基于强度折减法的隧道洞口段地震稳定性研究
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摘要
近年来,强度折减法在岩土工程静、动力稳定性分析领域快速发展。基于该方法,相关学者研究了边坡和隧道的动力稳定安全系数。隧道洞口段是围岩、边坡和衬砌结构相互作用的三维复杂结构体,当前对其地震稳定性研究多集中于定性描述,尚不能给出量化的指标。依托振动台试验,建立相应的洞口段三维数值模型,采用强度折减法,引入结合突变理论的塑性区应变能和其他判据,获得洞口段的动力稳定安全系数。结果表明:结合突变理论的塑性区应变能和其他判据得到的安全系数的最大相对误差较小,在洞口段的地震稳定性分析中采用该判据具有简便、量化等优势;计算出的洞口段的动力安全系数与动力加载降低结构稳定性的一般规律相一致;安全系数为1.52说明洞口段有较高的地震稳定性,与振动台试验的实验现象符合。
Recently,the strength reduction method(SRM)has gained importance in static and dynamic fields of Geotechnical Engineering.Based on this method,the dynamic safety factor of slopes and tunnels has been studied by scholars.As a complicated 3-dimensional structure,the tunnel portal section is partly influenced by the interaction between the surrounding rock,slope,and lining of the structure.Seismic stability research is now mostly conducted for qualitative descriptions.To evaluate the dynamic stability of such projects and provide references for design and construction,quantitative indexes should be developed.According to the shaking table test,a numerical model of a 3-dimensional tunnel portal section is built,in which the SRM is adopted to acquire a dynamic safety factor of this section.In this study,the plastic energy criteria(PEC)combined with the catastrophe theory(CT)is used as the failure judgment of the model in deciding the safety factor.Using the CT,the critical changing point of the reduction factor-plastic energy curve is decided.The safety factor of the model then becomes the reduction factor at this critical point.Results show that the PEC combined with the CT have a small error and exhibit the advantages of simplicity and convenience compared with other failure criterion such as displacement criterion,non-convergence criterion and the criterion of plastic zone connection.The dynamic safety factor of the model is smaller than the static safety factor,which is in accordance with the law that structures exhibit lower stability under dynamic loading.The dynamic safety factor is 1.52 for the model,indicating that the portal section in simulating is rather stable,which agrees with the shaking table test results.The results show that the PEC combined with the CT is feasible in such engineering cases,which could provide reference for similar projects.
Recently,the strength reduction method(SRM)has gained importance in static and dynamic fields of Geotechnical Engineering.Based on this method,the dynamic safety factor of slopes and tunnels has been studied by scholars.As a complicated 3-dimensional structure,the tunnel portal section is partly influenced by the interaction between the surrounding rock,slope,and lining of the structure.Seismic stability research is now mostly conducted for qualitative descriptions.To evaluate the dynamic stability of such projects and provide references for design and construction,quantitative indexes should be developed.According to the shaking table test,a numerical model of a 3-dimensional tunnel portal section is built,in which the SRM is adopted to acquire a dynamic safety factor of this section.In this study,the plastic energy criteria(PEC)combined with the catastrophe theory(CT)is used as the failure judgment of the model in deciding the safety factor.Using the CT,the critical changing point of the reduction factor-plastic energy curve is decided.The safety factor of the model then becomes the reduction factor at this critical point.Results show that the PEC combined with the CT have a small error and exhibit the advantages of simplicity and convenience compared with other failure criterion such as displacement criterion,non-convergence criterion and the criterion of plastic zone connection.The dynamic safety factor of the model is smaller than the static safety factor,which is in accordance with the law that structures exhibit lower stability under dynamic loading.The dynamic safety factor is 1.52 for the model,indicating that the portal section in simulating is rather stable,which agrees with the shaking table test results.The results show that the PEC combined with the CT is feasible in such engineering cases,which could provide reference for similar projects.
引文
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[2]崔光耀,刘维东,倪嵩陟,等.汶川地震各地震烈度区公路隧道震害特征研究[J].现代隧道技术,2014,51(6):1-6.CUI Guangyao,LIU Weidong,NI Songzhi,et al.Study on Different Seismic Intensities and Earthquake Damage to Highway Tunnels in Wenchuan Area Affected by Earthquakes[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2014,51(6):1-6.
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[5]白广斌,赵杰,易剑.某核电取水隧洞洞口段及洞口高边坡抗震稳定分析[J].岩土力学,2014,35(增刊2):488-494.BAI Guangbin,ZHAO Jie,YI Jian.Anti-seismic Stability Analysis of Entrance and High Slope of Water Tunnel for a Nuclear Power Plant[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(Supp2):488-494.
[6]李育枢,李天斌.高烈度地震区隧道洞口段地震安全性分析及评价[J].现代隧道技术,2011,48(3):46-52.LI Yushu,LI Tianbin.Seismic Analysis and Safety Evaluation of the Tunnel Portal Section in Regions of High Seismic Intensity[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2011,48(3):46-52.
[7]周德培.强震区隧道洞口段的动力特性研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1998,18(1):124-130.ZHOU Depei.Dynamic Behavior of Portal Part of Tunnel Subjected to Strong Ground Motion[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1998,18(1):124-130.
[8]陶连金,侯森,赵旭,等.不同仰坡度数的山岭隧道洞口段动力响应振动台试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(增刊1):91-98.TAO Lianjin,HOU Sen,ZHAO Xu,et al.Large-scale Shaking Table Test for Dynamic Response in Portal Section of Mountain Tunnel with Different Gradients of Upward Slope[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(Supp1):91-98.
[9]王帅帅,高波,隋传义,等.不同地质条件下隧道洞口仰坡地震破坏特性研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(增刊1):278-284.WANG Shuaishuai,GAO Bo,SUI Chuanyi,et al.Shaking Table Test for Seismic Behavior of Upward Slope at Tunnel Entrance in Different Geological Conditions[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(Supp1):278-284.
[10]刘如山,胡少卿,石宏彬.地下结构抗震计算中拟静力法的地震荷载施加方法研究[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(2):237-242.LIU Rushan,HU Shaoqing,SHI Hongbin.The Research of Earthquake Load Applied Method of Pseudo-static Method in the Calculation of Underground Structure[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(2):237-242.
[11]ZIENKIEWICZ O C,HUMPHESON C,LEWIS R W.Associate and Non-associated Visco Plasticity in Soil Mechanics[J].Geotechnique,1999,49(3):387-403.
[12]郑颖人,肖强,叶海林,等.地震隧洞稳定性分析探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(6):1081-1088.ZHEN Yingren,XIAO Qiang,YE Hailin,et al.Study of Tunnel Stability Analysis with Seismic Load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(6):1081-1088.
[13]周桂云,李同春.基于静动力有限元的边坡抗震稳定分析方法[J].岩土力学,2010,31(7):2303-2308.ZHOU Guiyun,LI Tongchun.Slope Seismic Stability Analysis Method Based on Static and Dynamic Finite Elements[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(7):2303-2308.
[14]程选生,郑颖人.地震作用下无衬砌黄土隧道围岩结构安全系数的计算探讨[J].岩土力学,2011,32(3):761-766.CHENG Xuansheng,ZHENG Yingren.Calculation Discussion about Safety Factor of Unlined Loess Tunnel Wall Rock Structure under Earthquake[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(3):761-766.
[15]郭院成,陈涛,钱辉.基于强度折减的边坡动力安全系数确定方法研究[J].土木工程学报,2012,45(增刊2):117-120.GUO Yuancheng,CHEN Tao,QIAN Hui.The Determination Method of Dynamic Safety Factor for Slope Based on Strength Reduction[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2012,45(Supp2):117-120.
[16]陈林杰,郑晓卫.基于有限元强度折减法的地震区三维边坡稳定性分析[J].重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版),2013,32(3):415-418,433.CHEN Linjie,ZHENG Xiaowei.Three-dimensional Slope Stability of Earthquake Zone Based on Strength Reduction FEM[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science Edition),2013,32(3):415-418,433.
[17]吴应祥,刘东升,宋强辉,等.基于有限元强度折减法的边坡动力稳定性可靠性分析[J].岩土力学,2013,34(7):2084-2090.WU Yingxiang,LIU Dongsheng,SONG Qianghui,et al.Reliability Analysis of Slope Dynamic Stability Based on Strength Reduction FEM[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(7):2084-2090.
[18]郑俊杰,郑德英,曹文昭,等.基于动力强度折减法的边坡稳定性分析[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(9):63-66.ZHENG Junjie,ZHENG Deying,CAO Wenzhao,et al.Evaluation of Slope Stability by Dynamic Finite Element Strength Reduction Method[J].Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition),2013,41(9):63-66.
[19]郑东健,雷霆.基于突变理论的高拱坝失稳判据研究[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(1):23-27.ZHENG Dongjian,LEI Ting.Instability Criteria for High Arch Dams Using Catastrophe Theory[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(1):23-27.
[20]刘会波,肖明,陈俊涛.岩体地下工程局部围岩失稳的能量耗散突变判据[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2011,44(2):202-206.LIU Huibo,XIAO Ming,CHEN Juntao.Instability Criterion for Judging Energy Dissipation Catastrophe of Local Rock Mass System of Underground Engineering[J].Engineering Journal of Wuhan University,2011,33(1):23-27.
[21]许崇帮.节理岩体中特大断面连拱隧道围岩稳定性研究[D].上海:同济大学,2010.XU Chongbang.Study on Surrounding Rock Stability of Super-large Section Multi-arch Tunnel in Jointed Rock Masses[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2010.
[22]侯森.山岭隧道洞口段动力响应研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2015.HOU Sen.Study on Dynamic Response in Portal[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2014.
[2]崔光耀,刘维东,倪嵩陟,等.汶川地震各地震烈度区公路隧道震害特征研究[J].现代隧道技术,2014,51(6):1-6.CUI Guangyao,LIU Weidong,NI Songzhi,et al.Study on Different Seismic Intensities and Earthquake Damage to Highway Tunnels in Wenchuan Area Affected by Earthquakes[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2014,51(6):1-6.
[3]崔光耀,王明年,林国进,等.汶川地震区典型公路隧道衬砌震害类型统计分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2011,22(1):122-127.CUI Guangyao,WANG Mingnian,LIN Guojin,et al.Statistical Analysis of Earthquake Damage Types of Typical Highway Tunnel lining Structure in Wenchuan Seismic Disastrous Area[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2011,22(1):122-127.
[4]崔光耀,王明年,于丽,等.汶川地震公路隧道洞口结构震害分析及震害机理研究[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(6):1084-1091.CUI Guangyao,WANG Mingnian,YU Li,et al.Seismic Damage and Mechanism of Portal Structure of Highway Tunnels in Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013,35(6):1084-1091.
[5]白广斌,赵杰,易剑.某核电取水隧洞洞口段及洞口高边坡抗震稳定分析[J].岩土力学,2014,35(增刊2):488-494.BAI Guangbin,ZHAO Jie,YI Jian.Anti-seismic Stability Analysis of Entrance and High Slope of Water Tunnel for a Nuclear Power Plant[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(Supp2):488-494.
[6]李育枢,李天斌.高烈度地震区隧道洞口段地震安全性分析及评价[J].现代隧道技术,2011,48(3):46-52.LI Yushu,LI Tianbin.Seismic Analysis and Safety Evaluation of the Tunnel Portal Section in Regions of High Seismic Intensity[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2011,48(3):46-52.
[7]周德培.强震区隧道洞口段的动力特性研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1998,18(1):124-130.ZHOU Depei.Dynamic Behavior of Portal Part of Tunnel Subjected to Strong Ground Motion[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1998,18(1):124-130.
[8]陶连金,侯森,赵旭,等.不同仰坡度数的山岭隧道洞口段动力响应振动台试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(增刊1):91-98.TAO Lianjin,HOU Sen,ZHAO Xu,et al.Large-scale Shaking Table Test for Dynamic Response in Portal Section of Mountain Tunnel with Different Gradients of Upward Slope[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(Supp1):91-98.
[9]王帅帅,高波,隋传义,等.不同地质条件下隧道洞口仰坡地震破坏特性研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(增刊1):278-284.WANG Shuaishuai,GAO Bo,SUI Chuanyi,et al.Shaking Table Test for Seismic Behavior of Upward Slope at Tunnel Entrance in Different Geological Conditions[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(Supp1):278-284.
[10]刘如山,胡少卿,石宏彬.地下结构抗震计算中拟静力法的地震荷载施加方法研究[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(2):237-242.LIU Rushan,HU Shaoqing,SHI Hongbin.The Research of Earthquake Load Applied Method of Pseudo-static Method in the Calculation of Underground Structure[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(2):237-242.
[11]ZIENKIEWICZ O C,HUMPHESON C,LEWIS R W.Associate and Non-associated Visco Plasticity in Soil Mechanics[J].Geotechnique,1999,49(3):387-403.
[12]郑颖人,肖强,叶海林,等.地震隧洞稳定性分析探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(6):1081-1088.ZHEN Yingren,XIAO Qiang,YE Hailin,et al.Study of Tunnel Stability Analysis with Seismic Load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(6):1081-1088.
[13]周桂云,李同春.基于静动力有限元的边坡抗震稳定分析方法[J].岩土力学,2010,31(7):2303-2308.ZHOU Guiyun,LI Tongchun.Slope Seismic Stability Analysis Method Based on Static and Dynamic Finite Elements[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(7):2303-2308.
[14]程选生,郑颖人.地震作用下无衬砌黄土隧道围岩结构安全系数的计算探讨[J].岩土力学,2011,32(3):761-766.CHENG Xuansheng,ZHENG Yingren.Calculation Discussion about Safety Factor of Unlined Loess Tunnel Wall Rock Structure under Earthquake[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(3):761-766.
[15]郭院成,陈涛,钱辉.基于强度折减的边坡动力安全系数确定方法研究[J].土木工程学报,2012,45(增刊2):117-120.GUO Yuancheng,CHEN Tao,QIAN Hui.The Determination Method of Dynamic Safety Factor for Slope Based on Strength Reduction[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2012,45(Supp2):117-120.
[16]陈林杰,郑晓卫.基于有限元强度折减法的地震区三维边坡稳定性分析[J].重庆交通大学学报(自然科学版),2013,32(3):415-418,433.CHEN Linjie,ZHENG Xiaowei.Three-dimensional Slope Stability of Earthquake Zone Based on Strength Reduction FEM[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University(Natural Science Edition),2013,32(3):415-418,433.
[17]吴应祥,刘东升,宋强辉,等.基于有限元强度折减法的边坡动力稳定性可靠性分析[J].岩土力学,2013,34(7):2084-2090.WU Yingxiang,LIU Dongsheng,SONG Qianghui,et al.Reliability Analysis of Slope Dynamic Stability Based on Strength Reduction FEM[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(7):2084-2090.
[18]郑俊杰,郑德英,曹文昭,等.基于动力强度折减法的边坡稳定性分析[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(9):63-66.ZHENG Junjie,ZHENG Deying,CAO Wenzhao,et al.Evaluation of Slope Stability by Dynamic Finite Element Strength Reduction Method[J].Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition),2013,41(9):63-66.
[19]郑东健,雷霆.基于突变理论的高拱坝失稳判据研究[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(1):23-27.ZHENG Dongjian,LEI Ting.Instability Criteria for High Arch Dams Using Catastrophe Theory[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(1):23-27.
[20]刘会波,肖明,陈俊涛.岩体地下工程局部围岩失稳的能量耗散突变判据[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2011,44(2):202-206.LIU Huibo,XIAO Ming,CHEN Juntao.Instability Criterion for Judging Energy Dissipation Catastrophe of Local Rock Mass System of Underground Engineering[J].Engineering Journal of Wuhan University,2011,33(1):23-27.
[21]许崇帮.节理岩体中特大断面连拱隧道围岩稳定性研究[D].上海:同济大学,2010.XU Chongbang.Study on Surrounding Rock Stability of Super-large Section Multi-arch Tunnel in Jointed Rock Masses[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2010.
[22]侯森.山岭隧道洞口段动力响应研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2015.HOU Sen.Study on Dynamic Response in Portal[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Technology,2014.