2000—2015年中国PM_(2.5)浓度时空分布特征及其城乡差异
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摘要
近40年来,中国快速经济发展引发较为严重的大气污染,PM_(2.5)是一种重要的空气污染物,掌握其时空分布规律是对其进行防治的重要前提。基于遥感反演出的PM_(2.5)浓度数据集,研究了中国2000—2015年PM_(2.5)浓度的时空分布特征,并基于界定的1376个城镇城区及对应乡村的边界分析了每年PM_(2.5)浓度值的城乡差异,用线性趋势分析法计算城镇PM_(2.5)浓度的年际变化速率及显著性。结果表明,研究期内,PM_(2.5)浓度高于35μg/m~3的面积比例由18.58%增加至32.03%,低于15μg/m~3的面积从43.92%减少到25.12%。PM_(2.5)污染最严重的地区分布在塔里木盆地、河北南部、河南北部和山东西部。从2000年到2015年,中国绝大多数城镇PM_(2.5)浓度显著增加,尤其是在东北平原、太行山以东的河北省西南部、燕山以南的北京天津及河北唐山、鲁中南山地丘陵及周围平原地区、华北平原江苏省北部。PM_(2.5)城乡差异在河北省、山西省两条东北-西南向S形条带区域、浙江省-福建省条带及天山北部绿洲区域较大。研究对PM_(2.5)高浓度区域、PM_(2.5)浓度增长较快区域以及城区PM_(2.5)浓度对乡村影响较大区域进行图示,为中国进一步控制雾霾污染提供一定科学依据。
The rapid economic development has caused serious air pollution in the past 40 years. PM_(2.5) is one of main air pollutants, examination of its spatial and temporal distribution is an important prerequisite for its prevention and control. Based on remote-derived PM_(2.5) concentration date set, this study explored the spatio-temporal distribution characteristic of PM_(2.5) concentration in China from 2000 to 2015, and analyzed the annual difference of PM_(2.5) concentration between urban areas and corresponding rural areas of 1376 towns according to their boundary. Furthermore, we calculated the rate and significance of interannual variation of PM_(2.5) concentration for each town using linear trend analysis method. The results showed that the proportion of area with PM_(2.5) concentration higher than 35 μg/m~3 increased from 18.58% to 32.03%, and lower than 15 μg/m~3 decreased from 43.92% to 25.12% during the study period. The most severely polluted areas were located in Tarim Basin, south of Hebei Province, north of Henan Province, and west of Shandong Province. In addition, PM_(2.5) concentration increased significantly in most towns in China from 2000 to 2015, especially in the Northeast Plain, southwest of Hebei Province located to the east of Taihang Mountain, Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan located to the south of Yanshan Mountain, Mountains and Hills in central and south of Shandong Province and the surrounding Plains, and north of Jiangsu Province in North China Plain. The difference of PM_(2.5) concentration between urban areas and rural areas is large in two northeast-southwest S-shaped belts in Hebei and Shanxi Province, Zhejiang-Fujian Province belt, and oasis area located to the north of Tianshan Mountain. In this study, we identified the area with high PM_(2.5) concentration, high rate of increase of PM_(2.5) concentration, and intense effect of urban areas on surrounding rural areas, providing some scientific basis to further control the haze pollution in China.
The rapid economic development has caused serious air pollution in the past 40 years. PM_(2.5) is one of main air pollutants, examination of its spatial and temporal distribution is an important prerequisite for its prevention and control. Based on remote-derived PM_(2.5) concentration date set, this study explored the spatio-temporal distribution characteristic of PM_(2.5) concentration in China from 2000 to 2015, and analyzed the annual difference of PM_(2.5) concentration between urban areas and corresponding rural areas of 1376 towns according to their boundary. Furthermore, we calculated the rate and significance of interannual variation of PM_(2.5) concentration for each town using linear trend analysis method. The results showed that the proportion of area with PM_(2.5) concentration higher than 35 μg/m~3 increased from 18.58% to 32.03%, and lower than 15 μg/m~3 decreased from 43.92% to 25.12% during the study period. The most severely polluted areas were located in Tarim Basin, south of Hebei Province, north of Henan Province, and west of Shandong Province. In addition, PM_(2.5) concentration increased significantly in most towns in China from 2000 to 2015, especially in the Northeast Plain, southwest of Hebei Province located to the east of Taihang Mountain, Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan located to the south of Yanshan Mountain, Mountains and Hills in central and south of Shandong Province and the surrounding Plains, and north of Jiangsu Province in North China Plain. The difference of PM_(2.5) concentration between urban areas and rural areas is large in two northeast-southwest S-shaped belts in Hebei and Shanxi Province, Zhejiang-Fujian Province belt, and oasis area located to the north of Tianshan Mountain. In this study, we identified the area with high PM_(2.5) concentration, high rate of increase of PM_(2.5) concentration, and intense effect of urban areas on surrounding rural areas, providing some scientific basis to further control the haze pollution in China.
引文
[1] 杨新兴,冯丽华,尉鹏.大气颗粒物PM2.5及其危害.前沿科学,2012,6(1):22- 31.
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[12] So K L,Guo H,Li Y S.Long-term variation of PM2.5 levels and composition at rural,urban,and roadside sites in Hong Kong:increasing impact of regional air pollution.Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(40):9427- 9434.
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[14] 刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,徐新良,秦元伟,宁佳,周万村,张树文,李仁东,颜长珍,吴世新,史学正,江南,于东升,潘贤章,迟文峰.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局.地理学报,2014,69(1):3- 14.
[15] 吴雪娇,鲁安新,王丽红,张华伟.基于MODIS的长江源近10年积雪反照率时空分布及动态变化.地理科学,2013,33(3):371- 377.
[16] World Health Organization.Air quality guidelines for particulate matter,ozone,nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.Global Update 2005.Geneva:WHO,2006.
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[18] 李元征.中国城镇化的热环境效应研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2017.
[19] Zhou D C,Zhao S Q,Zhang L X,Sun G,Liu Y Q.The footprint of urban heat island effect in China.Scientific Reports,2015,5:11160.
[20] Wu J S,Li J C,Peng J,Li W F,Xu G,Dong C C.Applying land use regression model to estimate spatial variation of PM2.5 in Beijing,China.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(9):7045- 7061.
[21] Han L J,Zhou W Q,Li W F,Li L.Impact of urbanization level on urban air quality:a case of fine particles (PM2.5) in Chinese cities.Environmental Pollution,2014,194:163- 170.
[22] Han L J,Zhou W Q,Li W F.City as a major source area of fine particulate (PM2.5) in China.Environmental Pollution,2015,206:183- 187.
[23] Li J M,Jin M J,Xu Z.Spatiotemporal variability of remotely sensed PM2.5 concentrations in China from 1998 to 2014 based on a bayesian hierarchy model.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2016,13(8):E772.
[24] Peng J,Chen S,Lü H L,Liu Y X,Wu J S.Spatiotemporal patterns of remotely sensed PM2.5 concentration in China from 1999 to 2011.Remote Sensing of Environment,2016,174:109- 121.
[25] Mehmood K,Chang S C,Yu S C,Wang L Q,Li P F,Li Z,Liu W P,Rosenfeld D,Seinfeld J H.Spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutant emissions from open crop straw and biomass burnings in China from 2002 to 2016.Environmental Chemistry Letters,2018,16(1):301- 309.
[26] Wu X H,Chen Y F,Guo J,Wang G Z,Gong Y M.Spatial concentration,impact factors and prevention-control measures of PM2.5 pollution in China.Natural Hazards,2017,86(1):393- 410.
[2] Chen T,He J,Lu X W,She J F,Guan Z Q.Spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5 and its relation to meteorological factors in the urban area of Nanjing,China.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2016,13(9):921.
[3] Huang W,Long E S,Wang J,Huang R Y,Ma L.Characterizing spatial distribution and temporal variation of PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations in an urban area of Southwest China.Atmospheric Pollution Research,2015,6(5):842- 848.
[4] He Q S,Geng F H,Li C C,Yang S Q,Wang Y Y,Mu H Z,Zhou G Q,Liu X B,Gao W,Cheng T T,Wu Z.Long-term characteristics of satellite-based PM2.5 over East China.Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:1417- 1423.
[5] 王振波,方创琳,许光,潘月鹏.2014年中国城市PM2.5浓度的时空变化规律.地理学报,2015,70(11):1720- 1734.
[6] Xu G,Jiao L M,Zhao S L,Cheng J Q.Spatial and temporal variability of PM2.5 concentration in China.Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences,2016,21(4):358- 368.
[7] Wang Y Q,Zhang X Y,Sun J Y,Zhang X C,Che H Z,Li Y.Spatial and temporal variations of the concentrations of PM10,PM2.5 and PM1 in China.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(23):13585- 13598.
[8] Luo J Q,Du P J,Samat A,Xia J S,Che M Q,Xue Z H.Spatiotemporal pattern of PM2.5 concentrations in mainland China and analysis of its influencing factors using geographically weighted regression.Scientific Reports,2017,7:40607.
[9] Lin G,Fu J Y,Jiang D,Hu W S,Dong D L,Huang Y H,Zhao M D.Spatio-temporal variation of PM2.5 concentrations and their relationship with geographic and socioeconomic factors in China.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2014,11(1):173- 186.
[10] 周淑贞.上海城市气候中的“五岛”效应.中国科学 B辑,1988,18(11):1226- 1234.
[11] 苏维,张帅珺,赖新云,古新仁,赖胜男,黄国贤,张志坚,刘苑秋.南昌市空气PM2.5和PM10的时空动态及其影响因素.应用生态学报,2017,28(1):257- 265.
[12] So K L,Guo H,Li Y S.Long-term variation of PM2.5 levels and composition at rural,urban,and roadside sites in Hong Kong:increasing impact of regional air pollution.Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(40):9427- 9434.
[13] van Donkelaar A,Martin R V,Brauer M,Hsu N C,Kahn R A,Levy R C,Lyapustin A,Sayer A M,Winker D M.Global estimates of fine particulate matter using a combined geophysical-statistical method with information from satellites,models,and monitors.Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50(7):3762- 3772.
[14] 刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,徐新良,秦元伟,宁佳,周万村,张树文,李仁东,颜长珍,吴世新,史学正,江南,于东升,潘贤章,迟文峰.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局.地理学报,2014,69(1):3- 14.
[15] 吴雪娇,鲁安新,王丽红,张华伟.基于MODIS的长江源近10年积雪反照率时空分布及动态变化.地理科学,2013,33(3):371- 377.
[16] World Health Organization.Air quality guidelines for particulate matter,ozone,nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.Global Update 2005.Geneva:WHO,2006.
[17] 环境保护部科技标准司.GB 3095—2012 环境空气质量标准.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.
[18] 李元征.中国城镇化的热环境效应研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2017.
[19] Zhou D C,Zhao S Q,Zhang L X,Sun G,Liu Y Q.The footprint of urban heat island effect in China.Scientific Reports,2015,5:11160.
[20] Wu J S,Li J C,Peng J,Li W F,Xu G,Dong C C.Applying land use regression model to estimate spatial variation of PM2.5 in Beijing,China.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(9):7045- 7061.
[21] Han L J,Zhou W Q,Li W F,Li L.Impact of urbanization level on urban air quality:a case of fine particles (PM2.5) in Chinese cities.Environmental Pollution,2014,194:163- 170.
[22] Han L J,Zhou W Q,Li W F.City as a major source area of fine particulate (PM2.5) in China.Environmental Pollution,2015,206:183- 187.
[23] Li J M,Jin M J,Xu Z.Spatiotemporal variability of remotely sensed PM2.5 concentrations in China from 1998 to 2014 based on a bayesian hierarchy model.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2016,13(8):E772.
[24] Peng J,Chen S,Lü H L,Liu Y X,Wu J S.Spatiotemporal patterns of remotely sensed PM2.5 concentration in China from 1999 to 2011.Remote Sensing of Environment,2016,174:109- 121.
[25] Mehmood K,Chang S C,Yu S C,Wang L Q,Li P F,Li Z,Liu W P,Rosenfeld D,Seinfeld J H.Spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutant emissions from open crop straw and biomass burnings in China from 2002 to 2016.Environmental Chemistry Letters,2018,16(1):301- 309.
[26] Wu X H,Chen Y F,Guo J,Wang G Z,Gong Y M.Spatial concentration,impact factors and prevention-control measures of PM2.5 pollution in China.Natural Hazards,2017,86(1):393- 410.