基于场地卓越周期的V_(S30)估计方法研究——以川甘地区强震台站为例
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摘要
地表以下30 m深度内的平均剪切波速V_(S30)是广泛用于地震动衰减关系和场地分类的场地条件参数,但是由于一些强震台站的场地钻孔资料不完备,无法获得V_(S30)参数,从而影响和限制了台站获得的强震记录被深入挖掘和广泛应用。以中国四川、甘肃地区强震台站的场地资料和数据为基础,通过分析场地卓越周期T_0与场地V_(S30)的关系,建立两者的经验模型。将本研究方法与其他方法估计结果相比表明:本文估计的V_(S30)在表征场地放大方面具有优势,其与场地放大系数之间表现出更强的相关性,且其对场地放大系数的影响规律更符合场地条件对场地放大影响的物理本质;本文方法估计的V_(S30)可以显著减小中国川甘地区场地放大系数的标准差,特别是在周期0.3 s时,减小幅度可达19%。此外,依据不同地区的场地资料,建立了根据场地周期T_0估计V_(S30)的经验模型,不同地区比较表明,经验模型之间存在明显的区域性差别。结论表明,本研究方法可为缺乏详细场地钻孔资料地区估计V_(S30)参数提供参考。
The time-averaged shear-wave velocity of up to 30 mV_(S30) is widely used in site classification and as a proxy for site amplification in ground-motion prediction equations( GMPEs). Due to the lack of V_(S30) of some strong motion stations,the usage of which were severely restricted. In order to develop a relationship between V_(S30) and the site period T_0,the data of T_0 and V_(S30) of stations from Sichuan and Gansu Province in China were used in this study. Through comparison with the other methods,results indicated that,compared with the V_(S30) values predicted from topographic slope,the V_(S30) values obtained by the method in this paper shows stronger correlations with the site amplification; the effect of evaluated V_(S30) on the site amplification reflects the nature of influence by site condition on ground motion. Besides,by the usage of V_(S30) values predicted in this paper,the standard deviation of site amplification estimated for this region can be reduced significantly. Especially,at period of 0. 3 s the maximum reduction can reach 19%. Finally,based on the site data from different regions,the empirical models of site period T_0 andV_(S30) in different regions are studied,comparison results show obvious difference for different regions. Therefore,this method provides a reference for estimating the V_(S30) parameters in those places with unknown detailed velocity profiles for strong motion stations.
The time-averaged shear-wave velocity of up to 30 mV_(S30) is widely used in site classification and as a proxy for site amplification in ground-motion prediction equations( GMPEs). Due to the lack of V_(S30) of some strong motion stations,the usage of which were severely restricted. In order to develop a relationship between V_(S30) and the site period T_0,the data of T_0 and V_(S30) of stations from Sichuan and Gansu Province in China were used in this study. Through comparison with the other methods,results indicated that,compared with the V_(S30) values predicted from topographic slope,the V_(S30) values obtained by the method in this paper shows stronger correlations with the site amplification; the effect of evaluated V_(S30) on the site amplification reflects the nature of influence by site condition on ground motion. Besides,by the usage of V_(S30) values predicted in this paper,the standard deviation of site amplification estimated for this region can be reduced significantly. Especially,at period of 0. 3 s the maximum reduction can reach 19%. Finally,based on the site data from different regions,the empirical models of site period T_0 andV_(S30) in different regions are studied,comparison results show obvious difference for different regions. Therefore,this method provides a reference for estimating the V_(S30) parameters in those places with unknown detailed velocity profiles for strong motion stations.
引文
[1]Zhao J X,Xu H.A comparison of VS30and site period as site effect parameters in response spectral ground-motion prediction equations[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2013,103(1):1-18.
[2]HU J J,ZHANG Q,JIANG Z J,et al.Characteristics of strong ground motions in the 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian earthquake,Yunnan,China[J].Journal of Seismology.2016,20(1):361-373.
[3]HU J J,ZHANG W B,XIE L L,et al.Strong motion characteristics of the Mw6.6 Lushan earthquake,Sichuan,China-an insight into the spatial difference of a typical thrust fault earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2015,14(2):203-216.
[4]温瑞智,冀昆,任叶飞,等.基于谱比法的我国强震台站场地分类[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(6):1236-1241.WEN Ruizhi,JI Kun,REN Yefei,et al.Site classification for strong earthquake stations in China using spectral ratio method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(6):1236-1241.(in Chinese)
[5]Borcherdt R D,Glassmoyer G.On the characteristics of local geology and their influence on ground motions generated by the Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco Bay region,California[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82:603-641.
[6]Abrahamson N A,Silva W J,Kamai R.Update of the AS08 ground-motion prediction equations based on the NGA-west2 data set[R].PEER Report 2013-04,Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California,Berkeley,2013.
[7]Abrahamson N A,Silva W J.Summary of the Abrahamson&Silva NGA ground-motion relations[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):67-97.
[8]Campbell K W,Bozorgnia Y.NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA,PGV,PGD,and 5%damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):139-171.
[9]Boore D M,Atkinson G M.Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA,PGV,and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):99-138.
[10]Chiou B S J,Youngs R R.NGA ground motion relations for the geometric mean horizontal component of peak and spectral ground motion parameters[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):173-215.
[11]Choi Y,Stewart J P.Nonlinear site amplification as function of 30m shear wave velocity[J].Earthquake Spectra,2005,21(1):1-30.
[12]Walling M,Silva W,Abrahamson N.Nonlinear site amplification factors for constraining the NGA models[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):243-255.
[13]Kamai R,Abrahamson N A,Silva W J.Nonlinear horizontal site amplification for constraining the NGA-West2 GMPEs[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1223-1240.
[14]Seyhan E,Stewart J P.Semi-empirical nonlinear site amplification from NGA-West2 data and simulations[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1241-1256.
[15]Sandikkaya M A,Akkar S,Bard P Y.A nonlinear site-amplification model for the next pan-European[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2013,103(1):19-32.
[16]Abrahamson N A,Silva W J,Kamai R.Summary of the ASK14 ground motion relation for active crustal regions[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1025-1055.
[17]Boore D M,Stewart J P,Seyhan E,et al.NGA-West2 equations for predicting PGA,PGV,and 5%damped PSA for shallow crustal earthquakes[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1057-1085.
[18]Chiou B S J,Youngs R R.Update of the Chiou and Youngs NGA model for the average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1117-1153.
[19]Campbell K W,Bozorgnia Y.NGA-West2 ground motion model for the average horizontal components of PGA,PGV,and 5%damped linear acceleration response spectra[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1087-1115.
[20]Stewart J P,Seyhan E.Semi-empirical nonlinear site amplification and its application in NEHRP site factors[R].Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Report 2013-13,College of Engineering University of California,Berkeley,2013.
[21]张齐,胡进军,谢礼立,等.中国西部地区新一代地震动衰减模型[J].天津大学学报,2013,46(12):1079-1088.ZHANG Qi,HU Jinjun,XIE Lili,et al.New generation ground motion attenuation model for western China[J].Journal of Tianjin University,2013,46(12):1079-1088.(in Chinese)
[22]姜治军,胡进军,谢礼立,等.中国西部地区场地放大模型[J].天津大学学报,2013,46(12):1071-1078.JIANG Zhijun,HU Jinjun,XIE Lili,et al.Model of site amplification factor for western China[J].Journal of Tianjin University,2013,46(12):1071-1078.(in Chinese)
[23]姜治军,胡进军,张齐,等.考虑土层非线性效应的四川地区场地放大系数模型[J].岩土工程学报,2016,38(9):1650-1659.JIANG Zhijun,HU Jinjun,ZHANG Qi,et al.Site amplification factor model for Sichuan region considering nonlinear soil effects[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.2016,38(9):1650-1659.(in Chinese)
[24]喻畑,李小军.汶川地震区强余震衰减关系研究[J].岩土工程学报,2011,11:44-54.YU Tian,LI Xiaojun.Attenuation relationship of ground motion for Wenchuan earthquake region based on NGA model[J]Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.2011,11:44-54.(in Chinese)
[25]Abrahamson N A.Is VS30an effective parameter for site characterization[C]//Fourth IASPEI/IAEE International Symposium:Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion,Santa Barbara:University of California,2011.
[26]Boore D M,Thompson E,Cadet H.Regional correlations of VS30and velocities averaged over depths less than and greater than 30 meters[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2011,101:3046-3059.
[27]Kuo C H,Cheng D S,Hsieh H H,et al.Comparison of three different methods in investigating shallow shear-wave velocity structures in Ilan,Taiwan[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2009,29(1):133-43.
[28]Kuo C H,Wen K L,Hsieh H H,et al.Evaluating empirical regression equations for Vs and estimating VS30in northeastern Taiwan[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2011,31(3):431-439.
[29]Boore D M.Estimating(or NEHRP site classes)from shallow velocity models(depths<30 m)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2004,94(2):591-597.
[30]Dai Z J,Li X J,Hou C L.A shear-wave velocity model for VS30estimation based on a conditional independence property[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2013,103(6):3354-3361.
[31]Wang H Y,Wang S Y.A new method for estimating VS30from a shallow shear-wave velocity profile(depth<30 m)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2015,105:1359-1370.
[32]Xie J J,Zimmaro P,Li X J,et al.VS30empirical prediction relationships based on a new soil-profile database for the Beijing plain area,China[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.2016,106(6):2843-2854.
[33]Wald D J,Allen T I.Topographic slope as a proxy for seismic site conditions and amplification[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007,97:1379-1395.
[34]Allen T I,Wald D J.On the use of high-resolution topographic data as a proxy for seismic site conditions(VS30)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99(2A):935-943.
[35]Ghofrani H,Atkinson G M,Goda K(2013).Implications of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Japan earthquake for the treatment of site effects in large earthquakes[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,2013(11):171-203.
[36]Hassani B,Atkinson G M,Applicability of the site fundamental frequency as a VS30proxy for central and eastern North America[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2016,102(2):653-664.
[37]Lermo,J,Chávez-García F J.Site effect evaluation using spectral ratios with only one station[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1993,83:1574-1594.
[38]Field E H,Jacob K H.A comparison and test of various site response estimation techniques,including three that are not reference site dependent[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1995,85:1127-1143.
[39]Kawase,H,Sánchez-Sesma F J,Matsushima S.The optimal use of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios of earthquake motions for velocity inversions based on diffuse-field theory for plane waves[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2011,101:2001-2014.
[40]Ghofrani H G,Atkinson M,Goda K.Implications of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Japan earthquake for the treatment of site effects in large earthquakes[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,2013,11:171-203.
[41]喻畑.汶川地震区地震动估计经验模型[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2012.YU Tian.Empirical estimate model for ground motion of Wenchuan earthquake zone[D].Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration,2012.(in Chinese)
[42]Zhao J X,Hu J S,Jiang F,et al.Nonlinear site models derived from 1D analyses for ground-motion prediction equations using site class as the site parameter[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2015,105:2010-2022.
[43]Zhao J X,Irikura K,Zhang J,Y.et al.An empirical site classification method for strong motion stations in Japan using H/V response spectrum ratio[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2006,96(3):914-925.
[44]Toro G R.Probabilistic models of site velocity profiles for generic and site-specific ground-motion amplification studies[R].Upton New York:Brookhaven National Laboratory,1995.
[2]HU J J,ZHANG Q,JIANG Z J,et al.Characteristics of strong ground motions in the 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian earthquake,Yunnan,China[J].Journal of Seismology.2016,20(1):361-373.
[3]HU J J,ZHANG W B,XIE L L,et al.Strong motion characteristics of the Mw6.6 Lushan earthquake,Sichuan,China-an insight into the spatial difference of a typical thrust fault earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2015,14(2):203-216.
[4]温瑞智,冀昆,任叶飞,等.基于谱比法的我国强震台站场地分类[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(6):1236-1241.WEN Ruizhi,JI Kun,REN Yefei,et al.Site classification for strong earthquake stations in China using spectral ratio method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(6):1236-1241.(in Chinese)
[5]Borcherdt R D,Glassmoyer G.On the characteristics of local geology and their influence on ground motions generated by the Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco Bay region,California[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82:603-641.
[6]Abrahamson N A,Silva W J,Kamai R.Update of the AS08 ground-motion prediction equations based on the NGA-west2 data set[R].PEER Report 2013-04,Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,University of California,Berkeley,2013.
[7]Abrahamson N A,Silva W J.Summary of the Abrahamson&Silva NGA ground-motion relations[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):67-97.
[8]Campbell K W,Bozorgnia Y.NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA,PGV,PGD,and 5%damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):139-171.
[9]Boore D M,Atkinson G M.Ground-motion prediction equations for the average horizontal component of PGA,PGV,and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):99-138.
[10]Chiou B S J,Youngs R R.NGA ground motion relations for the geometric mean horizontal component of peak and spectral ground motion parameters[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):173-215.
[11]Choi Y,Stewart J P.Nonlinear site amplification as function of 30m shear wave velocity[J].Earthquake Spectra,2005,21(1):1-30.
[12]Walling M,Silva W,Abrahamson N.Nonlinear site amplification factors for constraining the NGA models[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):243-255.
[13]Kamai R,Abrahamson N A,Silva W J.Nonlinear horizontal site amplification for constraining the NGA-West2 GMPEs[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1223-1240.
[14]Seyhan E,Stewart J P.Semi-empirical nonlinear site amplification from NGA-West2 data and simulations[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1241-1256.
[15]Sandikkaya M A,Akkar S,Bard P Y.A nonlinear site-amplification model for the next pan-European[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2013,103(1):19-32.
[16]Abrahamson N A,Silva W J,Kamai R.Summary of the ASK14 ground motion relation for active crustal regions[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1025-1055.
[17]Boore D M,Stewart J P,Seyhan E,et al.NGA-West2 equations for predicting PGA,PGV,and 5%damped PSA for shallow crustal earthquakes[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1057-1085.
[18]Chiou B S J,Youngs R R.Update of the Chiou and Youngs NGA model for the average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1117-1153.
[19]Campbell K W,Bozorgnia Y.NGA-West2 ground motion model for the average horizontal components of PGA,PGV,and 5%damped linear acceleration response spectra[J].Earthquake Spectra,2014,30(3):1087-1115.
[20]Stewart J P,Seyhan E.Semi-empirical nonlinear site amplification and its application in NEHRP site factors[R].Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Report 2013-13,College of Engineering University of California,Berkeley,2013.
[21]张齐,胡进军,谢礼立,等.中国西部地区新一代地震动衰减模型[J].天津大学学报,2013,46(12):1079-1088.ZHANG Qi,HU Jinjun,XIE Lili,et al.New generation ground motion attenuation model for western China[J].Journal of Tianjin University,2013,46(12):1079-1088.(in Chinese)
[22]姜治军,胡进军,谢礼立,等.中国西部地区场地放大模型[J].天津大学学报,2013,46(12):1071-1078.JIANG Zhijun,HU Jinjun,XIE Lili,et al.Model of site amplification factor for western China[J].Journal of Tianjin University,2013,46(12):1071-1078.(in Chinese)
[23]姜治军,胡进军,张齐,等.考虑土层非线性效应的四川地区场地放大系数模型[J].岩土工程学报,2016,38(9):1650-1659.JIANG Zhijun,HU Jinjun,ZHANG Qi,et al.Site amplification factor model for Sichuan region considering nonlinear soil effects[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.2016,38(9):1650-1659.(in Chinese)
[24]喻畑,李小军.汶川地震区强余震衰减关系研究[J].岩土工程学报,2011,11:44-54.YU Tian,LI Xiaojun.Attenuation relationship of ground motion for Wenchuan earthquake region based on NGA model[J]Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.2011,11:44-54.(in Chinese)
[25]Abrahamson N A.Is VS30an effective parameter for site characterization[C]//Fourth IASPEI/IAEE International Symposium:Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion,Santa Barbara:University of California,2011.
[26]Boore D M,Thompson E,Cadet H.Regional correlations of VS30and velocities averaged over depths less than and greater than 30 meters[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2011,101:3046-3059.
[27]Kuo C H,Cheng D S,Hsieh H H,et al.Comparison of three different methods in investigating shallow shear-wave velocity structures in Ilan,Taiwan[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2009,29(1):133-43.
[28]Kuo C H,Wen K L,Hsieh H H,et al.Evaluating empirical regression equations for Vs and estimating VS30in northeastern Taiwan[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2011,31(3):431-439.
[29]Boore D M.Estimating(or NEHRP site classes)from shallow velocity models(depths<30 m)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2004,94(2):591-597.
[30]Dai Z J,Li X J,Hou C L.A shear-wave velocity model for VS30estimation based on a conditional independence property[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2013,103(6):3354-3361.
[31]Wang H Y,Wang S Y.A new method for estimating VS30from a shallow shear-wave velocity profile(depth<30 m)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2015,105:1359-1370.
[32]Xie J J,Zimmaro P,Li X J,et al.VS30empirical prediction relationships based on a new soil-profile database for the Beijing plain area,China[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.2016,106(6):2843-2854.
[33]Wald D J,Allen T I.Topographic slope as a proxy for seismic site conditions and amplification[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007,97:1379-1395.
[34]Allen T I,Wald D J.On the use of high-resolution topographic data as a proxy for seismic site conditions(VS30)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99(2A):935-943.
[35]Ghofrani H,Atkinson G M,Goda K(2013).Implications of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Japan earthquake for the treatment of site effects in large earthquakes[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,2013(11):171-203.
[36]Hassani B,Atkinson G M,Applicability of the site fundamental frequency as a VS30proxy for central and eastern North America[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2016,102(2):653-664.
[37]Lermo,J,Chávez-García F J.Site effect evaluation using spectral ratios with only one station[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1993,83:1574-1594.
[38]Field E H,Jacob K H.A comparison and test of various site response estimation techniques,including three that are not reference site dependent[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1995,85:1127-1143.
[39]Kawase,H,Sánchez-Sesma F J,Matsushima S.The optimal use of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios of earthquake motions for velocity inversions based on diffuse-field theory for plane waves[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2011,101:2001-2014.
[40]Ghofrani H G,Atkinson M,Goda K.Implications of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Japan earthquake for the treatment of site effects in large earthquakes[J].Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,2013,11:171-203.
[41]喻畑.汶川地震区地震动估计经验模型[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2012.YU Tian.Empirical estimate model for ground motion of Wenchuan earthquake zone[D].Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration,2012.(in Chinese)
[42]Zhao J X,Hu J S,Jiang F,et al.Nonlinear site models derived from 1D analyses for ground-motion prediction equations using site class as the site parameter[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2015,105:2010-2022.
[43]Zhao J X,Irikura K,Zhang J,Y.et al.An empirical site classification method for strong motion stations in Japan using H/V response spectrum ratio[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2006,96(3):914-925.
[44]Toro G R.Probabilistic models of site velocity profiles for generic and site-specific ground-motion amplification studies[R].Upton New York:Brookhaven National Laboratory,1995.