烘焙对厨余垃圾堆肥特性影响
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摘要
厨余垃圾数量的不断增加对环境造成了严重影响,目前厨余垃圾堆肥化产生的厨余垃圾堆肥品质较差,并且易对土壤造成污染。本文探讨厨余垃圾堆肥在五个不同烘焙温度(250℃、300℃、350℃、400℃和450℃)、停留时间30 min条件下获得固体产物的燃料品质和燃烧特性。结果表明,烘焙对厨余垃圾堆肥样品燃料品质(元素分析、工业分析、热值、Cl含量、质量产率和能量产率)和燃烧特性有明显影响。随着烘焙温度的升高,烘焙固体产物的固定碳和C含量、热值等提高;Cl含量降低,可以有效抑制燃烧过程中二噁英前驱体的生成,减少二次污染。烘焙后的厨余垃圾堆肥的燃烧放热主要在固定碳燃烧阶段,总体燃烧放热量增加,燃烧特性改善。厨余垃圾堆肥的烘焙温度宜选择250~300℃。烘焙预处理对厨余垃圾堆肥燃料特性有明显的改善作用,可以实现厨余垃圾堆肥无害化、减量化和资源化利用。
The increasing amount of food waste has serious impacts on the environment. At present, the quality of food waste compost is poor, such that soil is easily polluted. This study explores the fuel properties and combustion characteristics of solid products from torrefied food waste compost at five different torrefaction temperatures(250 ℃, 300 ℃, 350 ℃, 400 ℃ and 450 ℃) and a residence time of 30 min. The results show that torrefaction has a significant effect on the fuel properties(ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, HHV, Cl content, mass yield, and energy yield) and combustion characteristics of the food waste compost. The fixed carbon and C content, and HHV of the solid products from the torrefied food waste compost increase; the content of Cl decreases, which effectively inhibits generation of dioxin precursors during combustion and reduces secondary pollution. Heat generated during the burning of the food waste compost after torrefaction is mainly in the fixed carbon combustion stage. Following torrefaction, the overall combustion heat discharge increased and the combustion characteristics improved. The torrefaction temperature of the food waste compost should be between 250~300 ℃. Torrefaction pretreatment improves the fuel characteristics of the food waste compost significantly. Food waste compost can be treated as solid fuels to achieve harmless, reduction and resourceful utilization of food waste compost.
The increasing amount of food waste has serious impacts on the environment. At present, the quality of food waste compost is poor, such that soil is easily polluted. This study explores the fuel properties and combustion characteristics of solid products from torrefied food waste compost at five different torrefaction temperatures(250 ℃, 300 ℃, 350 ℃, 400 ℃ and 450 ℃) and a residence time of 30 min. The results show that torrefaction has a significant effect on the fuel properties(ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, HHV, Cl content, mass yield, and energy yield) and combustion characteristics of the food waste compost. The fixed carbon and C content, and HHV of the solid products from the torrefied food waste compost increase; the content of Cl decreases, which effectively inhibits generation of dioxin precursors during combustion and reduces secondary pollution. Heat generated during the burning of the food waste compost after torrefaction is mainly in the fixed carbon combustion stage. Following torrefaction, the overall combustion heat discharge increased and the combustion characteristics improved. The torrefaction temperature of the food waste compost should be between 250~300 ℃. Torrefaction pretreatment improves the fuel characteristics of the food waste compost significantly. Food waste compost can be treated as solid fuels to achieve harmless, reduction and resourceful utilization of food waste compost.
引文
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[11]Uslu A,Faaij A P C,Bergman P C A.Pre-treatment technologies,and their effect on international bioenergy supply chain logistics.Techno-economic evaluation of torrefaction,fast pyrolysis and pelletisation[J].Energy,2008,33(8):1206–1223.
[12]Bridgeman T G,Jones J M,Shield I,et al.Torrefaction of reed canary grass,wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties[J].Fuel,2008,87(6):844–856.
[13]Mundike J,Collard F X,G?rgens J F.Torrefaction of invasive alien plants:Influence of heating rate and other conversion parameters on mass yield and higher heating value[J].Bioresource technology,2016,209:90–99.
[14]Sadaka S,Sharara M A,Ashworth A,et al.Characterization of biochar from switchgrass carbonization[J].Energies,2014,7(2):548–567.
[15]Patel B,Gami B,Bhimani H.Improved fuel characteristics of cotton stalk,prosopis and sugarcane bagasse through torrefaction[J].Energy for Sustainable Development,2011,15(4):372–375.
[16]Zhang S,Hu B,Zhang L,et al.Effects of torrefaction on yield and quality of pyrolysis char and its application on preparation of activated carbon[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2016,119:217–223.
[17]Chen D,Li Y,Deng M,et al.Effect of torrefaction pretreatment and catalytic pyrolysis on the pyrolysis poly-generation of pine wood[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,214:615–622.
[18]Phanphanich M,Mani S.Impact of torrefaction on the grindability and fuel characteristics of forest biomass[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(2):1246–1253.
[19]Chen D,Zhou J,Zhang Q.Effects of torrefaction on the pyrolysis behavior and bio-oil properties of rice husk by using TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS[J].Energy&Fuels,2014,28(9):5857–5863.
[20]Chen H,Chen X,Qiao Z,et al.Release and transformation characteristics of K and Cl during straw torrefaction and mild pyrolysis[J].Fuel,2016,167:31–39.
[21]Rahim M U,Gao X,Wu H.A method for the quantification of chlorine in low-rank solid fuels[J].Energy&Fuels,2013,27(11):6992–6999.
[22]Rahim M U,Gao X,Wu H.Determination of chlorine in solid fuels using an improved Eschka method[J].Fuel,2014,129:314–317.
[23]Rahim M U,Gao X,Wu H.Release of chlorine from the slow pyrolysis of Na Cl-loaded cellulose at low temperatures[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2015,35(3):2891–2896.
[24]刘海力.厨余垃圾的燃烧与热解特性研究[D].广州:华南理工大学(博士学位论文),2014.Liu H L.Study on combustion and pyrolysis characteristics of food waste[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology(Doctoral dissertation),2014.
[25]Mi B,Liu Z,Hu W,et al.Investigating pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of torrefied bamboo,torrefied wood and their blends[J].Bioresource technology,2016,209:50–55.
[26]朱波,王贤华,陈应泉,等.农业秸秆烘焙特性实验[J].化工进展,2010(s1):120–125.Zhu B,Wang X H,Chen Y Q,et al.Experiment on torrefaction characteristics of agricultural straw[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2010(s1):120–125.
[2]Zhou H,Meng A H,Long Y Q,et al.An overview of characteristics of municipal solid waste fuel in China:Physical,chemical composition and heating value[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,36:107–122.
[3]黄欣怡,张珺婷,王凡,等.餐厨垃圾资源化利用及其过程污染控制研究进展[J].化工进展,2016,35(9):2945–2951.Huang X Y,Zhang J T,Wang F,et al.Research progress in resource utilization of kitchen waste and its process pollution control[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2016,35(9):2945–2951.
[4]席北斗,刘鸿亮,孟伟,等.厨余垃圾堆肥蓬松剂技术研究[J].安全与环境学报,2003,3(3):41–45.Xi B D,Liu H L,Meng W,et al.An improvement to domestic waste composting by adding different bulking agents[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2003,3(3):41–45.
[5]Pagans E,Barrena R,Font X,et al.Ammonia emissions from the composting of different organic wastes,dependency on process temperature[J].Chemosphere,2006,62(9):1534–1542.
[6]Arias B,Pevida C,Fermoso J,et al.Influence of torrefaction on the grindability and reactivity of woody biomass[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2008,89(2):169–175.
[7]Park J,Meng J,Lim K H,et al.Transformation of lignocellulosic biomass during torrefaction[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2013,100(3):199–206.
[8]Poudel J,Ohm T I,Oh S C.A study on torrefaction of food waste[J].Fuel,2015,140:275–281.
[9]Yuan H,Wang Y,Kobayashi N,et al.Study of fuel properties of torrefied municipal solid waste[J].Energy&Fuels,2015,29(8):4976–4980.
[10]Bergman P C A,Boersma A R,Zwart R W R,et al.Torrefaction for biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired power stations[R].Energy Centre of Netherlands,Report No ECN-C-05-013,2005.
[11]Uslu A,Faaij A P C,Bergman P C A.Pre-treatment technologies,and their effect on international bioenergy supply chain logistics.Techno-economic evaluation of torrefaction,fast pyrolysis and pelletisation[J].Energy,2008,33(8):1206–1223.
[12]Bridgeman T G,Jones J M,Shield I,et al.Torrefaction of reed canary grass,wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties[J].Fuel,2008,87(6):844–856.
[13]Mundike J,Collard F X,G?rgens J F.Torrefaction of invasive alien plants:Influence of heating rate and other conversion parameters on mass yield and higher heating value[J].Bioresource technology,2016,209:90–99.
[14]Sadaka S,Sharara M A,Ashworth A,et al.Characterization of biochar from switchgrass carbonization[J].Energies,2014,7(2):548–567.
[15]Patel B,Gami B,Bhimani H.Improved fuel characteristics of cotton stalk,prosopis and sugarcane bagasse through torrefaction[J].Energy for Sustainable Development,2011,15(4):372–375.
[16]Zhang S,Hu B,Zhang L,et al.Effects of torrefaction on yield and quality of pyrolysis char and its application on preparation of activated carbon[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2016,119:217–223.
[17]Chen D,Li Y,Deng M,et al.Effect of torrefaction pretreatment and catalytic pyrolysis on the pyrolysis poly-generation of pine wood[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,214:615–622.
[18]Phanphanich M,Mani S.Impact of torrefaction on the grindability and fuel characteristics of forest biomass[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(2):1246–1253.
[19]Chen D,Zhou J,Zhang Q.Effects of torrefaction on the pyrolysis behavior and bio-oil properties of rice husk by using TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS[J].Energy&Fuels,2014,28(9):5857–5863.
[20]Chen H,Chen X,Qiao Z,et al.Release and transformation characteristics of K and Cl during straw torrefaction and mild pyrolysis[J].Fuel,2016,167:31–39.
[21]Rahim M U,Gao X,Wu H.A method for the quantification of chlorine in low-rank solid fuels[J].Energy&Fuels,2013,27(11):6992–6999.
[22]Rahim M U,Gao X,Wu H.Determination of chlorine in solid fuels using an improved Eschka method[J].Fuel,2014,129:314–317.
[23]Rahim M U,Gao X,Wu H.Release of chlorine from the slow pyrolysis of Na Cl-loaded cellulose at low temperatures[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2015,35(3):2891–2896.
[24]刘海力.厨余垃圾的燃烧与热解特性研究[D].广州:华南理工大学(博士学位论文),2014.Liu H L.Study on combustion and pyrolysis characteristics of food waste[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology(Doctoral dissertation),2014.
[25]Mi B,Liu Z,Hu W,et al.Investigating pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of torrefied bamboo,torrefied wood and their blends[J].Bioresource technology,2016,209:50–55.
[26]朱波,王贤华,陈应泉,等.农业秸秆烘焙特性实验[J].化工进展,2010(s1):120–125.Zhu B,Wang X H,Chen Y Q,et al.Experiment on torrefaction characteristics of agricultural straw[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2010(s1):120–125.