苜蓿对农田耗水过程与盐分变化的影响
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摘要
为了探究苜蓿对农田耗水过程及盐分变化的影响,以苜蓿农田为研究对象,以传统玉米农田为对照,分析传统玉米农田改种苜蓿后渗漏量、地下水补给量、蒸发量及蒸腾量变化特征;应用稳定氢氧同位素定量分析各潜在水源贡献率,并分析土壤中盐分变化规律。结果表明:改种苜蓿后农田总耗水量提高20. 17%,蒸发蒸腾量比平均值降低66. 64%,其中,蒸发量减少6. 21%、蒸腾量提高35. 80%、土壤贮水变化量减少8. 08%、渗漏量减少39. 68%、地下水对作物的补给量增加153. 45%。生育期内苜蓿农田与玉米农田相比,0～100 cm各土层土壤体积含水率变化分为剧烈波动阶段和线性下降阶段,7月0～60 cm土壤体积含水率变化呈"U"形,而玉米农田0～60 cm土壤体积含水率变化呈"V"形。生育期内苜蓿农田0～30 cm平均土壤水分较玉米农田分布均匀。苜蓿农田对土壤水、灌溉水、地下水吸收利用无明确偏向性;而玉米农田水分利用具有偏向性,各潜在水源中主要利用0～40 cm土层土壤水。不同时间取样0～100 cm土层土壤水,苜蓿农田不同时期优先利用0～40 cm中某一土层土壤水,玉米农田主要固定利用30～40 cm土层土壤水。生育期内苜蓿农田、玉米农田0～100 cm土壤平均脱盐率分别为53. 90%、12. 43%。苜蓿农田、玉米农田10～30 cm与30～60 cm土壤电导率差值绝对值分别在0～0. 06 mS/cm、0～0. 13 mS/cm之间,苜蓿农田10～60 cm土壤电导率较玉米农田相对集中且分布均匀。5月苜蓿农田10 cm以下土层除30～40 cm均呈积盐状态,且平均土壤储盐变化率较玉米农田低; 6—8月苜蓿农田0～100 cm土壤盐分较玉米农田变化幅度大,呈积盐状态; 9月苜蓿农田不同土层土壤盐分整体呈脱盐状态,土壤最大储盐量变化率为-15. 31%,随深度增加,土壤储盐量变化率先增大后趋于稳定,而玉米农田整体呈积盐状态,80～100 cm土壤储盐量变化率最大。改种苜蓿增强了地下水利用,降低了蒸发蒸腾比,抑制了土壤盐分,改盐增草(饲)兴牧发展苜蓿种植有利于盐渍化农田的改善。
It is significant to explore planting alfalfa on process of the water consumption and salt changes in fields. Taking alfalfa field as the research object and the corn field as the control,the variation of leakage,groundwater recharge,evaporation and transpiration in fields of alfalfa was analyzed. Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope was used to analyze of the contribution rate of each potential water source,and the changes of salt in the soil was analyzed. The results showed that the total water consumption of alfalfa fields was increased by 20. 17%,evapotranspiration ratio was decreased by 66. 64% on average.among which the evaporation was decreased by 6. 21%,the transpiration rate was increased by 35. 80%,the variation of soil water storage was decreased by 8. 08%,the leakage was reduced by 39. 68% and the supply of groundwater to crops was increased by 153. 45%. Relative to corn field,the change of soil volumetric water content was divided into severe fluctuation phase and linear decline phase in 0 ～ 100 cm soil layers during the growing period. In July,alfalfa field change of soil volume and water content in 0 ～60 cm presented a"U"shape,and the change of soil water content in 0 ～ 60 cm soil of corn field showed type of "V". The average soil moisture of 0 ～ 30 cm in alfalfa field was more evenly distributed than that in corn field during the growing period. There was no clear bias in the absorption,utilization of soil water,irrigation water and groundwater in alfalfa field. However,the water use of maize farmland was biased,and the soil water in soil layer of 0 ～ 40 cm was mainly used in each potential water sources. By studying soil water in soil layer of 0 ～ 100 cm at different times,it was flexible to use soil water in a certain soil layer of 0 ～ 40 cm in the different periods of alfalfa farmland. The corn farmland mainly used water in 30 ～ 40 cm soil. During the growing period,the average desalting rates of 0 ～ 100 cm in alfalfa field and corn field were 53. 90% and 12. 43%,respectively. The absolute difference values of soil salt were 0 ～ 0. 06 mS/cm and 0 ～ 0. 13 mS/cm of soil conductivity in 10 ～ 30 cm and 30 ～ 60 cm in the alfalfa field and corn field respectively. The soil conductivity of 10 ～ 60 cm in the alfalfa field was relatively concentrated and more evenly distributed compared with the corn field. In May,except for 0 ～10 cm and 30 ～ 40 cm soil layers of the alfalfa field were in a state of salt accumulation and the average rate of change of soil storage salt was smaller than that of corn farmland. From June to August,the soil conductivity of 0 ～ 100 cm in alfalfa field was larger than that in corn farmland,which was in the state of salt accumulation. In September,the overall soil salinity of different soil layers in the alfalfa field was in a desalted state,and the maximum salt storage rate of the soil was-15. 31%. As the depth increase,the change of soil salinity was increased first,and then tended to be stable. However,the overall soil salinity of the corn field was in a salt accumulation state. The change rate of soil salinity was the largest in 80 ～ 100 cm soil. Therefore,replanting alfalfa was beneficial to enhancing the groundwater use,reducing evapotranspiration ratio,and inhibiting soil salinity. Changing and increasing forage yield( feeding) and developing alfalfa planting was beneficial to the local salinization of fields.
It is significant to explore planting alfalfa on process of the water consumption and salt changes in fields. Taking alfalfa field as the research object and the corn field as the control,the variation of leakage,groundwater recharge,evaporation and transpiration in fields of alfalfa was analyzed. Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope was used to analyze of the contribution rate of each potential water source,and the changes of salt in the soil was analyzed. The results showed that the total water consumption of alfalfa fields was increased by 20. 17%,evapotranspiration ratio was decreased by 66. 64% on average.among which the evaporation was decreased by 6. 21%,the transpiration rate was increased by 35. 80%,the variation of soil water storage was decreased by 8. 08%,the leakage was reduced by 39. 68% and the supply of groundwater to crops was increased by 153. 45%. Relative to corn field,the change of soil volumetric water content was divided into severe fluctuation phase and linear decline phase in 0 ～ 100 cm soil layers during the growing period. In July,alfalfa field change of soil volume and water content in 0 ～60 cm presented a"U"shape,and the change of soil water content in 0 ～ 60 cm soil of corn field showed type of "V". The average soil moisture of 0 ～ 30 cm in alfalfa field was more evenly distributed than that in corn field during the growing period. There was no clear bias in the absorption,utilization of soil water,irrigation water and groundwater in alfalfa field. However,the water use of maize farmland was biased,and the soil water in soil layer of 0 ～ 40 cm was mainly used in each potential water sources. By studying soil water in soil layer of 0 ～ 100 cm at different times,it was flexible to use soil water in a certain soil layer of 0 ～ 40 cm in the different periods of alfalfa farmland. The corn farmland mainly used water in 30 ～ 40 cm soil. During the growing period,the average desalting rates of 0 ～ 100 cm in alfalfa field and corn field were 53. 90% and 12. 43%,respectively. The absolute difference values of soil salt were 0 ～ 0. 06 mS/cm and 0 ～ 0. 13 mS/cm of soil conductivity in 10 ～ 30 cm and 30 ～ 60 cm in the alfalfa field and corn field respectively. The soil conductivity of 10 ～ 60 cm in the alfalfa field was relatively concentrated and more evenly distributed compared with the corn field. In May,except for 0 ～10 cm and 30 ～ 40 cm soil layers of the alfalfa field were in a state of salt accumulation and the average rate of change of soil storage salt was smaller than that of corn farmland. From June to August,the soil conductivity of 0 ～ 100 cm in alfalfa field was larger than that in corn farmland,which was in the state of salt accumulation. In September,the overall soil salinity of different soil layers in the alfalfa field was in a desalted state,and the maximum salt storage rate of the soil was-15. 31%. As the depth increase,the change of soil salinity was increased first,and then tended to be stable. However,the overall soil salinity of the corn field was in a salt accumulation state. The change rate of soil salinity was the largest in 80 ～ 100 cm soil. Therefore,replanting alfalfa was beneficial to enhancing the groundwater use,reducing evapotranspiration ratio,and inhibiting soil salinity. Changing and increasing forage yield( feeding) and developing alfalfa planting was beneficial to the local salinization of fields.
引文
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[6]李丰琇,马英杰.基于双作物系数法的新疆覆膜滴灌夏玉米蒸散量估算[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(11):268-274.LI Fengxiu,MA Yingjie. Evapotranspiration estimation of summer maize with plastic mulched drip irrigation based on dual crop coefficient approach in Xinjiang[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(11):268-274. http∥:www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? file_no=20181131&flag=1. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2018. 11. 031.(in Chinese)
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[10]孙宁霞.基于同位素示踪的农田水分转化规律研究:以北京大兴为例[D].北京:中国地质大学,2015.SUN Ningxia. Study on field water transformation using isotopes:a case of Daxing district,Beijing[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2015.(in Chinese)
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