西藏盐湖生物与生态资源及其开发利用
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摘要
以科研团队多年工作成果为基础,对藏北209个湖泊进行面积、盐度分类,结合藏北的生态特征和生态需求,阐述了可开展西藏盐湖卤虫生态修复的湖泊水域资源潜力,发展盐湖农业的优势与意义,以及盐湖水系生物资源开发的生态保护原则。阐述了西藏湖泊水域的浮游植物、浮游动物、大型水生植物的物种资源及其分布特征,以及硅藻、卤虫、盐藻、水木耳(念珠藻)、轮藻、细叶眼子菜的资源及其科学与经济价值。阐述了西藏盐湖生态修复的生态意义和藏北高原盐湖卤虫生态修复的经济重要性,并从产业发展角度分析西藏拟溞、盐藻等的资源现状及其开发利用,提出以冷水鱼为特色产业的水域资源优势与发展前景。
In the paper, the concept of "saline Lake" and its studies are reviewed, focusing on the historical survey data of biological and ecological resources of Tibet Saline Lakes. Based on the survey data obtained by our research team during the last 20 years, the 209 lakes in the northern Tibet are classified into various salinity groups and various area groups. Based on both the northern Tibet ecological characteristics and the ecological demand for the regional economic development, the lake resource potential is analyzed with respect to the Artemia ecological restoration in Tibet saline lakes, as well as the advantages and the significance of developing the saline lake agriculture.Some principles of ecological protection and development of biological resources in the Saline Lake system are proposed.The species resources and the distribution characteristics of phytoplankton and zooplankton and macrophytes are discussed, focusing on the biological resources and their scientific values, including the diatom, the Artemia, the salt alga(Dunaliella sp.), the water agaric(Nostoc sp.), the stonewort(Charophyta) and the pondweed(Potamogeton sp.).From the successful experiences of the ecological restoration in the Tibet Dangqong Co saline lake, the significance and the economic importance of the saline lake ecological restoration are clearly seen. The resource situation and the prospect of development and utilization of Daphniopsis tibetana Sars and Dunaliella sp. in Tibet are discussed,and the cold-water fish aquaculture as the competitive industry is proposed; the sci-technological base and the government effective management are considered as the fundamental guarantee to develop the bioindustry of salt lakes in Tibet.
In the paper, the concept of "saline Lake" and its studies are reviewed, focusing on the historical survey data of biological and ecological resources of Tibet Saline Lakes. Based on the survey data obtained by our research team during the last 20 years, the 209 lakes in the northern Tibet are classified into various salinity groups and various area groups. Based on both the northern Tibet ecological characteristics and the ecological demand for the regional economic development, the lake resource potential is analyzed with respect to the Artemia ecological restoration in Tibet saline lakes, as well as the advantages and the significance of developing the saline lake agriculture.Some principles of ecological protection and development of biological resources in the Saline Lake system are proposed.The species resources and the distribution characteristics of phytoplankton and zooplankton and macrophytes are discussed, focusing on the biological resources and their scientific values, including the diatom, the Artemia, the salt alga(Dunaliella sp.), the water agaric(Nostoc sp.), the stonewort(Charophyta) and the pondweed(Potamogeton sp.).From the successful experiences of the ecological restoration in the Tibet Dangqong Co saline lake, the significance and the economic importance of the saline lake ecological restoration are clearly seen. The resource situation and the prospect of development and utilization of Daphniopsis tibetana Sars and Dunaliella sp. in Tibet are discussed,and the cold-water fish aquaculture as the competitive industry is proposed; the sci-technological base and the government effective management are considered as the fundamental guarantee to develop the bioindustry of salt lakes in Tibet.
引文
[1]郑喜玉,张明刚,徐昶,等.中国盐湖志[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:415.Zheng Xiyu,Zhang Minggang,Xu Cheng,at al.Saline Lake of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2002:415.
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[3]中科院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏水生无脊椎动物[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Expedition.Aquatic invertebrate in Tibet[M].Beijing:Science Press,1983.
[4]中科院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏藻类[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Eexpedition.The algae in Tibet[M].Beijing:Science Press,1983.
[5]郑绵平,刘文高,向军.西藏扎布耶盐湖嗜盐菌、藻的发现和生态意义雏议[J].地质学报,1985,59(2):162-171.Zheng Mianping,Liu Wengao,Xiang Jun.The discovery of halophilic algae and halobacteria at Zabuye salt lake Tibet and preliminary study on the geoecology[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1985,59(2):162-171.
[6]郑绵平,向军,魏新俊,等.青藏高原盐湖[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1989:430.Zheng Mianping,Xiang Jun,Wei Xinjun,et al.Saline lakes of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau[M].Beijing:Science and Technology Publishing House,1989:430.
[7]刘俊英,郑绵平,罗健.西藏拉果错卤虫:I.生物学特征[J].湖泊科学,1998,10(2):92-96.Liu Junying,Zheng Mianping,Lou Jian.A study of Artemia in Lagkor Co,Tibet:I.biological feature[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,1998,10(2):92-96.
[8]刘俊英,罗健,郑绵平.西藏拉果错卤虫:II.营养成分[J].湖泊科学,1999,11(3):283-288.Liu Junying,Lou Jian,Zheng Mianping.A Study of Artemia in Lagokor Co,Tibet:II.Nutrient[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,1999,11(3):283-288.
[9]秦泗国,钟国辉.西藏高原当前生态环境问题的初步研究[J]..西藏大学学报(自然科学版),2008,23(1):3-6.Qing Siguo,Zhong Guohui.A preliminary study on ecological environmental problems in Tibet[J].Journal of Tibet University(Natural Science Edition),2008,23(1):3-6.
[10]贾建称,王根厚,杨国东,等.藏北地区自然灾害及其防治--以巴青县-索县地区为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(2):84-87.Jia Jiancheng,Wang Genghou,Yang Guodong,et al.Natural disaster and its prevention in the North Tibet:A case study of Baqing CountySuoxian County[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2005,16(2):84-87.
[11]辛盛鹏.西藏自治区农牧业调查研究[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2013:359.Xin Shengpeng.Investigation and research on agriculture and animal husbandry in Tibet Autonomous Region[M].Beijing:Renmin University of China Press,2013:359.
[12]沈渭寿,赵卫,王小丹,等.西藏地区生态承载力与可持续发展研究[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2015:217.Shen Weishou,Zhao Wei,Wang Xiaodan,et al.Study on ecological carrying capacity and sustainable development in Tibet[M].Beijing:China Environmental Press,2015:217.
[13]徐增让,成升魁,闵庆文,等.西藏生态脆弱区人为作用对生态退化的影响[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(6):740-745.Xu Zengrang,Cheng Shengkui,Min Qingwen,et al.Influence of human activity on ecological degradation in ecological frangibility areaTibet[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(6):740-745.
[14]张建平,成民.西藏自治区闭坑矿山地质环境问题及其治理对策[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2009,20(4):135-140.Zhang Jianping,Cheng Min.Geological environment problems and Countermeasures of mine closure in Tibet Autonomous Region[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2009,20(4):135-140.
[15]郑绵平.论盐湖农业[J].地球学报,1995(4):404-418.Zheng Mianping.On Saline Lake Agriculture[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,1995(4):404-418.
[16]Hopkinson C S,Day Jr J W.A model of the Barataria Bay salt marsh ecosystem[M]//Hal C A S,Day Jr J W.Ecosystem Modeling in Theory and Practice.New York:John Wiley and Sons,1977:235-265.
[17]Day Jr J W.Butler T J.Conner W H.Productivity and export studies in a cypress swamp and lake system in Louisiana[M]//Wiley M L.Estuarine Processes:Vol 11.New York:Academic Press,1977:255-269.
[18]Hedgpeth J W.An introduction to the zoogeography of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico with reference to the invertebrate fauna[J].Publications of the Institute of Marine Science University Texas,1953,3:107-224.
[19]Williams W D.Inland salt lakes[J].Hydrobiologia,1981,81:1-14.
[20]郑绵平.论盐湖学[J].地球学报,1999,20(4):404-418.Zheng Mianping.Initial discussion of salinology[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,1999,20(4):404-418.
[21]КарпевичАФ.БиологическиеосновыакклиматизацииценныхвидоврыбвАзовскомморе.Труды[J].ВНИРО,1964,55(2):47-69.
[22]КарпевичАФ.水生生物移植驯化理论与实践[M].杜佳垠,译.北京:科学出版社,1986:424.КарпевичАФ.Theory and practice of transplantation and domestication of aquatic organisms[M].Du Jiayin,trans.Beijing:Science Press,1980.
[23]于升松.盐湖[M].西宁:青海人民出版社,1980.Yu Shengsun.Salt lakes[M].Xinin:Qinghai People's Publishing House,1980.
[24]中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所.中国湖泊概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1989,232.Nanjing Institute of Geography Limnology,CAS.Introduction of lakes in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1989:232.
[25]张彭熹.柴达木盆地盐湖[M].北京:科学出版社,1987:81.Zhang Pengxi.Salt lakes in Qaidam Basin[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980.
[26]韩晓静,张猛,谢树莲.轮藻功能性香皂的驱蚊抑菌作用研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2010,33(4):601-604.Han Xiaojing,Zhang Meng,Xie Shulian.Repellency against mosquito bites and bacteriostatic effect of soap with charophyte[J].Journal of Shanxi University(Natural Science Edition),2010,33(4):601-604.
[27]Jia Q X,Elena A,Liu X F,et el.Intentional introduction of Artemia sinica(Anostraca)in the highaltitude Tibetan Lake Dangxiong Co:The new population and consequences for the environment and for humans[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2015,33(6):1451-1460.
[28]Liu S S,Liu X F,Jia Q X.Comparative study on carbon in surface layer of bottom sediments in different sites of the saline Lake Dagze Co,North-Tibet Plateau,China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),2014,88(Suppl 1):149-150.
[29]Jia Q X,Anufriieva E,Liu S S,et el.Results of an intentional introduction of Artemia sinica in the high-altitude Tibetan Lake Dangxiong Co:On a base of surveys in 2011 and 2013[J].Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),2014,88(Suppl 1):74-76.
[30]Jia Q X,Xu N,Zhu J,et al.Laboratory studies on the influence of temperature on the reproductive potential of Artemia sinica Cai(crustacea:anostraca)from Yan Chi salt lake[J].China.Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2002,17(3):468-474.
[31]Jia Q X,Wang H P,Kong F J,et al.Some ecological parameters of Artemia parthenogenetica Gahai and their use in resource exploitation[J].Frontiers of Biology in China,2009,4(3):1673-3509.
[2]郑喜玉.西藏盐湖[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.Zheng Xiyu.Salt lakes in tibet[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980.
[3]中科院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏水生无脊椎动物[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Expedition.Aquatic invertebrate in Tibet[M].Beijing:Science Press,1983.
[4]中科院青藏高原综合科学考察队.西藏藻类[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Eexpedition.The algae in Tibet[M].Beijing:Science Press,1983.
[5]郑绵平,刘文高,向军.西藏扎布耶盐湖嗜盐菌、藻的发现和生态意义雏议[J].地质学报,1985,59(2):162-171.Zheng Mianping,Liu Wengao,Xiang Jun.The discovery of halophilic algae and halobacteria at Zabuye salt lake Tibet and preliminary study on the geoecology[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1985,59(2):162-171.
[6]郑绵平,向军,魏新俊,等.青藏高原盐湖[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1989:430.Zheng Mianping,Xiang Jun,Wei Xinjun,et al.Saline lakes of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau[M].Beijing:Science and Technology Publishing House,1989:430.
[7]刘俊英,郑绵平,罗健.西藏拉果错卤虫:I.生物学特征[J].湖泊科学,1998,10(2):92-96.Liu Junying,Zheng Mianping,Lou Jian.A study of Artemia in Lagkor Co,Tibet:I.biological feature[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,1998,10(2):92-96.
[8]刘俊英,罗健,郑绵平.西藏拉果错卤虫:II.营养成分[J].湖泊科学,1999,11(3):283-288.Liu Junying,Lou Jian,Zheng Mianping.A Study of Artemia in Lagokor Co,Tibet:II.Nutrient[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,1999,11(3):283-288.
[9]秦泗国,钟国辉.西藏高原当前生态环境问题的初步研究[J]..西藏大学学报(自然科学版),2008,23(1):3-6.Qing Siguo,Zhong Guohui.A preliminary study on ecological environmental problems in Tibet[J].Journal of Tibet University(Natural Science Edition),2008,23(1):3-6.
[10]贾建称,王根厚,杨国东,等.藏北地区自然灾害及其防治--以巴青县-索县地区为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(2):84-87.Jia Jiancheng,Wang Genghou,Yang Guodong,et al.Natural disaster and its prevention in the North Tibet:A case study of Baqing CountySuoxian County[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2005,16(2):84-87.
[11]辛盛鹏.西藏自治区农牧业调查研究[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2013:359.Xin Shengpeng.Investigation and research on agriculture and animal husbandry in Tibet Autonomous Region[M].Beijing:Renmin University of China Press,2013:359.
[12]沈渭寿,赵卫,王小丹,等.西藏地区生态承载力与可持续发展研究[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2015:217.Shen Weishou,Zhao Wei,Wang Xiaodan,et al.Study on ecological carrying capacity and sustainable development in Tibet[M].Beijing:China Environmental Press,2015:217.
[13]徐增让,成升魁,闵庆文,等.西藏生态脆弱区人为作用对生态退化的影响[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(6):740-745.Xu Zengrang,Cheng Shengkui,Min Qingwen,et al.Influence of human activity on ecological degradation in ecological frangibility areaTibet[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(6):740-745.
[14]张建平,成民.西藏自治区闭坑矿山地质环境问题及其治理对策[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2009,20(4):135-140.Zhang Jianping,Cheng Min.Geological environment problems and Countermeasures of mine closure in Tibet Autonomous Region[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2009,20(4):135-140.
[15]郑绵平.论盐湖农业[J].地球学报,1995(4):404-418.Zheng Mianping.On Saline Lake Agriculture[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,1995(4):404-418.
[16]Hopkinson C S,Day Jr J W.A model of the Barataria Bay salt marsh ecosystem[M]//Hal C A S,Day Jr J W.Ecosystem Modeling in Theory and Practice.New York:John Wiley and Sons,1977:235-265.
[17]Day Jr J W.Butler T J.Conner W H.Productivity and export studies in a cypress swamp and lake system in Louisiana[M]//Wiley M L.Estuarine Processes:Vol 11.New York:Academic Press,1977:255-269.
[18]Hedgpeth J W.An introduction to the zoogeography of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico with reference to the invertebrate fauna[J].Publications of the Institute of Marine Science University Texas,1953,3:107-224.
[19]Williams W D.Inland salt lakes[J].Hydrobiologia,1981,81:1-14.
[20]郑绵平.论盐湖学[J].地球学报,1999,20(4):404-418.Zheng Mianping.Initial discussion of salinology[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,1999,20(4):404-418.
[21]КарпевичАФ.БиологическиеосновыакклиматизацииценныхвидоврыбвАзовскомморе.Труды[J].ВНИРО,1964,55(2):47-69.
[22]КарпевичАФ.水生生物移植驯化理论与实践[M].杜佳垠,译.北京:科学出版社,1986:424.КарпевичАФ.Theory and practice of transplantation and domestication of aquatic organisms[M].Du Jiayin,trans.Beijing:Science Press,1980.
[23]于升松.盐湖[M].西宁:青海人民出版社,1980.Yu Shengsun.Salt lakes[M].Xinin:Qinghai People's Publishing House,1980.
[24]中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所.中国湖泊概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1989,232.Nanjing Institute of Geography Limnology,CAS.Introduction of lakes in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1989:232.
[25]张彭熹.柴达木盆地盐湖[M].北京:科学出版社,1987:81.Zhang Pengxi.Salt lakes in Qaidam Basin[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980.
[26]韩晓静,张猛,谢树莲.轮藻功能性香皂的驱蚊抑菌作用研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2010,33(4):601-604.Han Xiaojing,Zhang Meng,Xie Shulian.Repellency against mosquito bites and bacteriostatic effect of soap with charophyte[J].Journal of Shanxi University(Natural Science Edition),2010,33(4):601-604.
[27]Jia Q X,Elena A,Liu X F,et el.Intentional introduction of Artemia sinica(Anostraca)in the highaltitude Tibetan Lake Dangxiong Co:The new population and consequences for the environment and for humans[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2015,33(6):1451-1460.
[28]Liu S S,Liu X F,Jia Q X.Comparative study on carbon in surface layer of bottom sediments in different sites of the saline Lake Dagze Co,North-Tibet Plateau,China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),2014,88(Suppl 1):149-150.
[29]Jia Q X,Anufriieva E,Liu S S,et el.Results of an intentional introduction of Artemia sinica in the high-altitude Tibetan Lake Dangxiong Co:On a base of surveys in 2011 and 2013[J].Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),2014,88(Suppl 1):74-76.
[30]Jia Q X,Xu N,Zhu J,et al.Laboratory studies on the influence of temperature on the reproductive potential of Artemia sinica Cai(crustacea:anostraca)from Yan Chi salt lake[J].China.Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2002,17(3):468-474.
[31]Jia Q X,Wang H P,Kong F J,et al.Some ecological parameters of Artemia parthenogenetica Gahai and their use in resource exploitation[J].Frontiers of Biology in China,2009,4(3):1673-3509.