面向地形类型区分的地表粗糙度算法比较研究
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摘要
【目的】以地形类型辨识和区分为目的,对比分析不同粗糙度算法的优缺点,为定量描述地形形态、划分地形类型提供新思路。【方法】基于SRTM3高程数据,使用常见的11种地表粗糙度算法(坡度、局地高差、高程均方差、高程均方根偏差、均方根坡度、绝对坡度、坡度标准差、面积比、矢量离差、余弦特征值、二维变异性)提取研究区的地表粗糙度,从空间格局特征和统计分布特征两方面对提取结果进行对比,并利用典型断面和频率曲线分析方法探讨各算法区分研究区地形类型的能力。【结果】坡度、局地高差、高程均方差、高程均方根偏差、均方根坡度和绝对坡度6种算法所得地表粗糙度的空间格局特征与统计分布特征极其相似,且能有效区分研究区的地形类型。坡度标准差、面积比、矢量离差、余弦特征值和二维变异性5种算法难以表达研究区地表粗糙度的宏观变异,不能有效区分研究区的地形类型。【结论】基于高程空间变异的坡度、局地高差、高程均方差、高程均方根偏差、均方根坡度、绝对坡度6种算法是表达地表粗糙程度和区分地形类型的较佳算法。
【Objective】 Aiming at distinguishing terrain types,this study quantitatively evaluated different algorithms to provide new ideas for terrain type separation.【Method】 A total of 11 surface roughness algorithms(slope,local elevation range,root-mean-square of height,root-mean-square of height deviation,root-mean-square of slope,absolute slope,standard deviation of slope,area ratio,direction cosine eigenvalues,vector dispersion,and two-dimensional variability) were applied to the SRTM3 digital elevation data to extract the surface roughness of the study area. The results were analyzed from the spatial pattern and statistical distribution.Then,the ability of different methods to distinguish terrain types was analyzed by typical section analysis and distribution curve analysis.【Result】 The slope,local elevation range,root-mean-square of height,root-mean-square of height deviation,root-mean-square of slope and absolute slope showed similar spatial pattern and statistical distribution characteristics,and they identified the terrain types effectively.The standard deviation of slope,area ratio,direction cosine eigenvalues,vector dispersion and two-dimensional variability methods cannot express the macroscopic variation of surface roughness and distinguish the terrain types effectively.【Conclusion】 Elevation variation based algorithms,including slope,local elevation range,root-mean-square of height,root-mean-square of height deviation,root-mean-square of slope and absolute slope are better algorithms to represent surface roughness and distinguish terrain types.
【Objective】 Aiming at distinguishing terrain types,this study quantitatively evaluated different algorithms to provide new ideas for terrain type separation.【Method】 A total of 11 surface roughness algorithms(slope,local elevation range,root-mean-square of height,root-mean-square of height deviation,root-mean-square of slope,absolute slope,standard deviation of slope,area ratio,direction cosine eigenvalues,vector dispersion,and two-dimensional variability) were applied to the SRTM3 digital elevation data to extract the surface roughness of the study area. The results were analyzed from the spatial pattern and statistical distribution.Then,the ability of different methods to distinguish terrain types was analyzed by typical section analysis and distribution curve analysis.【Result】 The slope,local elevation range,root-mean-square of height,root-mean-square of height deviation,root-mean-square of slope and absolute slope showed similar spatial pattern and statistical distribution characteristics,and they identified the terrain types effectively.The standard deviation of slope,area ratio,direction cosine eigenvalues,vector dispersion and two-dimensional variability methods cannot express the macroscopic variation of surface roughness and distinguish the terrain types effectively.【Conclusion】 Elevation variation based algorithms,including slope,local elevation range,root-mean-square of height,root-mean-square of height deviation,root-mean-square of slope and absolute slope are better algorithms to represent surface roughness and distinguish terrain types.
引文
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[19] 陈志明.论中国地貌图的研制原则、内容与方法:以1∶4 000 000全国地貌图为例 [J].地理学报,1993,48(2):105-113.Chen Z M.On the principle,contents and methods used to compile the Chinese geomorphological maps:taking the 1∶4 000 000 Chinese geomorphological map as an example [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1993,48(2):105-113.
[20] 周成虎,程维明,钱金凯,等.中国陆地1∶100万数字地貌分类体系研究 [J].地球信息科学学报,2009,11(6):707-724.Zhou C H,Cheng W M,Qian J K,et al.Research on the Classification system of digital and geomorphology of 1∶1 000 000 in China [J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2009,11(6):707-724.
[21] 陈学兄,常庆瑞,郭碧云,等.基于SRTM DEM数据的中国地形起伏度分析研究 [J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2013,21(4):670-678.Chen X X,Chang Q R,Guo B Y,et al.Analytical study of the relief amplitude in China based on SRTM DEM data [J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2013,21(4):670-678.
[22] Hani A F M,Sathyamoorthy D,Asirvadam V S.Computing surface roughness of individual cells of digital elevation models via multiscale analysis [J].Computers & Geosciences,2012,43(6):137-146.
[23] Booth A M,Roering J J,Perron J T.Automated landslide mapping using spectral analysis and high-resolution topographic data:Puget Sound lowlands,Washington,and Portland Hills,Oregon [J].Geomorphology,2009,109(3):132-147.
[24] Hani A F M,Sathyamoorthy D,Asirvadam V S.A method for computation of surface roughness of digital elevation model terrains via multiscale analysis [J].Computers & Geosciences,2011,37(2):177-192.
[2] Olaya V.Chapter 6 basic land-surface parameters [J].Developments in Soil Science,2009,33:141-169.
[3] 严艳梓,汤国安,熊礼阳,等.基于DEM的月球雨海地区粗糙度研究 [J].地理研究,2014,33(8):1442-1456.Yan Y Z,Tang G A,Xiong L Y,et al.Lunar surface roughness of Mare Imbrium based on DEMs [J].Geographical Research,2014,33(8):1442-1456.
[4] Lane S N.Roughness-time for a re-evaluation?[J].Earth Surface Processes & Landforms,2005,30(2):251-253.
[5] Jester W,Klik A.Soil surface roughness measurement:methods,applicability,and surface representation [J].Catena,2005,64(2/3):174-192.
[6] Grohmann C H,Smith M J,Riccomini C.Multiscale analysis of topographic surface roughness in the Midland Valley,Scotland [J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing,2011,49(4):1200-1213.
[7] Mckean J,Roering J.Objective landslide detection and surface morphology mapping using high-resolution airborne laser altimetry [J].Geomorphology,2004,57(3):331-351.
[8] 李炳元,潘保田,韩嘉福.中国陆地基本地貌类型及其划分指标探讨 [J].第四纪研究,2008,28(4):535-543.Li B Y,Pan B T,Han J F.Basic terrestrial geomorphological types in China and their circumscriptions [J].Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(4):535-543.
[9] 刘新华,杨勤科,汤国安.中国地形起伏度的提取及在水土流失定量评价中的应用 [J].水土保持通报,2001,21(1):57-59,62.Liu X H,Yang Q K,Tang G A.Extraction and application of relief of China based on DEM and GIS method [J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,21(1):57-59,62.
[10] 封志明,唐焰,杨艳昭,等.中国地形起伏度及其与人口分布的相关性 [J].地理学报,2007,62(10):1073-1082.Feng Z M,Tang Y,Yang Y Z,et.al.The relief degree of land surface in China and its correlation with population distribution [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(10):1073-1082.
[11] Hobson R D.Spatial analysis in geomorphology [M].New York:Harper & Row,1972:221-245.
[12] Shepard M K,Campbell B A,Bulmer M H,et al.The roughness of natural terrain:a planetary and remote sensing perspective [J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2001,106(E12):32777-32795.
[13] Berti M,Corsini A,Daehne A.Comparative analysis of surface roughness algorithms for the identification of active landslides [J].Geomorphology,2013,182(427):1-18.
[14] Pike R J,Evans I S,Hengl T.Geomorphometry:a brief guide [J].Developments in Soil Science,2009,33(8):3-30.
[15] Glenn N F,Streutker D R,Chadwick D J,et al.Analysis of LiDAR-derived topographic information for characterizing and differentiating landslide morphology and activity [J].Geomorphology,2006,73(1):131-148.
[16] Woodcock N H.Specification of fabric shapes using an eigenvalue method [J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1977,88(9):1231-1236.
[17] Evans I S.General geomorphometry,derivatives of altitude,and descriptive statistics [M].London:Harper and Row,1972.
[18] 李新艳,杨勤科,王春梅.赣南地区侵蚀地形因子研究 [J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(1):175-182.Li X Y,Yang Q K,Wang C M.Effects of topographic factors on soil erosion in southern Jiangxi [J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2014,42(1):175-182.
[19] 陈志明.论中国地貌图的研制原则、内容与方法:以1∶4 000 000全国地貌图为例 [J].地理学报,1993,48(2):105-113.Chen Z M.On the principle,contents and methods used to compile the Chinese geomorphological maps:taking the 1∶4 000 000 Chinese geomorphological map as an example [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1993,48(2):105-113.
[20] 周成虎,程维明,钱金凯,等.中国陆地1∶100万数字地貌分类体系研究 [J].地球信息科学学报,2009,11(6):707-724.Zhou C H,Cheng W M,Qian J K,et al.Research on the Classification system of digital and geomorphology of 1∶1 000 000 in China [J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2009,11(6):707-724.
[21] 陈学兄,常庆瑞,郭碧云,等.基于SRTM DEM数据的中国地形起伏度分析研究 [J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2013,21(4):670-678.Chen X X,Chang Q R,Guo B Y,et al.Analytical study of the relief amplitude in China based on SRTM DEM data [J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2013,21(4):670-678.
[22] Hani A F M,Sathyamoorthy D,Asirvadam V S.Computing surface roughness of individual cells of digital elevation models via multiscale analysis [J].Computers & Geosciences,2012,43(6):137-146.
[23] Booth A M,Roering J J,Perron J T.Automated landslide mapping using spectral analysis and high-resolution topographic data:Puget Sound lowlands,Washington,and Portland Hills,Oregon [J].Geomorphology,2009,109(3):132-147.
[24] Hani A F M,Sathyamoorthy D,Asirvadam V S.A method for computation of surface roughness of digital elevation model terrains via multiscale analysis [J].Computers & Geosciences,2011,37(2):177-192.