珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区湖泊动态及对区域气候变化的响应
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摘要
利用Landsat卫星影像,采用面向对象分类方法提取珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区湖泊信息,分析了湖泊动态及对区域气候变化的响应关系。结果表明:(1)2015年保护区湖泊总面积为489.07 km~2,构造湖、河成湖、冰川湖分别占总面积的77.3%、2.6%、20.1%。(2)1975-2015年,保护区内各类湖泊面积变化速率不同,冰川湖最大(1.05 km~2·a~(-1)),构造湖次之(-0.85 km~2·a~(-1)),河成湖最稳定(0.013km~2·a~(-1));保护区南坡冰川湖面积变化速率(0.53 km~2·a~(-1))略大于北坡(0.52 km~2·a~(-1))。(3)北坡构造湖、河成湖对区域气候的响应呈阶段性变化规律,1975-2000年珠峰地区气候呈暖湿化趋势,2000年构造湖、河成湖面积达到峰值,两类总计增加22.8 km~2;2000-2015年转变为显著的暖干气候,构造湖、河成湖面积均呈减少趋势,总共减少57.16 km~2。随着区域气候的变暖,冰川湖总面积不断扩大,近40年间冰川湖面积累计增加43.06 km~2。(4)灰色关联度分析显示,年极端低温对构造湖面积变化影响最显著,年均气温对冰川湖起主导作用,年均相对湿度对河成湖影响最大。较其他气候因子而言,降水量对各类湖泊面积变化的影响均最小。
In this paper,object-oriented classification method was adopted to extract the lake information of Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve by Landsat satellite images,and to analyze lake dynamics and the responses to regional climate change. The results showed:(1) Total lake area was 489.07 km~2 in the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve in 2015,and tectonic lake,fluvial lake and glacial lake accounted for 77.3%,2.6% and 20.1% of the total area,respectively.(2) During 1975-2015,the change rates of area were different for various kinds of lake in the reserve: glacier lake(1.05 km~2·a~(-1)) > tectonic lake(-0.85 km~2·a~(-1)) > fluvial lake(0.013 km~2·a~(-1)),with the change rates of glacier lake on south slopes(0.53 km~2·a~(-1)) > that on north slopes(0.52 km~2·a~(-1)).(3) There were periodic changes for the response of tectonic lake and fluvial lake in the north slopes with regional climate. During 1975-2000,the climate in Mount Qomolangma region was in warm and wet. In2000,the lake areas of tectonic lake and fluvial lake reached to peak values. The two kinds of lakes had increased22.8 km~2 totally. During 2000-2015,the regional climate had changed to warm and dry,and the lake areas of tectonic lake and fluvial lake had decreased. An area of 57.16 km~2 had decreased totally. However,as the warming of regional climate,the total area of glacial lake had enlarged constantly. The glacial lake had increased 43.06 km~2 in the reserve in the near 40 years.(4) The grey relational analysis(GRA) results indicated that annual extreme lowtemperature had the most significant influence on the tectonic lake area. Annual mean air temperature had dominant effects to glacial lake and annual mean humidity had the largest impact on fluvial lake. Compared with other climatic factors,precipitation has the smallest impact on the area of various kinds of lakes.
In this paper,object-oriented classification method was adopted to extract the lake information of Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve by Landsat satellite images,and to analyze lake dynamics and the responses to regional climate change. The results showed:(1) Total lake area was 489.07 km~2 in the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve in 2015,and tectonic lake,fluvial lake and glacial lake accounted for 77.3%,2.6% and 20.1% of the total area,respectively.(2) During 1975-2015,the change rates of area were different for various kinds of lake in the reserve: glacier lake(1.05 km~2·a~(-1)) > tectonic lake(-0.85 km~2·a~(-1)) > fluvial lake(0.013 km~2·a~(-1)),with the change rates of glacier lake on south slopes(0.53 km~2·a~(-1)) > that on north slopes(0.52 km~2·a~(-1)).(3) There were periodic changes for the response of tectonic lake and fluvial lake in the north slopes with regional climate. During 1975-2000,the climate in Mount Qomolangma region was in warm and wet. In2000,the lake areas of tectonic lake and fluvial lake reached to peak values. The two kinds of lakes had increased22.8 km~2 totally. During 2000-2015,the regional climate had changed to warm and dry,and the lake areas of tectonic lake and fluvial lake had decreased. An area of 57.16 km~2 had decreased totally. However,as the warming of regional climate,the total area of glacial lake had enlarged constantly. The glacial lake had increased 43.06 km~2 in the reserve in the near 40 years.(4) The grey relational analysis(GRA) results indicated that annual extreme lowtemperature had the most significant influence on the tectonic lake area. Annual mean air temperature had dominant effects to glacial lake and annual mean humidity had the largest impact on fluvial lake. Compared with other climatic factors,precipitation has the smallest impact on the area of various kinds of lakes.
引文
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