重庆市某区农村饮水卫生安全监测与管理
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摘要
目的了解和掌握重庆市某区农村饮水安全工程水质状况和变化趋势,为进一步改善该地农村水质卫生状况提供科学依据。方法按照分层随机抽样原则,2014-2017年4年间,共抽取某区乡镇38个农村饮水安全工程进行基本信息卫生学调查与水质卫生监测。结果重庆市某区农村饮水安全工程的水源主要为地表水,以小型集中式供水工程为主,完全处理工艺占比较大。工程运行管理人员年龄偏大,文化程度较低,且超过一半的工程管护人员未参加过制水或管水等业务培训。共监测水样308份,总体合格率53. 90%,且水质合格率有随年度增加而增高的趋势(χ~2=17. 65,P <0. 05)。出厂水合格率(56. 49%)与末梢水合格率(51. 30%)差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0. 84,P> 0. 05)。丰水期合格率(55. 84%)与枯水期合格率(51. 95%)差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0. 47,P> 0. 05)。采用完全处理工艺的工程水质合格率与采用沉淀过滤的工程水质合格率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0. 75,P> 0. 05)。不合格单项指标主要为微生物指标:总大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌及菌落总数。结论重庆市某区4年的监测数据显示该区农村饮用水水质合格率呈现稳步上升的态势,微生物污染是影响水质合格率的主要因素,要提升制水工艺能力、加强管护人员业务素质,落实消毒效果,从根本上提高该区农村饮水安全工程的水质合格率。
Objective To explore and grasp the water quality situation and changing trend of rural drinking water safety project in a district of Chongqing,so as to provide scientific reference for the improvement of the water quality and sanitation status. Methods The stratified random sampling method was used to select a total of 38 rural drinking water safety projects in a district of Chongqing for hygienic survey of basic information and hygienic monitoring of water quality from 2014 to 2017. Results The main water source was surface water,and the projects were mainly small centralized water supply projects,a large proportion of which were fully processed. The engineering management staff was older and less educated,and more than half of the engineering management and maintenance staff did not participate in the professional training. A total of 308 water samples were monitored in 4 years,the overall qualified rate was 53. 90%,and the qualified rate of water had a trend of increasing with the increase of the year( χ~2= 17. 65,P < 0. 05). There was no significant difference between the qualified rate of finished water( 56. 49%) and that of end water( 51. 30%)( χ~2= 0. 84,P > 0. 05). There was no significant difference between the acceptance rate of wet season( 55. 84%) and that of dry season( 51. 95%)( χ~2= 0. 47,P >0. 05). There was no significant difference between the acceptance rate of water fully processed and that with precipitation filtration( χ~2= 0. 75,P > 0. 05). The unqualified indicators were mainly microbial indicators,including total coliform group,Escherichia coli and total colony. Conclusions The qualified rate of the rural drinking water quality in this area has shown a steady upward trend in 4 years. The main influence factor of the qualified rate of water is microbial contamination. Therefore,it is vital to enhance water process capacity,strengthen the professional quality of water management and maintenance staff,and implement disinfection of water so that the qualified rate of rural drinking water safety projects can be fundamentally raised.
Objective To explore and grasp the water quality situation and changing trend of rural drinking water safety project in a district of Chongqing,so as to provide scientific reference for the improvement of the water quality and sanitation status. Methods The stratified random sampling method was used to select a total of 38 rural drinking water safety projects in a district of Chongqing for hygienic survey of basic information and hygienic monitoring of water quality from 2014 to 2017. Results The main water source was surface water,and the projects were mainly small centralized water supply projects,a large proportion of which were fully processed. The engineering management staff was older and less educated,and more than half of the engineering management and maintenance staff did not participate in the professional training. A total of 308 water samples were monitored in 4 years,the overall qualified rate was 53. 90%,and the qualified rate of water had a trend of increasing with the increase of the year( χ~2= 17. 65,P < 0. 05). There was no significant difference between the qualified rate of finished water( 56. 49%) and that of end water( 51. 30%)( χ~2= 0. 84,P > 0. 05). There was no significant difference between the acceptance rate of wet season( 55. 84%) and that of dry season( 51. 95%)( χ~2= 0. 47,P >0. 05). There was no significant difference between the acceptance rate of water fully processed and that with precipitation filtration( χ~2= 0. 75,P > 0. 05). The unqualified indicators were mainly microbial indicators,including total coliform group,Escherichia coli and total colony. Conclusions The qualified rate of the rural drinking water quality in this area has shown a steady upward trend in 4 years. The main influence factor of the qualified rate of water is microbial contamination. Therefore,it is vital to enhance water process capacity,strengthen the professional quality of water management and maintenance staff,and implement disinfection of water so that the qualified rate of rural drinking water safety projects can be fundamentally raised.
引文
[1]刘来胜,刘玲花,周怀东等.我国农村饮水安全巩固提升新阶段发展方向探讨[J].中国水利,2016(11):19-22.
[2]中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T 5750. 2-2006生活饮用水标准检验方法水样的采集与保存[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[3]中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T 5750-2006生活饮用水标准检验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[4]中华人民共和国卫生部.中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB 5749-2006生活饮用水卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[5]向新志,赵怡楠,罗书全,等.重庆市2014年农村饮用水卫生状况[J].环境卫生学杂志,2016,6(1):85-90.
[6]朱丽霞,须梅,杨联伟,等.重庆市北碚区农村饮水安全工程水质调查分析[J].现代预防医学,2012,39(15):3996-3998.
[7]张旭辉,张瑞仙,狄娟,等. 2008-2013年云南省农村饮水安全工程水质卫生监测结果分析[J].环境卫生学杂志,2015,5(1):14-19.
[8]金立坚,印悦,秦岭等. 2011年四川省农村饮水安全工程水质调查[J].预防医学情报杂志,2012,28(9):683-686.
[9]杨克敌,衡正昌.环境卫生学[M]. 5版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:151-152.
[10]黎宝贵,黄细丁,李国保,等.农村饮水安全问题分析及建议[J].河南农业,2017,20(7):43-45.
[2]中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T 5750. 2-2006生活饮用水标准检验方法水样的采集与保存[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[3]中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T 5750-2006生活饮用水标准检验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[4]中华人民共和国卫生部.中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB 5749-2006生活饮用水卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[5]向新志,赵怡楠,罗书全,等.重庆市2014年农村饮用水卫生状况[J].环境卫生学杂志,2016,6(1):85-90.
[6]朱丽霞,须梅,杨联伟,等.重庆市北碚区农村饮水安全工程水质调查分析[J].现代预防医学,2012,39(15):3996-3998.
[7]张旭辉,张瑞仙,狄娟,等. 2008-2013年云南省农村饮水安全工程水质卫生监测结果分析[J].环境卫生学杂志,2015,5(1):14-19.
[8]金立坚,印悦,秦岭等. 2011年四川省农村饮水安全工程水质调查[J].预防医学情报杂志,2012,28(9):683-686.
[9]杨克敌,衡正昌.环境卫生学[M]. 5版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2004:151-152.
[10]黎宝贵,黄细丁,李国保,等.农村饮水安全问题分析及建议[J].河南农业,2017,20(7):43-45.