamen Island. In traffic area, high anthropogenic heat discharge was observed in the Changan Road, Jiahe Road, Chenggong Avenue,Xianyue Road, North Hubin Road-Lvling Road, South Hubin Road-East Lianqian Road. In residential area, high anthropogenic heat discharge was observed in the old town. The high anthropogenic heat discharge occurred in the large single buildings in commercial and public area. Overall, the anthropogenic heat discharge in the western part of Xiamen Island was higher than that in the east. The differences of spatial and seasonal distribution were closely related to land cover types, population and the degree of economic development.Moreover, the density and height of the buildings and materials of land cover change the amount of anthropogenic heat discharge by affecting other surface fluxes. This paper brings a more microscopic perspective by analyzing the spatio-temporal variation of anthropogenic heat discharge in different urban functional regions to study urban thermal environment and energy utilization, as well as to provide a theoretical basis for promoting urban sustainable development.
引文
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[23]Xu H Q,Chen B Q.A study on urban heat island and its spatial relationship with urban expansion:Xiamen,SE China[J].Urban Studies,2004,11(2):65-70.
[24]Zhao X F,Huang J C,Ye H,et al.Spatiotemporal changes of the urban heat island of a coastal city in the context of urbanization[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology,2010,17(4):311-316.
[25]Liang S L,Zheng T,Liu R,et al.Estimation of incident photosynthetically active radiation from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2016,111(D15208):1-13.
[26]Kato S,Yamaguchi Y,Liu C C,et al.Surface heat balance analysis of Tainan City on March 6,2001 using ASTER and Formosat-2 data[J].Sensors,2008,8(9):6026-6044.
[27]Kato S,Liu C C,Sun C Y,et al.Comparison of surface heat balance in three cities in Taiwan using Terra ASTER and Formosat-2 RSI data[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2012,18:263-273.
[28]Loveland T R,Merchant J W,Ohlen D O,et al.Development of a land-cover characteristics database for the conterminous United States[J].Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,1991,57(11):1453-1463.
[29]Sobrino J A,Raissouni N,Li Z L.A comparative study of land surface emissivity retrieval from NOAA data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,75(2):256-266.
[30]Liang S L.Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I:Algorithms[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,76(2):213-238.
[31]Coll C,Galve J M,Sanchez J M,et al.Validation of landsat-7/ETM+thermal-band calibration and atmospheric correction with ground-based measurements[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2010,48(1):547-555.
[32]Clothier B E,Clawson K L,Pinter P J,et al.Estimation of soil heat flux from net radiation during the growth of alfalfa[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1986,37(4):319-329.
[33]Moran M S,Jackson R D,Raymond L H,et al.Mapping surface energy balance components by combining landsat thematic mapper and ground-based meteorological data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1989,30(1):77-87.
[34]Hu D.Estimation of urban energy heat flux and anthropogenic heat discharge using aster image and meteorological data:Case study in Beijing metropolitan area[J].Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,2012,6(1):3559.
[35]Nishida K,Nemani R R,Running S W,et al.An operational remote sensing algorithm of land surface evaporation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(D9):1-14.
[36]Weng Q,Hu X,Quattrochi D A,et al.Assessing intra-urban surface energy fluxes using remotely sensed ASTER imagery and routine meteorological data:A case study in Indianapolis,USA[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2014,7(10):4046-4057.
[37]林剑艺,孟凡鑫,崔胜辉,等.城市能源利用碳足迹分析——以厦门市为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(12):3782-3794.[Lin J Y,Meng F X,Cui S H,et al.Carbon footprint analysis on urban energy use:A case study of Xiamen,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(12):3782-3794.]
[38]伍雄昌,张友水,黄美玲,等.利用Landsat遥感影像进行福州市地表热通量估算的研究试验[J].遥感信息,2013(2):24-34.[Wu X C,Zhang Y S,Huang M L,et al.Remote sensing study on the surface heat flux in Fuzhou City[J].Remote Sensing Information,2013(2):24-34.]
[39]Liu Y,Shintaro G,Zhuang D,et al.Urban surface heat fluxes infrared remote sensing inversion and their relationship with land use types[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2012,22(4):699-715.
[2]Grimm N B,Faeth S H,Golubiewski N E,et al.Global change and the ecology of cities[J].Science,2008,319:756-760.
[3]Chang C R,Li M H,Chang S D.A preliminary study on the local cool-island intensity of Taipei city parks[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,80(4):386-395.
[4]Patz J A,Campbell-Lendrum D,Holloway T,et al.Impact of regional climate change on human health[J].Nature,2005,438(17):310-317.
[5]Velazquez-Lozada A,Gonzalez J E,Winter A.Urban heat island effect analysis for San Juan,Puerto Rico[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40:1731-1741.
[6]Oke T R.Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island:Comparison of scale model and field observations[J].International Journal of Climatology,1981,1(3):237-254.
[7]Butler D.Energy efficiency:Super savers meters to manage the future[J].Nature,2007,445(7128):586-588.
[8]United Nations.World Cities Report 2016[R].Nairobi:United Nations Human Settlements Programme,2016.
[9]Kimura F,Takahashi S.The effects of land-use and anthropogenic heating on the surface temperature in the Tokyo metropolitan area:A numerical experiment[J].Atmospheric Environment,Part B.Urban Atmosphere,1991,25(2):155-164.
[10]Fan H,Sailor D.Modeling the impacts of anthropogenic heating on the urban climate of Philadelphia:A comparison of implementations in two PBL schemes[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39:73-84.
[11]佟华,刘辉志,桑建国,等.城市人为热对北京热环境的影响[J].气候与环境研究,2004,9(3):409-421.[Tong H,Liu H Z,Sang J G,et al.The impact of urban anthropogenic heat on Beijing heat environment[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2004,9(3):409-421.]
[12]Sailor D J,Lu L.A top-down methodology for developing diurnal and seasonal anthropogenic heating profiles for urban areas[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(17):2737-2748.
[13]谢旻,朱宽广,王体健,等.中国地区人为热分布特征研究.中国环境科学,2015,35(3):728-734.[Xie M,Zhu K G,Wang T J,et al.Study on the distribution of anthropogenic heat flux over China[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(3):728-734.]
[14]Bueno B,Norford L,Pigeon G,et al.Combining a detailed building energy model with a physically-based urban canopy model[J].Boundary-layer Meteorology,2011,140(3):471-489.
[15]Zhou Y,Weng Q,Gurney K R,et al.Estimation of the relationship between remotely sensed anthropogenic heat discharge and building energy use[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2012,67:65-72.
[16]Kato S,Yamaguchi Y.Analysis of urban heat-island effect using ASTER and ETM+Data:Separation of anthropogenic heat discharge and natural heat radiation from sensible heat flux[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,99(1):44-54.
[17]Man S W,Yang J,Nichol J,et al.Modeling of anthropogenic heat flux using HJ-1B Chinese small satellite image:A study of heterogeneous urbanized areas in Hong Kong[J].IEEE Geoscience&Remote Sensing Letters,2015,12(7):1-5.
[18]Chakraborty S D,Kant Y,Mitra D.Assessment of land surface temperature and heat fluxes over Delhi using remote sensing data[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,148:143-152.
[19]肖捷颖,张倩,王燕,等.基于地表能量平衡的城市热环境遥感研究——以石家庄市为例[J].地理科学,2013,34(3):338-343.[Xiao J Y,Zhang Q,Wang Y,et al.Urban surface heat flux analysis based on remote sensing:A case study of Shijiazhuang City[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,34(3):338-343.]
[20]朱婷媛.基于Landsat遥感影像的杭州城市人为热定量估算研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2015.[Zhu Y T.Research on quantitative estimation of anthropogenic heat in Hangzhou based on landsat remote sensing data[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2015.]
[21]辜寄蓉,陈先伟,杨海龙.城市功能区划分空间聚类算法研究[J].测绘科学,2011,36(5):65-67.[Gu J R,Chen X W,Yang H L.Spatial clustering algorithm on urban function oriented zone[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2011,36(5):65-67.]
[22]厦门市统计局.2009年厦门经济特区年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2009.[Xiamen Bureau of Statistics,2009Year book of Xiamen special economic zone[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,China,2009.]
[23]Xu H Q,Chen B Q.A study on urban heat island and its spatial relationship with urban expansion:Xiamen,SE China[J].Urban Studies,2004,11(2):65-70.
[24]Zhao X F,Huang J C,Ye H,et al.Spatiotemporal changes of the urban heat island of a coastal city in the context of urbanization[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology,2010,17(4):311-316.
[25]Liang S L,Zheng T,Liu R,et al.Estimation of incident photosynthetically active radiation from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2016,111(D15208):1-13.
[26]Kato S,Yamaguchi Y,Liu C C,et al.Surface heat balance analysis of Tainan City on March 6,2001 using ASTER and Formosat-2 data[J].Sensors,2008,8(9):6026-6044.
[27]Kato S,Liu C C,Sun C Y,et al.Comparison of surface heat balance in three cities in Taiwan using Terra ASTER and Formosat-2 RSI data[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2012,18:263-273.
[28]Loveland T R,Merchant J W,Ohlen D O,et al.Development of a land-cover characteristics database for the conterminous United States[J].Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,1991,57(11):1453-1463.
[29]Sobrino J A,Raissouni N,Li Z L.A comparative study of land surface emissivity retrieval from NOAA data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,75(2):256-266.
[30]Liang S L.Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I:Algorithms[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,76(2):213-238.
[31]Coll C,Galve J M,Sanchez J M,et al.Validation of landsat-7/ETM+thermal-band calibration and atmospheric correction with ground-based measurements[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2010,48(1):547-555.
[32]Clothier B E,Clawson K L,Pinter P J,et al.Estimation of soil heat flux from net radiation during the growth of alfalfa[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1986,37(4):319-329.
[33]Moran M S,Jackson R D,Raymond L H,et al.Mapping surface energy balance components by combining landsat thematic mapper and ground-based meteorological data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1989,30(1):77-87.
[34]Hu D.Estimation of urban energy heat flux and anthropogenic heat discharge using aster image and meteorological data:Case study in Beijing metropolitan area[J].Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,2012,6(1):3559.
[35]Nishida K,Nemani R R,Running S W,et al.An operational remote sensing algorithm of land surface evaporation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(D9):1-14.
[36]Weng Q,Hu X,Quattrochi D A,et al.Assessing intra-urban surface energy fluxes using remotely sensed ASTER imagery and routine meteorological data:A case study in Indianapolis,USA[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2014,7(10):4046-4057.
[37]林剑艺,孟凡鑫,崔胜辉,等.城市能源利用碳足迹分析——以厦门市为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(12):3782-3794.[Lin J Y,Meng F X,Cui S H,et al.Carbon footprint analysis on urban energy use:A case study of Xiamen,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(12):3782-3794.]
[38]伍雄昌,张友水,黄美玲,等.利用Landsat遥感影像进行福州市地表热通量估算的研究试验[J].遥感信息,2013(2):24-34.[Wu X C,Zhang Y S,Huang M L,et al.Remote sensing study on the surface heat flux in Fuzhou City[J].Remote Sensing Information,2013(2):24-34.]
[39]Liu Y,Shintaro G,Zhuang D,et al.Urban surface heat fluxes infrared remote sensing inversion and their relationship with land use types[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2012,22(4):699-715.